fix: the status page shows whether the Router Manager runs.

feature: every user manages their own account through /account.
feature: the status page shows the Router Manager's version.
2026-10-24 12:50:49 +02:00 · 2026-10-24 12:44:49 +02:00 · 2026-10-24 12:16:02 +02:00 · 2026-10-24 11:56:58 +02:00 · 2026-10-24 11:07:45 +02:00 · 2026-10-24 10:43:51 +02:00
33 changed files with 3850 additions and 368 deletions
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ port is reachable from the external interface only when it is in `exposed_ports`
 in `DOCKER-USER` are not touched, because the package owns only its own chain. Restarting Docker
 restores the rules. The rules cover IPv4 only.

-## ADR-2: A status web service of the standard library, bound to the internal address
+## ADR-2: A small status web service, bound to the internal address

 Status: Accepted

@@ -35,43 +35,446 @@ Context: The router has no way to see its state without a shell. A check from th
 network, by a person or by a monitor, needs a page or an endpoint. The router is an
 internet-facing host, so what the service shows and where it listens matter.

-Decision: The `vpn-router-web` unit runs one Python script that uses only the standard library, in
-the way of a small test server. It binds to the address of the internal interface and to
-`web.port`, on by default at 8080. `/` is for people, in plain text for `curl` and `wget` and as
-a Tailwind CSS page for a browser, and `/status` is the same status as JSON. It shows the
-state of the services, the package version and the state of the site-to-site, road-warrior and
-WireGuard features, and nothing from the configuration. `vpn-router-setup` resolves the
-interface address, writes it with the port and the features to `/run/vpn-router/web.json`,
-opens the port on the internal interface in UFW and restarts the service, so the service does
-not need the package's configuration code, which needs Jinja2.
+Decision: The `vpn-router-web` unit runs one Python script on the standard library's
+`http.server`, with the package's own modules and the Python packages of the Ubuntu archive that
+the package depends on, and no web framework. It listens on the address of the internal interface and on
+`web.port`, 7081 by default, and is on unless `web.enabled` is `false` (ADR-7). `/` is for
+people, in plain text for `curl` and `wget` and as a Tailwind CSS page for a browser, and
+`/status` is the same status as JSON. It shows the state of the services, the package version
+and the state of the site-to-site, road-warrior, OpenVPN and WireGuard features, and nothing from
+the configuration. `vpn-router-setup` opens the port on the internal interface in UFW and writes
+the features and the facts it resolves to `/run/vpn-router/web.json`.

 Consequences: Nothing outside the internal network can reach it, since it listens on the internal
-address only and the firewall opens the port on the internal interface only. It has no
-authentication, which is acceptable because it is read only and shows no configuration. It runs
-as root, because `swanctl` and `wg` need it, with `NoNewPrivileges`, `ProtectSystem=strict`,
-`ProtectHome` and `PrivateTmp`. The Tailwind style comes from a CDN, so a browser on a network
-without internet shows the unstyled page, and `curl` is unaffected. A change of the internal
-address is picked up at the next run of `vpn-router-setup`.
+address only and the firewall opens the port on the internal interface only. `/` and `/status`
+have no authentication, which is acceptable because they are read only and show no
+configuration. It runs as root, because `swanctl` and `wg` need it, with `NoNewPrivileges`,
+`ProtectSystem=strict`, `ProtectHome` and `PrivateTmp`. The Tailwind style comes from a CDN, so a
+browser on a network without internet shows the unstyled page, and `curl` is unaffected.

-## ADR-3: /config is authenticated with a short-lived JWT signed with a shared secret
+## ADR-3: The protected paths take JWTs that only the router signs

 Status: Accepted

-Context: A client such as manage-ui needs the configuration and the resolved state of the
-router, which `/` and `/status` must not show. The service has only the standard library, listens
-on plain HTTP on the internal network, and its configuration file is readable by root only.
+Context: Clients such as the Router Manager, and people with `curl`, need the configuration,
+the users and the groups of the router, which `/` and `/status` must not show. Both people and
+programs sign in with a user of the directory. A secret shared with the platform that deploys
+the router would let whoever holds it, and every copy of the deployment's state, make tokens.
+The service listens on plain HTTP on the internal network.

-Decision: `/config` needs a JWT in an `Authorization: Bearer` header. The service verifies HS256
-tokens with `hmac` and `hashlib`, with the secret `web.jwt_secret`, and accepts no other
-algorithm, because verifying RS256 or ES256 needs a library outside the standard library. The
-token must carry `exp`, not more than ten minutes ahead, so that the client makes a fresh token for
-each use and a leaked one expires. Without a secret the page is not served. The secrets in the
-configuration shown are masked by name (`psk`, and options with `secret`, `password`, `token` or a
-`_key` ending in the name).
+Decision: `/config`, `/users` and `/groups` need a JWT in an `Authorization: Bearer` header,
+HS256, verified with `hmac` and `hashlib`; no other algorithm is accepted. The key is
+`/etc/vpn-router/web.key`, random, made by the web service on its first run and readable by root
+only; it is never configured or output. The router itself issues
+the tokens: `POST /auth` checks a user's password and TOTP code with a bind (ADR-14) and answers
+an access token naming the user in `sub`, valid for 5 minutes, and a refresh token valid for 8
+hours (ADR-15); `vpn-router-token` makes tokens with the `admin` claim (ADR-13). A token without
+`admin` must expire within ten minutes, so a leaked one is of little use. Without the key the
+paths and `/auth` are not served. The configuration shown has no secret options (ADR-8).

-Consequences: The client and the router share one secret, and whoever holds it can make tokens,
-so it is long and random; it is checked to have at least 32 characters. The secret is in the
-configuration file and in `/run/vpn-router/web.json`, both readable by root only. The token and
-the answer cross the network unencrypted, so the page is for a trusted internal network; HTTPS
-would need a certificate that the package does not have. The masking is by option name, so a new
-secret option needs a name that matches.
+Consequences: Nothing outside the router can make a token, so a token is either issued to a
+user who signed in or made by root on the router. A client keeps the refresh token to stay
+signed in. A token of `vpn-router-token` can be revoked only by replacing the key, which ends
+every token. Tokens, passwords and answers cross the network unencrypted, so the API is for a
+trusted internal network; HTTPS would need a certificate that the package does not have.
+
+## ADR-4: Users are kept in a local OpenLDAP directory
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: OpenVPN needs user accounts with passwords, and the users are meant to cover every P2S
+system of the router, including IKEv2 EAP-TLS and WireGuard, which an OIDC provider cannot
+authenticate. Everything the router runs comes from the Ubuntu archive. slapd, its Python module
+`python3-ldap` and the OpenVPN plugin `openvpn-auth-ldap` are all in the archive; the plugin
+checks a password by binding as the user, so the hash scheme is slapd's alone. An OIDC provider
+can read the directory through its LDAP connector.
+
+Decision: The users are entries in slapd. The package keeps its own database,
+`dc=vpn-router,dc=local` in `/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router` (the path the slapd AppArmor profile
+allows), next to the database the slapd package creates from the host's domain, so the package
+does not depend on the debconf answers of slapd. Its root DN is root's peer-credential DN on the
+local socket, so `vpn-router-setup` manages it with SASL EXTERNAL and no administrator password
+exists. Users are changed by `cn=user-manager,ou=services`, whose ACLs allow writing `ou=users`
+and setting passwords (`=wx`) but not reading them. Passwords are hashed with ARGON2, and the
+ppolicy overlay locks a disabled user (`pwdAccountLockedTime`, effective with `pwdLockout`).
+slapd listens on the local socket only. Provisioning checks every step before changing it, so it
+runs at every start of `vpn-router-setup`.
+
+Consequences: The package depends on `slapd`, `python3-ldap`, `openvpn` and
+`openvpn-auth-ldap`, and `vpn-router-setup` and `vpn-router-user` import `python3-ldap`. The
+service account's password is a root-only file. The directory is user data: it is kept on purge,
+and it is backed up with `slapcat`, not by copying files.
+
+## ADR-5: OpenVPN clients need a certificate and the password of the user it names
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The router CA issues client certificates for IKEv2. OpenVPN can check a certificate, a
+password, or both. With both, a certificate alone and a password alone are not enough, but
+`openvpn-auth-ldap` checks only the password of the user name given at login, which need not be
+the user of the certificate.
+
+Decision: OpenVPN checks the certificate against the CA and the CRL, the password with
+`openvpn-auth-ldap`, and runs `openvpn-same-user` as `auth-user-pass-verify` with `via-env`,
+which accepts the login only when the user name equals the certificate's common name. OpenVPN
+calls both and needs both to pass. A user's certificate has the user name as its common name, is
+issued when the user is added and revoked when the user is removed. The CRL is created with the
+CA, so that `crl-verify` has a file from the start, and is valid for ten years, because the router
+renews it only when it revokes a certificate. The server uses the router's own certificate, whose
+common name is `wan.local_fqdn`; the client profile checks that name (`verify-x509-name`), since
+the CA's certificates carry both the server and the client purpose.
+
+Consequences: Disabling a user locks the password, which stops OpenVPN but not IKEv2, which
+checks certificates only; removing a user revokes the certificate for both. A user's
+certificate expires after the CA's default of a year and is renewed by removing and adding the
+user again.
+
+## ADR-6: The web service and vpn-router-user share one module for users
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Users are managed from the command line, by an operator at a terminal, and through
+`/users` of the web service, by the Router Manager. Both must apply the same rules to names,
+passwords and person attributes, and both change the directory and the CA. `simple-ca` keeps
+the CA's state in one file, so two changes must not run at the same time. The web unit is
+sandboxed with `ProtectSystem=strict`.
+
+Decision: `vpnrouter_users.py` holds the user operations, the checks and a session that takes a
+lock and the connection of the user manager account. The web service imports it and maps a
+`Failure` to the HTTP status; `vpn-router-user` imports it and adds the argument parsing and
+the output, text for people and JSON with `--json`. The web unit allows writing the paths the
+operations need: `/run/vpn-router` for the lock, `/etc/vpn-router/pki` for the certificates and
+the CA's state, and `/etc/swanctl/x509crl` for the published CRL.
+
+Consequences: The rules exist once. A request starts no process, and a password never leaves
+the process that received it. The web service imports `python3-ldap` and the package's
+configuration module. The API is protected by the tokens of ADR-3, so only members of `admins`
+and the holders of an admin token manage users.
+
+## ADR-7: The web service starts on its own and reads its inputs at each request
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The status page is the tool to see a problem of `vpn-router-setup`, so it must run
+whatever state setup is in, also before setup has run and while it fails. The internal address,
+`web.port` and `web.enabled` can change at any time.
+
+Decision: The service depends on nothing to start and does not end on its own. A discovery
+thread works out, every 30 seconds, the internal address from `vpn-router.json` as
+`general.mode` directs, with the discovery code in `vpnrouter_net.py`, which `vpnrouter.py` uses
+too, and `web.port` and `web.enabled` from the same file. It runs the HTTP server in a thread of
+its own at that address and port, stops it and starts a new one when they change, and runs none
+while the service is disabled, the address is not known or it cannot be bound. Each request
+reads the signing key and `vpn-router.json`, and the features and resolved facts from
+`web.json`, which setup writes when it applies the configuration, so the service shows what setup
+applied; while that file is missing the router shows no features. The unit is not
+ordered after `vpn-router-setup`, and setup does not restart it.
+
+Consequences: The status page answers as soon as the internal address exists, whatever state
+setup is in, and follows a changed address, port or `web.enabled` within 30 seconds without a
+restart. A new signing key applies to the next request. The interfaces are read every 30
+seconds, which costs a few `ip` commands.
+
+## ADR-8: /config leaves secret options out
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: A secret has no use outside the router, so a client never needs it, and showing even
+that a secret is set tells a reader more than it needs.
+
+Decision: The configuration that `vpn-router-setup` writes for the web service has no secret
+options at all. They are recognised by name: `psk`, `database`, whose connection string may hold
+a password, and options with `secret`, `password`, `token` or a `_key` ending in the name.
+
+Consequences: No secret reaches the web service's state file or any answer of the API. A client
+cannot tell whether a secret is set. A new secret option needs a name that matches.
+
+## ADR-9: The Router Manager is a separate package with a small Python server
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The router needs a web application to manage it, which may run on the router or on
+another Linux system. The router's web service issues tokens through `/auth` (ADR-3) and sends
+no CORS headers, so a browser cannot call it directly, and tokens kept in the page could be read
+by its scripts.
+
+Decision: `vpn-router-manager` is a Debian package of its own, built in the repository
+`linux-cloud-router-manager`. A React and MUI application in the style of manage-ui is built
+with Vite when the package is built and shipped as static files. A Python server, using the
+Ubuntu packages `python3-requests` and `python3-psycopg`, serves them, signs users in through the
+router's `/auth`, keeps their tokens in a server-side session in PostgreSQL behind an
+`HttpOnly` cookie, and passes every other `/api/<path>` call to the router's `/<path>` with the
+session's access token, refreshing it as needed; it holds no logic of the router's own and no
+key of it. It reads its settings from `/etc/vpn-router-manager/manager.json` at each request; on
+the router the settings not given come from `vpn-router.json`, and it listens on the internal
+address like the status web service, with the same discovery thread. `vpn-router-setup` opens
+the manager's port on the internal interface while the manager is installed, so the firewall
+stays in one place.
+
+Consequences: The router needs no Node.js; the package needs only `python3` and packages of the
+Ubuntu archive. Tokens never reach the browser, and sessions survive a restart of the manager.
+The router decides what a user may do; the manager only signs in. The application checks the
+shape of every answer of the router. The router's firewall depends on whether the manager is
+installed, and a changed manager port needs `vpn-router-setup` to run again.
+
+## ADR-10: Users and their certificates do not depend on a P2S system being enabled
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Users are prepared before a P2S system is switched on, and the Router Manager manages
+them on any configured router, with or without one.
+
+Decision: Once a platform is chosen, `vpn-router-setup` always provisions the user directory in
+slapd and the CA with its CRL; the server certificate follows once `wan.local_fqdn` is set.
+`/users` and `vpn-router-user` rely only on the directory and the CA. Only the OpenVPN client
+profile needs OpenVPN to be enabled.
+
+Consequences: slapd always holds the directory and the CA always exists on a configured router,
+even when no P2S system uses them. An operator who wants a CA of their own must place it before
+choosing the platform.
+
+## ADR-11: Groups are groupOfNames entries that never become empty
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Users are to be organised in groups. Groups record membership only; nothing on the
+router reads them. LDAP clients that read groups, such as `openvpn-auth-ldap` and the LDAP
+connectors of OIDC providers, expect `groupOfNames` with member DNs, and OpenLDAP's core schema
+requires a `groupOfNames` to have at least one `member`.
+
+Decision: A group is `cn=<name>,ou=groups,dc=vpn-router,dc=local`, a `groupOfNames` with the
+DNs of its members and an optional `description`. A group is created with at least one member,
+and taking out its last member is refused; such a group is removed instead. Removing a user
+takes it out of its groups and is refused while the user is the last member of one. The group
+operations are in `vpnrouter_users.py` with the user operations, so they share the session and
+its lock; `vpn-router-group` is a tool of its own beside `vpn-router-user`, and the web service
+serves them under `/groups`. Group names follow the rules of user names.
+
+Consequences: A group always satisfies the schema without a placeholder member, and an empty
+group cannot exist. Removing a user or a member can need another step first. A later use of
+groups, such as allowing OpenVPN only to some, can read them as they are.
+
+## ADR-12: TOTP secrets are kept with the OATH-LDAP schema of slapd's otp module
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Users are enrolled for TOTP one-time passwords, and enrolled users must give a code
+whenever they log in, to OpenVPN and to `/auth`. Ubuntu's slapd ships the `otp` module, which
+holds the OATH-LDAP schema and an overlay that checks a code appended to the password at bind
+time; both OpenVPN (`openvpn-auth-ldap`) and `/auth` check passwords with a bind. Ubuntu
+packages `python3-pyotp`. An authenticator app is enrolled from a QR code of an `otpauth://` URI.
+
+Decision: The `otp` module is loaded and its overlay is configured on the package's database,
+after ppolicy, so every bind of an enrolled user takes the password followed by a current code
+and slapd records the time step used. The TOTP token is the user entry itself: enrolment adds `oathTOTPUser` and `oathTOTPToken` to it, with
+`oathTOTPToken` naming the entry, the secret in `oathSecret` and `oathTOTPParams` naming one
+shared parameter entry, `cn=totp,ou=policies`, with the parameters authenticator apps assume
+(6 digits, HMAC-SHA1, 30 seconds). An ACL lets the user manager account set `oathSecret` and
+no one read it. Enrolment is confirmed: `otp_new` makes a secret with `pyotp` and returns it
+with its URI, storing nothing, and `otp_enrol` stores the secret it is given back only when a
+code of it verifies, so a secret is never stored that the user's app does not produce. The
+router answers the URI; the client renders the QR code.
+
+Consequences: Removing a user removes its token. One check covers OpenVPN and `/auth`, and
+an enrolled user types the code after the password in the OpenVPN client. The secret passes
+through the client between `otp_new` and `otp_enrol`, so the router keeps no pending state;
+enrolling again replaces the secret only once a code of the new one verifies.
+
+## ADR-13: Members of admins manage the router; only CLI tokens change admins
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Signing in through `/auth` (ADR-3) is open to every user of the directory, most of
+whom only use OpenVPN. Finer permissions per operation are not needed. Somebody must be able to
+manage the router before any administrator exists and after every administrator lost access,
+and administrators must not be able to grant themselves or others the administrator role over
+the API.
+
+Decision: A token naming a user in `sub` may call the protected paths only while the user is a
+member of the group `admins`, read at each request; other users get 403. `vpn-router-token`, run
+as root on the router, makes tokens with the claim `admin: true` and a lifetime given at
+creation, without a maximum, signed with the router's key; `/auth` never issues the claim. An
+admin token may call everything, and only an admin token may change `admins`: create it, rename a
+group to it, change or remove it, add or take out its members, or remove a user who is a member
+of it. The first member is added with `vpn-router-group` on the router, which acts as root.
+
+Consequences: Removing a user from `admins` takes effect at the next request, without waiting
+for the user's tokens to expire. Membership of `admins` changes only through root on the router.
+An admin token is as powerful as root over the API and is revoked only by replacing the key, so
+it is given a short lifetime unless it is meant for automation.
+
+## ADR-14: Failed logins lock the account in slapd; /auth is rate limited per client
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: `/auth` is open to the internal network and checks passwords, so it invites guessing;
+OpenVPN checks passwords from the internet. Both check with a bind, so slapd sees every attempt.
+ppolicy locks an account after a number of failed binds for a fixed time; it has no growing
+lockout. A Router Manager signs all its users in from one address.
+
+Decision: The default password policy locks an account for 15 minutes after 5 failed binds
+within 15 minutes; a successful bind clears the count; `vpn-router-user unlock` and
+`POST /users/<name>/unlock` end a lockout and clear the count, and leave a disabled user disabled.
+`/auth` answers the same 401 for a wrong name, password or code and for a locked or disabled
+user. `/auth` and `/auth/refresh` allow 10 calls a minute per client address, counted in memory,
+and answer 429 with `Retry-After` beyond that. The client address is the peer, or the last
+`X-Forwarded-For` entry for a peer in `web.trusted_proxies`, by default the address the service
+listens on, where a manager on the router calls from.
+
+Consequences: One lockout covers OpenVPN and `/auth`, kept by slapd alone. Someone who knows a
+user name can lock the user out for 15 minutes at a time. The rate limit restarts with the
+service. A manager elsewhere than on the router has its address added to `web.trusted_proxies`,
+or its users share one limit.
+
+## ADR-15: Refresh tokens are kept in PostgreSQL
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: An access token lives 5 minutes, and a client stays signed in with a refresh token for
+8 hours; refresh tokens must be revocable when a user signs out, is disabled, changes the
+password or is removed, and must survive a restart of the service. The Router Manager keeps its
+sessions in PostgreSQL too.
+
+Decision: Refresh tokens are random strings, stored as their SHA-256 with the user name and the
+expiry in the table `refresh_tokens`, through psycopg 3 (`python3-psycopg`). The database is
+`web.database`, or by default the database and role `vpn-router` on the router, which the web
+service creates on its first run (ADR-16) with `runuser -u postgres -- psql` and a random password in
+`/etc/vpn-router/database.secret`, reached over TCP on `localhost`, as Ubuntu's `pg_hba.conf`
+takes peer authentication on the local socket. A refresh token is used once: refreshing deletes
+it and issues a new one, after checking that the user is neither disabled nor locked.
+
+Consequences: The package depends on `postgresql` and `python3-psycopg`. A stolen database holds
+no usable token. Changing a user's password, disabling, unlocking or removing the user, and
+signing out, end the user's sessions at once; an access token already issued lives out its
+5 minutes.
+
+## ADR-16: Each service creates what it needs on its first run
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The package manager configures packages in an order of its own; on a new VM the Router
+Manager was configured before the PostgreSQL server, so a database created at installation was
+missing. PostgreSQL may also start after the services at boot.
+
+Decision: The web service makes its signing key and creates the refresh tokens' database itself,
+and the Router Manager its sessions database; neither `vpn-router-setup` nor a maintainer script
+creates them. Each service does it before it listens, retrying every 15 seconds and logging each
+failure, then listens. `vpnrouter_auth` turns every failure of the database into
+`DatabaseError`, the only database exception the web service and `vpn-router-user` handle.
+
+psycopg (Ubuntu ships only its pure-Python implementation) finds libpq through the dynamic linker
+cache, which dpkg refreshes with its deferred `ldconfig` only at the end of an installation, so a
+service started during the installation cannot import it yet; a failed import cannot be repeated
+in the same process either, as psycopg caches the lookup. The services therefore import psycopg
+plainly, and their units wait instead: `ExecStartPre=wait-for-libpq`, a shell script of each
+package, waits until `ldconfig -p` lists `libpq.so.5`, within `TimeoutStartSec=5min`. The
+maintainer scripts start the units with `systemctl --no-block` (debhelper's start is turned off),
+because a start that waited would hold dpkg before its `ldconfig`.
+
+Consequences: The order of installation and of the start of PostgreSQL and of the linker cache
+does not matter; a database that cannot be created is retried until the cause is gone, and the
+reason is in the service's log. Outside an installation the wait ends at once. The web unit may
+write `/etc/vpn-router` for the key and the database password.
+
+## ADR-17: Bootstrap diagnostics run only until the first setup succeeds
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: A new VM is reachable only once its setup has worked, and the reason of a failure must
+be readable from the internal network before an SSH session is possible. A service that reports
+the setup cannot be one of the services being set up: those import packages that may not load yet
+(psycopg could not find libpq before `ldconfig` ran), and they would fail before reporting
+anything. Once the router has been set up, SSH is the way to diagnose it. The more a diagnostic
+page does, the more ways it has to fail itself.
+
+Decision: Each package ships a bootstrap service of the Python standard library alone, a script
+that answers every request with the plain-text output of a fixed list of commands: the setup
+state, the services, the failed units, the addresses and the end of the logs. The router's
+listens on 17081 and the Router Manager's on 17080, beside the ports of the services, 7081 and
+7080, on every address. The units are never enabled and not started at installation;
+`vpn-router-setup` starts them while `/var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done` does not exist, and opens
+their ports on the internal interface. The first successful run writes that file, closes the ports
+and stops them; a failed run leaves them running, so the reason stays readable. Setup records its
+state, step and failure in `/run/vpn-router/setup.json` at every step; `vpnrouter.fail` ends with
+a `SystemExit` carrying its message, so setup records it.
+
+Consequences: The diagnostics need nothing the setup provides and cannot collide with the real
+services. After the first success they never run again, also not after an upgrade or a reboot.
+The page shows log lines to whoever reaches the internal network during the first setup.
+
+## ADR-18: Manager-only accounts are a second kind of user; the package can create the first admin
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The Router Manager needs a first administrator before anyone has added users, as other
+packages create a default user from their debconf answers. Such an account, and others that only
+manage the router, have no person behind them and need no VPN access. A VPN user is an
+`inetOrgPerson`, which requires a last name and a common name, and its certificate needs the
+names. The Manager is configured before the router's directory exists during an installation.
+
+Decision: A user is one of two kinds in `ou=users`, fixed when it is added: a VPN user, an
+`inetOrgPerson` with the three person attributes and a certificate, or a Manager-only account,
+an `account`, `simpleSecurityObject` and `vpnRouterAccount` (ADR-19) with the name, the password,
+an optional e-mail address for notifications, and no certificate. `add` with all three person
+attributes adds a VPN user and without the first and the last name a Manager-only account; one
+name without the rest is refused. The CLI and the API add both kinds; the Manager's dialog
+requires the names unless Manager access only is chosen, which offers the e-mail address only.
+Answers carry `manager_only`, and `update` changes only the e-mail address of a Manager-only
+account. The Manager's package asks `admin_username` and `admin_password`; with both
+it writes them to a root-only file, clears the answers, and `vpn-router-setup` creates the account
+after it provisions the directory, adds it to `admins` (creating the group when missing) and
+removes the file. Without a name nothing is created. `vpnrouter_users` knows only the directory,
+so setup can use it before PostgreSQL's driver can be loaded; `web` and `vpn-router-user` revoke
+refresh tokens after the operations of `vpnrouter_auth.REVOKING`.
+
+Consequences: A Manager-only account cannot become a VPN user, as LDAP cannot change an entry's
+structural class and its password hash cannot be copied; it is removed and added again instead.
+It has no certificate, so OpenVPN and road-warrior access refuse it. The administrator's password
+is on disk only until setup has run.
+
+## ADR-19: The package has an LDAP schema of its own under a UUID OID
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: A Manager-only account (ADR-18) is an `account`, which allows no `mail`, yet notifications
+need an address for it; no standard auxiliary class allows `mail` except `extensibleObject`, which
+allows every attribute. Authorization scopes for users of both kinds may follow. An attribute or
+class of its own needs an OID, and the package has no registered arc.
+
+Decision: The package defines its schema, `cn=vpn-router,cn=schema,cn=config`, which
+`vpnrouter_ldap.provision` adds when missing and keeps as `SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES` and
+`SCHEMA_OBJECT_CLASSES`. Its OID is `2.25.98477352595735834532404256531620013001`, made from a
+random UUID under the arc 2.25 (ITU-T X.667), which needs no registration; attribute types are
+under `.1` and object classes under `.2`. The first version has the attribute `vpnRouterScope`
+(multi-valued, case-insensitive strings) and the auxiliary class `vpnRouterAccount`,
+`MAY ( mail $ vpnRouterScope )`. Manager-only accounts have the class from their creation, so an
+e-mail address can be added later without changing their classes; VPN users get it once scopes are
+used.
+
+Consequences: The schema check stays strict. New attributes extend `vpnRouterAccount`, and their
+OIDs continue the arcs. Nothing reads `vpnRouterScope` yet. The OID must never be reused for
+anything else.
+
+## ADR-20: Users manage their own account through /account, proving who they are again
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: Users who are not members of `admins` can sign in but get 403 on every path, so they
+cannot change their password or enrol an authenticator without an administrator. A session
+token alone is a weak proof for such changes: whoever holds an open session could lock the user
+out. A wrong current password must not look like an ended session to the Manager, which signs a
+user out on 401.
+
+Decision: `/account` serves the user named in the token's `sub`, admin or not: `GET` the user
+and whether they are a member of `admins`, `PUT /account/password`, and `POST` and
+`PUT /account/otp` to enrol or replace the TOTP enrolment. The routes do not take a user name.
+Each change sends the current password and, for an enrolled user, a current code, checked with a
+bind as the user like `/auth`, so it counts toward the lockout (ADR-14); a wrong one is 403. A
+new password is checked before the bind, so an invalid one does not use up a code. A user cannot
+remove their own enrolment; `/users` and `vpn-router-user` do. Tokens of `vpn-router-token` name
+no user and get 403 there.
+
+Consequences: slapd's `otp` overlay accepts each code once, so a change right after signing in
+needs the next code. Changing the password revokes the user's refresh tokens, so the user's
+Manager session ends with its access token. An enrolled user who has lost the authenticator
+needs an administrator.
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ A Debian package that configures a Linux host or virtual machine as a VPN router

 - site-to-site IKEv2 IPSec with pre-shared key authentication (strongSwan swanctl)
 - road-warrior (P2S) access using IKEv2 EAP-TLS, with a bundled certificate authority
+- OpenVPN (P2S) access with a certificate and a password per user, the users kept in a local
+  LDAP directory and managed with `vpn-router-user` or the web service
 - optional WireGuard endpoint
 - routing and NAT for a protected subnet, TCP MSS clamping, and UFW firewall rules
 - firewall rules for the ports Docker publishes, when Docker is installed
@@ -83,8 +85,10 @@ that deploy a router on Azure or GCP.
 ## Configuration

 `/etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json` is JSON, mode 0600, and is created on first install. It
-is managed with `ucf`, so it is yours to edit: a later `dpkg-reconfigure` applies what
-changed and asks before touching anything you altered by hand. A complete example is
+is managed with `ucf`, so it is yours to edit: a later `dpkg-reconfigure` applies the answers
+given and asks before touching anything you altered by hand, and an upgrade asks no questions
+and leaves the file as it is. Settings the file leaves out take their defaults when it is read, so a
+file written by cloud-init or by hand needs only the settings that differ. A complete example is
 installed at `/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example`.

 The file is an object of sections, each an object of settings. A section or setting that
@@ -113,11 +117,16 @@ must have the type shown below; an unknown section or setting is an error.
 | `wireguard` | `enabled` | boolean | `false` | WireGuard endpoint |
 | `wireguard` | `address` | string | | Address and prefix for `wg0`, for example `192.168.200.1/24` |
 | `wireguard` | `listen_port` | integer | `51820` | UDP port |
+| `openvpn` | `enabled` | boolean | `false` | OpenVPN access for users |
+| `openvpn` | `address_pool` | string | | IPv4 CIDR assigned to OpenVPN clients |
+| `openvpn` | `port` | integer | `1194` | Port of the OpenVPN server on the external interface |
+| `openvpn` | `protocol` | string | `udp` | `udp` or `tcp` |
 | `docker` | `mode` | string | `auto` | `auto` secures Docker when its service is installed, `on` requires it, `off` removes the rules |
 | `docker` | `exposed_ports` | list | | TCP ports and port ranges (`8000:8100`) reachable from the external interface; at most 15, a range counting as two |
 | `web` | `enabled` | boolean | `true` | The status web service on the internal address |
-| `web` | `port` | integer | `8080` | TCP port of the status web service |
-| `web` | `jwt_secret` | string | | Secret, at least 32 characters, that signs the tokens for `/config`; without it `/config` is not served |
+| `web` | `port` | integer | `7081` | TCP port of the status web service |
+| `web` | `database` | string | | A PostgreSQL connection string for the refresh tokens; without it, the `vpn-router` database on this host that the web service creates |
+| `web` | `trusted_proxies` | list | the listening address | Addresses whose `X-Forwarded-For` header names the client for the `/auth` rate limit |

 A minimal site-to-site configuration in `auto` mode:

@@ -138,7 +147,7 @@ A minimal site-to-site configuration in `auto` mode:
 The router's IKE identity (`wan.local_fqdn` in `fqdn` mode) and the remote one (`remote.id`) are
 an FQDN or an IPv4 or IPv6 address. They are written to the strongSwan configuration as given;
 strongSwan reads an address as an IP identity and a name as an FQDN, so a leading `@` is not needed
-and is refused. Road-warrior access needs a name in `wan.local_fqdn`.
+and is refused. Road-warrior and OpenVPN access need a name in `wan.local_fqdn`.

 WireGuard peers are added by hand in `/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf`. The package owns the
 `[Interface]` section of that file and rewrites it when the settings above change, but it
@@ -234,8 +243,10 @@ systemctl restart vpn-router-setup
 The service also runs at boot. With platform `none` it does nothing and says so.
 Otherwise it regenerates the configuration files, resolves the interfaces and their
 addresses as `mode` directs, applies routes, generates WireGuard keys and injects
-firewall rules. It then starts `strongswan` and `wg-quick@wg0` if the corresponding
-feature is configured, reloading or restarting them only when their inputs changed, and
+firewall rules. It provisions the user directory in `slapd` while OpenVPN or road-warrior
+access is configured. It then starts `strongswan`, `wg-quick@wg0` and
+`openvpn-server@vpn-router` if the corresponding feature is configured, reloading or
+restarting them only when their inputs changed, and
 restarts `systemd-resolved` only when the road-warrior DNS drop-in changed. Turning a
 feature off in the configuration stops its service and removes its files. Every step is
 idempotent, so restarting with no changes does nothing.
@@ -264,10 +275,12 @@ ca_cert.pem  ca_key.pem  ca_bundle.pem  <label>_cert.pem  <label>_key.pem  crl.p
 `<label>` is the first component of the router FQDN, so `router.example.com` gives
 `router_cert.pem`.

-If road-warrior access is enabled and this directory is empty, a certificate authority and
-a server certificate are created there automatically. To use your own instead, place the
-files in that layout before enabling the feature; nothing is generated or overwritten when
-material is already present.
+Once a platform is chosen and while this directory is empty, a certificate authority and a CRL
+valid for ten years are created there automatically, whether or not road-warrior or OpenVPN
+access is enabled. A CA of the router's own (with `ca_key.pem`) without a CRL gets one, and
+without a server certificate gets one once `wan.local_fqdn` is set. User certificates are issued
+by `vpn-router-user` into `users/`. To use your own CA instead, place the files in that layout
+before choosing the platform; nothing present is overwritten.

 Either way, the package copies what each consumer needs into place: the CA into
 `/etc/swanctl/x509ca/`, the server certificate and key into `/etc/swanctl/x509/` and
@@ -285,6 +298,157 @@ Issue a client certificate with the bundled tool:
 `simple-ca` comes from a separate project, <https://gitea.koszewscy.waw.pl/slawek/simple-ca>,
 and also supports `make-crl` and `revoke-cert`.

+## OpenVPN and users
+
+With `openvpn.enabled`, an `address_pool` and `wan.local_fqdn` set, `vpn-router-setup` runs
+`openvpn-server@vpn-router` with `/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf`. The server uses the
+router's CA, certificate and CRL (the copies under `/etc/swanctl`), pushes routes to
+`local.cidrs` and the router as DNS server, and opens `openvpn.port` on the external interface.
+
+A client needs both a certificate of the router CA and the password of the user the
+certificate names:
+
+- the certificate is checked against the CA and the CRL (`crl-verify`, read at every
+  connection);
+- the password is checked by `openvpn-auth-ldap`, which binds to the user directory as the
+  user; a user enrolled for TOTP types the password followed by the current 6-digit code;
+- `/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user` refuses a login whose user name is not the common
+  name of the certificate.
+
+### The user directory
+
+Once a platform is chosen, `vpn-router-setup` keeps a directory of users in the local slapd,
+whether or not OpenVPN or road-warrior access is enabled, so users can be managed before either
+is switched on:
+
+- its own database, `dc=vpn-router,dc=local` in `/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router`, next to the one the
+  slapd package creates; root manages it through the local socket, with no administrator
+  password;
+- `ou=users` holds one entry per user, named by `uid`: an `inetOrgPerson` for a VPN user, an
+  `account` for a Manager-only account (see Managing users);
+- the package's own schema, `cn=vpn-router,cn=schema,cn=config`, under the OID
+  `2.25.98477352595735834532404256531620013001` of the UUID arc: the auxiliary class
+  `vpnRouterAccount` with `MAY ( mail $ vpnRouterScope )`, which Manager-only accounts have, and
+  the attribute `vpnRouterScope`, authorization scopes that nothing reads yet;
+- `ou=groups` holds one `groupOfNames` per group, named by `cn`, with its members' DNs in
+  `member` and an optional `description`;
+- `cn=user-manager,ou=services` is the account that changes users and groups; it may write
+  `ou=users` and `ou=groups` and set passwords, never read them, and its password is in
+  `/etc/vpn-router/ldap/user-manager.secret` (root only);
+- passwords are stored as ARGON2 hashes, and a disabled user is locked with the password policy
+  (`pwdAccountLockedTime`);
+- the password policy locks an account for 15 minutes after 5 failed binds within 15 minutes,
+  whether they come from OpenVPN or from `/auth`; a successful bind clears the count, and
+  `vpn-router-user unlock` ends a lockout;
+- slapd's `otp` overlay is configured on the database; a user enrolled for TOTP is also an
+  `oathTOTPUser` and `oathTOTPToken` whose `oathTOTPToken` names the entry itself, with the
+  secret in `oathSecret`, which the user manager account may set and no one can read, and
+  `oathTOTPParams` naming `cn=totp,ou=policies` (6 digits, HMAC-SHA1, 30 second steps, one step
+  of tolerance). A bind of an enrolled user takes the password followed by a current code;
+- slapd listens on its local socket only (`SLAPD_SERVICES` in `/etc/default/slapd`).
+
+The directory is kept on purge.
+
+### Managing users
+
+`vpn-router-user` manages the users. A user is a directory entry of one of two kinds, fixed when it
+is added:
+
+- a VPN user, an `inetOrgPerson` with a first name, a last name and an e-mail address
+  (`givenName`, `sn` and `mail`; `cn` is the first and the last name), and a client certificate
+  with the user name as its common name, in `/etc/vpn-router/pki/users`;
+- a Manager-only account, an `account`, `simpleSecurityObject` and `vpnRouterAccount` with the
+  name, the password and an optional e-mail address, for notifications: no names and no
+  certificate, so no VPN access. It can sign in to `/auth` and, as a member of `admins`, manage
+  the router. `add` without the first and the last name adds one; its names cannot be set later.
+
+Passwords and TOTP secrets are read from the first line of standard input. The answer is text: a
+table of the users, the client profile, a TOTP secret or a short message, and a failure is a
+message on standard error.
+`--json`, before the command, gives the answer as JSON on standard output, and a failure as
+`{"error": ...}` there too; the web service uses it. `-h` or `--help` shows the commands, and
+after a command its options.
+
+```sh
+echo 's3cr3t-pass' | vpn-router-user add alice --first-name Alice --last-name Smith --email alice@example.com
+echo 'm4nager-pass' | vpn-router-user add ops
+vpn-router-user update alice --email a.smith@example.com
+vpn-router-user list
+vpn-router-user profile alice > alice.ovpn
+vpn-router-user --json list
+echo 'n3w-pass' | vpn-router-user passwd alice
+vpn-router-user disable alice
+vpn-router-user enable alice
+vpn-router-user unlock alice
+vpn-router-user remove alice
+vpn-router-user otp-new alice
+echo 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXPJBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP' | vpn-router-user otp-enrol alice 123456
+vpn-router-user otp-remove alice
+```
+
+| Command | Effect |
+| --- | --- |
+| `list` | The users with their kind, names and e-mail addresses, whether each is enabled or locked, has a certificate and is enrolled for TOTP |
+| `add <name> --first-name F --last-name L --email E` | Adds a VPN user and issues the certificate |
+| `add <name> [--email E]` | Adds a Manager-only account, with the e-mail address when given; one name without the other two options is refused |
+| `update <name> [--first-name F] [--last-name L] [--email E]` | Changes the names or the e-mail address |
+| `passwd <name>` | Sets the password |
+| `disable <name>`, `enable <name>` | Locks the user out of OpenVPN and `/auth`, and lets the user in again |
+| `unlock <name>` | Ends a lockout after failed logins and clears the failure count; a disabled user stays disabled |
+| `remove <name>` | Takes the user out of its groups, revokes the certificate, renews the CRL and removes the user; refused while the user is the last member of a group |
+| `profile <name>` | The OpenVPN client profile, with the CA, the certificate and the key inline |
+| `otp-new <name>` | A new TOTP secret and its `otpauth://` URI, issued by `wan.local_fqdn`, for an authenticator app; nothing is stored |
+| `otp-enrol <name> <code>` | Stores the secret read from standard input when the code is a current code of it, replacing a secret the user has |
+| `otp-remove <name>` | Removes the user's TOTP secret |
+
+A user name is 1 to 32 lowercase letters, digits and hyphens, starting with a letter; a
+password has 8 to 128 characters; a first or last name has 1 to 64 printable characters; an
+e-mail address has one `@`, no spaces and a dot in its domain; a TOTP secret is 32 base32
+characters, as `otp-new` makes it, and a code 6 digits. Once enrolled, a user logs in to OpenVPN
+and `/auth` with the password followed by a current code. In the answers `manager_only` tells the
+kind, and a Manager-only account has its names as `null`; `update` changes only its e-mail
+address, and `--email ''` removes it. Changing a user's password, disabling, unlocking or removing the user also revokes its
+refresh tokens of `/auth`. The exit status is 0 on success, 2 for an invalid request, 3 when the
+user does not exist, 4 when the user exists and 1 for any other failure.
+
+When the Router Manager is installed with an administrator (its debconf questions
+`vpn-router-manager/admin_username` and `admin_password`), its package leaves the answers in
+`/etc/vpn-router-manager/admin.json` (root only). `vpn-router-setup` then creates that user as a
+Manager-only account, adds it to the group `admins`, which it creates when missing, and removes
+the file.
+
+The certificate is also accepted by road-warrior (IKEv2 EAP-TLS) access, which checks
+certificates only, so `disable` does not affect it; `remove` revokes the certificate for both.
+
+### Managing groups
+
+`vpn-router-group` manages the groups. A group has a name, with the rules of a user name, an
+optional description of at most 256 printable characters, and at least one member, each a user
+of the directory. Groups record membership only; nothing on the router reads them. The output,
+`--json`, `-h` and `--help` work as for `vpn-router-user`.
+
+```sh
+vpn-router-group add ops --member alice --member bob --description 'Operations team'
+vpn-router-group list
+vpn-router-group update ops --name netops
+vpn-router-group update netops --description ''
+vpn-router-group member-add netops carol
+vpn-router-group member-remove netops bob
+vpn-router-group remove netops
+```
+
+| Command | Effect |
+| --- | --- |
+| `list` | The groups with their members and descriptions |
+| `add <name> --member U [--member U ...] [--description D]` | Adds the group with its members |
+| `update <name> [--name N] [--description D]` | Renames the group or sets its description; `''` removes it |
+| `remove <name>` | Removes the group; its members are kept |
+| `member-add <name> <user>` | Adds the user to the group |
+| `member-remove <name> <user>` | Takes the user out of the group; refused for the last member |
+
+The exit status is 0 on success, 2 for an invalid request, 3 when the group or the user does
+not exist, 4 when the group exists and 1 for any other failure.
+
 ## Platform modules

 Platform-specific values do not belong in the core, so they are Python modules in
@@ -329,17 +493,47 @@ modules shipped with the package; the configuration file accepts any module inst
 ## Status web service

 The `vpn-router-web` service shows the state of the router on its internal address and
-`web.port` (8080 by default). It uses only the Python standard library, serves HTTP without
-authentication, and shows no configuration: no key, identity, address or subnet.
+`web.port` (7081 by default). Its pages `/` and `/status` need no authentication and show no
+configuration: no key, identity, address or subnet.
+
+The service first makes its signing key and the refresh tokens' database, retrying every 15
+seconds, for example while PostgreSQL is not running yet, and logs each failure; then it listens.
+
+### Bootstrap diagnostics
+
+Until a run of `vpn-router-setup` has succeeded, every run starts `vpn-router-bootstrap`, which
+serves diagnostics as plain text on port 17081 of every address, and the firewall opens 17081 and
+17080 (the Router Manager's bootstrap) on the internal interface. The first successful run stops
+the bootstrap services and closes their ports, and writes `/var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done`, after
+which they never run again; a failed run leaves them running, so the reason stays readable until
+a later run succeeds. The unit is never enabled.
+
+The page, read again every 10 seconds, shows the state, the step and the failure of the last
+setup run (`/run/vpn-router/setup.json`, which setup writes at every step), the state of the
+router's services, the failed units, the addresses and routes, `cloud-init status`, and the end of
+the logs of `vpn-router-setup` and `vpn-router-web`:
+
+```bash
+curl http://10.0.0.4:17081/
+```

 | Page | Content |
 | --- | --- |
-| `/` | The status for people: plain text for `curl` and `wget`, a page styled with Tailwind CSS for a browser (the style sheet is loaded from a CDN, so the browser needs internet access; the text is readable without it) |
+| `/` | The status for people: plain text for `curl` and `wget`, a page styled with Tailwind CSS for a browser, in the browser's light or dark scheme, that reloads itself every minute (the style sheet is loaded from a CDN, so the browser needs internet access; the text is readable without it) |
 | `/status` | The same status as JSON |
-| `/config` | The configuration with its secrets masked, and what the router resolved and runs, as JSON; needs a token |
+| `/auth` | Signing in with a user's password and TOTP code, refreshing and signing out |
+| `/config` | The configuration without its secret options, and what the router resolved and runs, as JSON; needs a token |
+| `/users` | The users of OpenVPN and road-warrior access; needs a token |
+| `/groups` | The groups of users; needs a token |
+| `/account` | The account of the signed-in user: its details, its password and its TOTP enrolment; needs a user's token |

-The status holds the state of `vpn-router-setup`, of `strongswan` when site-to-site or road-warrior
-access is configured, and of `wg-quick@wg0` when WireGuard is; the package version; whether
+The status holds the state of `vpn-router-setup`, `slapd` and each PostgreSQL cluster unit
+(`postgresql@<version>-<cluster>`, or `postgresql` as `no cluster` without one), of
+`vpn-router-manager` when that package is installed, of `strongswan` when site-to-site or
+road-warrior access is configured, of `wg-quick@wg0` when WireGuard is, and of
+`openvpn-server@vpn-router` when OpenVPN is; the number of connected
+OpenVPN clients, from the server's status file, which OpenVPN rewrites every minute; the package version and,
+as `manager_version`, the installed version of `vpn-router-manager` (`null`, shown as not installed, without it); whether
 Docker is installed, and when it is, the state of `docker.service` and of `vpn-router-docker`
 (the Docker rules), which do not change `status`; whether the
 site-to-site tunnel is established; the number of connected road-warrior (IPsec P2S) clients; and
@@ -347,8 +541,62 @@ the WireGuard peers with the age of their last handshake and their traffic. `sta
 all these services are active, and `degraded` otherwise.

 ```bash
-curl http://10.0.0.4:8080/
-curl http://10.0.0.4:8080/status
+curl http://10.0.0.4:7081/
+curl http://10.0.0.4:7081/status
+```
+
+### Tokens and signing in
+
+`/config`, `/users`, `/groups` and `/account` need a JWT in an `Authorization: Bearer` header, signed with
+HS256 by the key the web service makes on its first run, `/etc/vpn-router/web.key` (root only).
+The key never leaves the router; while it does not exist these paths and `/auth` are not served
+(404). A missing, expired or wrongly signed token, or one of another algorithm, gets 401 with
+`WWW-Authenticate: Bearer`. There are two kinds of tokens:
+
+- an access token of `/auth` names a user in `sub` and is valid for 5 minutes; every user may
+  call `/account`, and for the other paths the user must be a member of the group `admins`,
+  otherwise the request gets 403;
+- a token of `vpn-router-token`, run as root on the router, has the claim `admin` and is valid
+  for the lifetime given, without a maximum. It names no user, so `/account` refuses it with 403;
+  it may call everything else, and only such a token may
+  change the group `admins`: create it, rename a group to it, change or remove it, add or take
+  out its members, or remove a user who is a member of it.
+
+The first member of `admins` is added on the router:
+
+```sh
+vpn-router-group add admins --member alice --description 'Router administrators'
+vpn-router-token --hours 1
+vpn-router-token --json --days 30
+```
+
+`POST /auth` signs a user in. Request and answer bodies are JSON:
+
+| Request | Body | Answer |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `POST /auth` | `{"name", "password", "code"}`; `code` only for a user enrolled for TOTP | the tokens |
+| `POST /auth/refresh` | `{"refresh_token"}` | new tokens; the refresh token given is used up |
+| `POST /auth/logout` | `{"refresh_token"}` | `{"revoked": true}`, or `false` for a token not known |
+
+The tokens are `{"access_token", "token_type": "Bearer", "expires_in": 300, "refresh_token",
+"refresh_expires_in": 28800}`. A wrong name, password or code, and a locked or disabled user,
+get 401 with the same message; a refresh token is refused once its user is disabled, locked or
+removed. Changing a user's password, disabling, unlocking or removing the user revokes the
+user's refresh tokens. Five failed logins lock the account for 15 minutes (see the user
+directory). `/auth` and `/auth/refresh` take at most 10 calls a minute from one client address,
+and answer 429 with `Retry-After` beyond that; for a call from one of `web.trusted_proxies`, by
+default the address the service listens on, the client address is the last entry of
+`X-Forwarded-For`.
+
+Refresh tokens are kept, as their SHA-256, in PostgreSQL: by default in the database and role
+`vpn-router` on the router, which the web service creates on its first run with a password in
+`/etc/vpn-router/database.secret` (root only), reached over TCP on `localhost`; `web.database`
+names another database. Tokens and passwords travel over plain HTTP on the internal network.
+
+```bash
+curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name": "alice", "password": "s3cr3t-pass", "code": "123456"}' \
+     http://10.0.0.4:7081/auth
+curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" http://10.0.0.4:7081/config
 ```

 ### The /config page
@@ -357,55 +605,111 @@ curl http://10.0.0.4:8080/status

 | Key | Content |
 | --- | --- |
-| `configuration` | `vpn-router.json` with the defaults applied and the secrets masked (`psk`, `jwt_secret`, and any option named like a password, token or key) |
+| `configuration` | `vpn-router.json` with the defaults applied, without its secret options (`psk`, `database`, and any option named like a secret, password, token or key) |
 | `network` | The external and internal interface, their addresses, the internal gateway, the local and remote IKE identities and subnets, and the IPv4 routes as `ip -j -4 route` prints them |
 | `ipsec` | `connections` and `sas`: one object per connection and per IKE SA, read from `swanctl --list-conns --pretty` and `swanctl --list-sas --pretty`, with the connection's name under `name` and swanctl's keys and string values |
 | `wireguard` | The public key and port of `wg0`, and each peer's public key, endpoint, allowed IPs, handshake age and traffic; no private or preshared key |
 | `docker` | `docker.exposed_ports` and the rules of the `VPN-ROUTER-DOCKER` chain |

-The page needs a JWT in an `Authorization: Bearer` header, signed with HS256 by `web.jwt_secret`.
-The token must have an `exp` claim, not more than ten minutes from now (a minute of clock
-difference is allowed); `nbf` is checked when present. Other algorithms are refused, with 401 and
-`WWW-Authenticate: Bearer`. While `web.jwt_secret` is not set the page is not served (404). The
-token and the page travel over plain HTTP on the internal network, and the token can be used
-until it expires, so keep the lifetime short. A client makes a token from the secret with only
-HMAC-SHA256; with Python:
+### The /users API

-```python
-import base64, hashlib, hmac, json, time
+`/users` manages users with the same token as `/config`, with the module `vpn-router-user` uses
+too, `/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_users.py`, so both apply the same rules. Request
+and answer bodies are JSON; a request body is at most 4096 bytes.

-def b64(data):
-    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode()
+| Request | Body | Answer |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `GET /users` | | `{"users": [{"name", "manager_only", "enabled", "locked", "certificate", "otp", "first_name", "last_name", "email"}, ...]}` |
+| `POST /users` | `{"name", "password", "first_name", "last_name", "email"}` for a VPN user; `{"name", "password", "email"?}` for a Manager-only account | 201 and the user |
+| `PUT /users/<name>` | any of `{"first_name", "last_name", "email"}`; for a Manager-only account only `{"email"}`, `""` removing it | the user |
+| `PUT /users/<name>/password` | `{"password": ...}` | the user |
+| `POST /users/<name>/disable` | | the user |
+| `POST /users/<name>/enable` | | the user |
+| `POST /users/<name>/unlock` | | the user |
+| `DELETE /users/<name>` | | `{"name", "removed": true}` |
+| `GET /users/<name>/profile` | | `{"name", "profile"}`, the OpenVPN client profile |
+| `POST /users/<name>/otp` | | `{"name", "secret", "uri"}`, a new TOTP secret; nothing is stored |
+| `PUT /users/<name>/otp` | `{"secret", "code"}` | the user, once the code matches the secret |
+| `DELETE /users/<name>/otp` | | the user |

-secret = 'the web.jwt_secret value'
-head = b64(json.dumps({'alg': 'HS256', 'typ': 'JWT'}).encode())
-body = b64(json.dumps({'exp': int(time.time()) + 300}).encode())
-sign = b64(hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{head}.{body}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest())
-print(f'{head}.{body}.{sign}')
-```
+A failure is `{"error": ...}` with 400 for an invalid request, 404 for a user that does not
+exist, 409 for a user that exists and 500 otherwise. `/users` works whether or not OpenVPN or
+road-warrior access is enabled; the profile needs OpenVPN. Passwords, private keys and TOTP
+secrets cross the internal network in plain HTTP, like the token.

 ```bash
-curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" http://10.0.0.4:8080/config
+curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+     -d '{"name": "alice", "password": "s3cr3t-pass", "first_name": "Alice", "last_name": "Smith", "email": "alice@example.com"}' \
+     http://10.0.0.4:7081/users
 ```

-`vpn-router-setup` opens `web.port` on the internal interface in the firewall, writes the address,
-the port, the secret and the facts for `/config` to `/run/vpn-router/web.json` (readable by root
-only) and restarts the service, so a changed `web` section
-applies with `systemctl restart vpn-router-setup`. The service ends without an error when
-`web.enabled` is `false`, and keeps trying to start until the router has an internal address.
+### The /account API
+
+`/account` serves the user the access token names, whether or not the user is a member of
+`admins`, with the same module as `/users`:
+
+| Request | Body | Answer |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `GET /account` | | the user as `/users` shows it, and `"admin"`, whether the user is a member of `admins` |
+| `PUT /account/password` | `{"current_password", "current_code", "password"}` | the user |
+| `POST /account/otp` | | `{"name", "secret", "uri"}`, a new TOTP secret; nothing is stored |
+| `PUT /account/otp` | `{"current_password", "current_code", "secret", "code"}` | the user, once the code matches the secret |
+
+`current_code` is needed only for a user enrolled for TOTP. A wrong current password or code gets
+403 and counts as a failed login; slapd accepts each code once, so a code used to sign in is not
+accepted again, and a change right after signing in waits for the next code. A user enrols or
+replaces the enrolment; removing it is left to `/users` and `vpn-router-user`. Changing the
+password revokes the user's refresh tokens. Other failures are those of `/users`.
+
+### The /groups API
+
+`/groups` manages groups with the same token and the same module as `/users`.
+
+| Request | Body | Answer |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `GET /groups` | | `{"groups": [{"name", "description", "members": [...]}, ...]}` |
+| `POST /groups` | `{"name", "members": [...]}`, and `"description"` | 201 and the group |
+| `PUT /groups/<name>` | any of `{"name", "description"}`; `""` removes the description | the group |
+| `DELETE /groups/<name>` | | `{"name", "removed": true}` |
+| `POST /groups/<name>/members` | `{"user": ...}` | the group |
+| `DELETE /groups/<name>/members/<user>` | | the group |
+
+A failure is `{"error": ...}` with 400 for an invalid request, among them taking out the last
+member, 404 for a group or user that does not exist, 409 for a group that exists and 500
+otherwise. `DELETE /users/<name>` is refused with 400 while the user is the last member of a
+group.
+
+The service starts on its own, without waiting for `vpn-router-setup`, and keeps running. Every
+30 seconds it works out the internal address from `vpn-router.json` as `general.mode` directs,
+and reads `web.port` and `web.enabled`; it listens there, moves when the address or the port
+changes, and stops listening while `web.enabled` is `false` or the address is not known. Each
+request reads the signing key and `vpn-router.json`, and the features and the facts for
+`/config` from `/run/vpn-router/web.json` (readable by root only), which `vpn-router-setup` writes;
+before that file exists the page shows no features. `vpn-router-setup` opens `web.port` on the
+internal interface in the firewall.
+
+## Router Manager
+
+The `vpn-router-manager` package, built in the repository `linux-cloud-router-manager`, is a web
+application that shows the state of the router and manages its users through the status web
+service. It can be installed on the router or on another Linux system. While it is installed on
+the router, `vpn-router-setup` opens its port (`port` in `/etc/vpn-router-manager/manager.json`,
+7080 by default, HTTP; 7443 is kept for it with TLS) on the internal interface; restart
+`vpn-router-setup` after changing it.

 ## Removal

 `apt-get remove` stops `vpn-router-docker`, which removes the Docker rules. It terminates the
-tunnels and takes `wg-quick@wg0` down, but leaves the
+tunnels and takes `wg-quick@wg0` and `openvpn-server@vpn-router` down, but leaves the
 configuration in place. `strongswan` is left enabled, since it is a shared service that
 may be in use by something else.

 `apt-get purge` additionally removes the generated files and the firewall rules, restoring
 `/etc/ufw/before.rules` to its original content, and hands `vpn-router.json` back to `ucf`
-before deleting it so a later reinstall starts clean. Key material is never deleted:
-`/etc/vpn-router/pki`, the WireGuard key pair and everything under `/etc/swanctl` are left
-alone.
+before deleting it so a later reinstall starts clean. It also removes the web service's
+signing key, and the refresh tokens' database, its role and their password file when the package
+created them. Key material and users are never deleted: `/etc/vpn-router/pki`, `/etc/vpn-router/ldap`, the user directory in slapd, the
+WireGuard key pair and everything under `/etc/swanctl` are left alone.

 ## Building

@@ -1,3 +1,314 @@
+vpn-router (0.12.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: the status page shows whether the Router Manager runs.
+
+  * When vpn-router-manager is installed, the services show the state of
+    vpn-router-manager, and status is degraded while it is not active.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 11:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.12.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: every user manages their own account through /account.
+
+  * /account serves the signed-in user, admin or not: GET shows the user
+    and whether they are a member of admins; PUT /account/password sets
+    the password and POST and PUT /account/otp enrol or replace the TOTP
+    enrolment, given the current password and, when enrolled, a current
+    code. A wrong one is 403 and counts as a failed login. Tokens of
+    vpn-router-token get 403 there.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.11.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: the status page shows the Router Manager's version.
+
+  * / and /status show the installed version of vpn-router-manager, as
+    manager_version in JSON, or that it is not installed.
+  * The services show the state of each PostgreSQL cluster, as
+    postgresql@<version>-<cluster>, or postgresql: no cluster without one.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 09:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.10.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: Manager-only accounts, and the Router Manager's first administrator.
+
+  * vpn-router-user add without the person options, and POST /users without
+    them, add a Manager-only account: a name and a password, no names, no
+    e-mail address and no certificate, so no VPN access. Giving only some of
+    the three is refused. The answers show the kind as manager_only, list
+    shows a KIND column, and update refuses a Manager-only account.
+  * vpn-router-setup creates the administrator the Router Manager's package
+    leaves in /etc/vpn-router-manager/admin.json as a Manager-only account in
+    the group admins, which it creates when missing, and removes the file.
+  * The directory has the package's own schema, with the auxiliary class
+    vpnRouterAccount and the attribute vpnRouterScope. A Manager-only account
+    can have an e-mail address: add --email, update --email ('' removes it),
+    and email in POST and PUT /users.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 08:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.9.2-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: the web service starts once libpq can be found.
+
+  * The web service unit waits, with wait-for-libpq, until libpq is in the
+    linker cache before it starts the service, for at most 5 minutes; the
+    service imports psycopg at start again.
+  * The package starts the web service without waiting for it.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 06:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.9.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: the web service waits for the PostgreSQL driver instead of failing at start.
+
+  * The web service imports psycopg as the first step of its
+    initialization, retrying every 15 seconds and logging the failure while
+    libpq cannot be found yet during an installation.
+  * vpn-router-user and vpn-router-token load without psycopg; a command
+    that needs the token database then reports that the driver cannot be
+    loaded, as it reports every failure of that database.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 05:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.9.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: bootstrap diagnostics on port 17081 during the first setup.
+
+  * vpn-router-bootstrap serves, on port 17081, the setup state, the
+    services, the failed units, the addresses, cloud-init status and the end
+    of the logs of setup and the web service, as plain text.
+  * vpn-router-setup starts it, and the Router Manager's bootstrap on port
+    17080, until a run has succeeded, and opens both ports on the internal
+    interface; the first successful run writes
+    /var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done, closes the ports and stops them. A
+    failed run leaves them running.
+  * The web service no longer has a starting phase: it creates its key and
+    database, then listens.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 04:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.8.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: the web service creates its key and database itself and shows its starting phase.
+
+  * vpn-router-web makes its signing key and creates the refresh tokens'
+    database on its first run, retrying every 15 seconds until PostgreSQL
+    answers; vpn-router-setup no longer creates them.
+  * Until then / and /status show the web service's phase and its failure,
+    with the state, the step and the failure of the last run of
+    vpn-router-setup, and every page answers 503.
+  * vpn-router-setup records its state, current step and failure in
+    /run/vpn-router/setup.json.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 03:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.7.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: a failing user directory or token database no longer leaves the tunnels down.
+
+  * vpn-router-setup brings up strongSwan and WireGuard before it provisions
+    the user directory and the token database. A failure of either no
+    longer stops the other steps; setup reports it and fails at the end.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 02:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.7.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: users sign in to the web service, and only members of admins manage the router.
+
+  * POST /auth signs a user in with the password, and the TOTP code for an
+    enrolled user, and answers a 5 minute access token and an 8 hour refresh
+    token; /auth/refresh renews them and /auth/logout revokes the refresh
+    token.
+  * /config, /users and /groups take tokens of users in the group admins,
+    and tokens of the new vpn-router-token, which has an admin claim and a
+    chosen lifetime. Only these may change the group admins.
+  * The tokens are signed with /etc/vpn-router/web.key, which
+    vpn-router-setup makes on the router; web.jwt_secret is ignored.
+  * Five failed logins lock an account for 15 minutes, for OpenVPN and
+    /auth. vpn-router-user unlock and POST /users/<name>/unlock end the
+    lockout, and the users show locked.
+  * /auth takes at most 10 calls a minute per client address; for calls from
+    web.trusted_proxies the address is read from X-Forwarded-For.
+  * Users enrolled for TOTP log in to OpenVPN with the password followed by
+    the code.
+  * Refresh tokens are kept in PostgreSQL, in the database web.database
+    names or in the vpn-router database vpn-router-setup creates. The
+    package depends on postgresql and python3-psycopg.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sun, 25 Oct 2026 01:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.6.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: users can be enrolled for TOTP one-time passwords.
+
+  * vpn-router-user otp-new makes a TOTP secret and its otpauth URI,
+    otp-enrol stores the secret, read from standard input, given a code of
+    it, and otp-remove removes it. list and every answer show whether a user
+    is enrolled, as otp.
+  * The web service enrols with POST, PUT and DELETE /users/<name>/otp.
+  * The secret is kept in the user's entry with the OATH-LDAP schema of
+    slapd's otp module; only the user manager account may set it, and no
+    one can read it. Logins do not ask for the codes.
+  * The package depends on python3-pyotp.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 23:30:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.9-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: package upgrades no longer ask the configuration questions.
+
+  * The configuration questions are asked only on a fresh installation and
+    by dpkg-reconfigure.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 21:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.8-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: an upgrade keeps the configuration and asks nothing.
+
+  * postinst passes on only the debconf answers that were given. The
+    defaults of questions never asked, such as platform none, no longer
+    replace settings of vpn-router.json.
+  * Without an answer that changes it, the configuration ucf is given is
+    vpn-router.json byte for byte, so an upgrade has no conflict to ask
+    about; settings the file leaves out keep their defaults when it is read.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 20:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.7-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: users have a first name, a last name and an e-mail address.
+
+  * vpn-router-user add needs --first-name, --last-name and --email, kept as
+    givenName, sn and mail, with cn set to the first and the last name.
+    vpn-router-user update changes them, and list and every answer show
+    them as first_name, last_name and email.
+  * POST /users needs first_name, last_name and email, and PUT
+    /users/<name> changes them.
+  * vpn-router-user answers in text: a table of the users, the client
+    profile or a short message, with failures on standard error. --json
+    gives the JSON answers. -h and --help show the commands and their
+    options.
+  * The web service manages users with vpnrouter_users, the module
+    vpn-router-user uses, instead of running vpn-router-user for each
+    request.
+  * Groups of users, kept as groupOfNames entries in ou=groups with a
+    description and at least one member. vpn-router-group lists, adds,
+    renames, describes and removes them and adds and takes out members, and
+    the web service serves the same under /groups. Removing a user takes it
+    out of its groups and is refused while it is the last member of one.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 19:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.6-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  update: the status web service listens on port 7081 by default.
+
+  * web.port defaults to 7081.
+  * vpn-router-setup opens the Router Manager's port, 7080 by default, on
+    the internal interface.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 18:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.5-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: users and their certificates no longer need a P2S system enabled.
+
+  * vpn-router-setup provisions the user directory, the CA and its CRL once
+    a platform is chosen, whether or not OpenVPN or road-warrior access is
+    enabled. The server certificate is issued once wan.local_fqdn is set,
+    also for an existing CA that has none.
+  * /users and vpn-router-user manage users and issue and revoke their
+    certificates without a P2S system; only the OpenVPN client profile
+    needs OpenVPN.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 16:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.4-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  feature: the firewall lets the Router Manager in on the internal interface.
+
+  * While vpn-router-manager is installed, vpn-router-setup opens its port,
+    port in /etc/vpn-router-manager/manager.json or 8090, on the internal
+    interface. Purging the package removes the rule.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 13:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.3-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: the status always shows the state of slapd.
+
+  * /status and the status page show the state of slapd whether or not
+    OpenVPN or road-warrior access is configured, since the package always
+    runs it.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 12:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.2-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: /config no longer shows secret options.
+
+  * The configuration shown by /config leaves out the secret options (psk,
+    jwt_secret, and options named like a password, token or key) instead of
+    showing them masked.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 11:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  fix: the web service works in every state of the router.
+
+  * vpn-router-web works whether /etc/vpn-router/pki and
+    /etc/swanctl/x509crl exist or not; they exist only while OpenVPN or
+    road-warrior access is configured. The paths the unit may write are
+    used when they exist and ignored when they do not.
+  * vpn-router-web starts on its own and keeps running. Every 30 seconds a
+    discovery thread works out the internal address from vpn-router.json as
+    general.mode directs, with web.port and web.enabled, and starts, moves
+    or stops the server thread to match. Each request reads the token
+    secret, the features and the facts it shows. The service is no longer
+    ordered after vpn-router-setup, which no longer restarts it, and
+    web.json no longer holds the address, the port or the secret.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Sat, 24 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.5.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * OpenVPN P2S access, set in the openvpn section (enabled, address_pool,
+    port, protocol). Clients need a certificate of the router CA and the
+    password of the user named in it; the password is checked against a
+    local LDAP directory by openvpn-auth-ldap.
+  * The users live in the package's own slapd database, dc=vpn-router,
+    dc=local, which vpn-router-setup provisions while OpenVPN or road-warrior
+    access is configured. slapd listens on its local socket only. Passwords
+    are stored as ARGON2 hashes, and a disabled user is locked with the
+    password policy.
+  * vpn-router-user lists, adds, disables, enables and removes users, sets
+    passwords and gives OpenVPN client profiles. Adding a user also issues
+    the user's client certificate; removing one revokes it.
+  * The web service manages users under /users, with the same token as
+    /config, and /status shows the OpenVPN clients.
+  * The CA gets a certificate revocation list when it is created, and an
+    existing CA without one gets one.
+  * Purging the package removes the firewall rules of the web service, which
+    it left behind before.
+  * The status page follows the browser's light or dark colour scheme,
+    uses a proportional font and reloads itself every minute.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Fri, 23 Oct 2026 23:00:00 +0200
+
+vpn-router (0.4.3-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * swanctl output with more closing than opening lines is read as not
+    available instead of failing the request.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Fri, 23 Oct 2026 22:00:00 +0200
+
 vpn-router (0.4.2-1) unstable; urgency=medium

  * /config gives the IPsec connections and SAs as objects, read from
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 set -e
 . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule

+# An upgrade (configure with the old version) asks nothing; vpn-router.json holds the
+# configuration, and dpkg-reconfigure asks the questions again.
+if [ "$1" = "configure" ] && [ -n "$2" ]; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
 # Every question has a default, so a non-interactive install with nothing
 # preseeded completes without prompting. The defaults are platform "none" and
 # mode "manual", which together mean: install the files, configure nothing.
@@ -20,13 +20,22 @@ Depends: ${misc:Depends},
         openssl,
         python3,
         python3-jinja2,
+         python3-ldap,
+         python3-pyotp,
+         python3-psycopg,
+         postgresql,
+         slapd,
+         openvpn,
+         openvpn-auth-ldap,
         iproute2,
         systemd-resolved
-Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, road-warrior and WireGuard support
+Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, road-warrior, OpenVPN and WireGuard support
 Configures a Linux host or virtual machine as a VPN router: site-to-site
 IKEv2 IPSec (strongSwan swanctl), optional road-warrior access using EAP-TLS,
- optional WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and firewall rules a
- router needs. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud provider.
+ optional OpenVPN with a certificate and a password per user, kept in a local
+ LDAP directory, optional WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and
+ firewall rules a router needs. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud
+ provider.
 .
 Settings live in /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json, which is created on first
 install and owned by the administrator afterwards. Editing it and restarting
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
 src/etc/sysctl.d/99-vpn-router.conf                   etc/sysctl.d/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_net.py               usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_serve.py             usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_users.py             usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_auth.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user                          usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-group                         usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-token                         usr/sbin/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/simple-ca                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/configure                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/docker-rules                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup                          usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web                            usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/bootstrap                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq                 usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/generate-config                usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_platforms/*.py       usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_platforms/
 src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/*                  usr/share/vpn-router/templates/
@@ -2,28 +2,39 @@
 set -e
 . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule

+# The answer to a question in ANSWER, or "" when the question has not been seen; the
+# default debconf holds for an unseen question is not an answer.
+answer() {
+    ANSWER=""
+    db_fget "$1" seen
+    if [ "$RET" = "true" ]; then
+        db_get "$1"
+        ANSWER="$RET"
+    fi
+}
+
 case "$1" in
    configure)
        # --- Read the installer's answers ---
-        db_get vpn-router/platform;         VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/mode;             VPN_ROUTER_MODE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/int_addr;         VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/external_interface; VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/internal_interface; VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_fqdn;       VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_id_mode;    VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_cidrs;      VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/int_gateway_ip;   VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_addrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_id;        VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_cidrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/psk;              VPN_ROUTER_PSK="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_enabled;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_address_pool; VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_ca_name;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_CA_NAME="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_enabled;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_address;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_listen_port;   VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT="$RET"
+        answer vpn-router/platform;         VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/mode;             VPN_ROUTER_MODE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/int_addr;         VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/external_interface; VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/internal_interface; VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_fqdn;       VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_id_mode;    VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_cidrs;      VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/int_gateway_ip;   VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_addrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_id;        VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_cidrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/psk;              VPN_ROUTER_PSK="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/p2s_enabled;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/p2s_address_pool; VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/p2s_ca_name;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_CA_NAME="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_enabled;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_address;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_listen_port;   VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT="$ANSWER"

        export VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM VPN_ROUTER_MODE VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR \
               VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE \
@@ -59,6 +70,12 @@ case "$1" in
        # The firewall is not touched here. Enabling it, allowing SSH and
        # setting the forward policy all belong to vpn-router-setup, which does
        # them only once the configuration says this host is a router.
+
+        # The web service waits for libpq in the linker cache, which dpkg
+        # refreshes after this script, so it is started without waiting for it.
+        if [ -d /run/systemd/system ]; then
+            systemctl --no-block restart vpn-router-web.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        fi
        ;;
 esac

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ strip_ufw_blocks() {

    tmp="$(mktemp)"
    awk '
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|BOOTSTRAP|MANAGER|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
            skip = 1; pending = 0; next
        }
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|BOOTSTRAP|MANAGER|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
            skip = 0; next
        }
        skip { next }
@@ -47,10 +47,23 @@ case "$1" in
              /etc/swanctl/conf.d/road-warrior.conf \
              /etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/p2s-forwarder.conf \
              /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf \
-              /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf \
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ldap.conf \
+              /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json \
+              /etc/vpn-router/web.key \
+              /var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done
+        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /var/lib/vpn-router 2>/dev/null || true

-        # Key material is not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki, the WireGuard
-        # key pair and everything under /etc/swanctl are left in place.
+        # The refresh tokens' database and role, when the package created them.
+        if [ -f /etc/vpn-router/database.secret ] && command -v psql >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "vpn-router"' || true
+            runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c 'DROP ROLE IF EXISTS "vpn-router"' || true
+        fi
+        rm -f /etc/vpn-router/database.secret
+
+        # Key material and users are not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki,
+        # /etc/vpn-router/ldap, the user directory in slapd, the WireGuard key
+        # pair and everything under /etc/swanctl are left in place.
        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /etc/vpn-router 2>/dev/null || true
        ;;
 esac
@@ -11,15 +11,17 @@ case "$1" in
            swanctl --terminate --ike road-warrior >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
        fi

-        # This package enabled wg-quick@wg0, so it takes it down again. Use the
-        # debhelper wrappers rather than systemctl, so the script behaves on a
-        # machine without systemd.
-        if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-invoke stop wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
-        if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-helper disable wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
+        # This package enabled wg-quick@wg0 and openvpn-server@vpn-router, so
+        # it takes them down again. Use the debhelper wrappers rather than
+        # systemctl, so the script behaves on a machine without systemd.
+        for unit in wg-quick@wg0.service openvpn-server@vpn-router.service; do
+            if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-invoke stop "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+            if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-helper disable "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+        done
        ;;
 esac

@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@
 override_dh_installsystemd:
 	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-setup
 	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-docker
-	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-web
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-web --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-bootstrap --no-enable --no-start
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router bootstrap diagnostics page
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+
+# Never enabled: vpn-router-setup starts it until a setup has succeeded, and stops it after that.
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /usr/lib/vpn-router/bootstrap
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=5
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=VPN Router Setup
 Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
-Wants=network-online.target
-After=network-online.target docker.service
+Wants=network-online.target postgresql.service
+After=network-online.target docker.service postgresql.service

 [Service]
 Type=oneshot
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=VPN Router status web service
 Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
-After=network-online.target vpn-router-setup.service
+After=network-online.target postgresql.service
 Wants=network-online.target

 [Service]
 Type=simple
+ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq
 ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /usr/lib/vpn-router/web
+TimeoutStartSec=5min
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=15
 NoNewPrivileges=yes
 ProtectSystem=strict
+ReadWritePaths=-/run/vpn-router -/etc/vpn-router -/etc/swanctl/x509crl
 ProtectHome=yes
 PrivateTmp=yes

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Serve diagnostics of the router's first setup on PORT, with the Python standard library alone.
+
+Run by vpn-router-bootstrap.service, which vpn-router-setup starts until a setup has succeeded and
+then stops. Every request on any address answers, as plain text, the output of COMMANDS run at that
+moment: the state of the last setup run, the state of the services, the addresses, and the end of
+the logs.
+"""
+
+import subprocess
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+
+PORT = 17081
+
+#: The title of each section and its command.
+COMMANDS = (
+    ('Setup state', ['cat', '/run/vpn-router/setup.json']),
+    ('Services', ['systemctl', 'is-active', 'vpn-router-setup', 'vpn-router-web', 'slapd', 'postgresql',
+                  'strongswan', 'openvpn-server@vpn-router', 'wg-quick@wg0']),
+    ('Failed units', ['systemctl', '--failed', '--no-legend', '--plain']),
+    ('Addresses', ['ip', '-brief', 'address']),
+    ('Routes', ['ip', 'route']),
+    ('cloud-init', ['cloud-init', 'status', '--long']),
+    ('vpn-router-setup log', ['journalctl', '--unit', 'vpn-router-setup', '--lines', '60', '--no-pager', '--output', 'short-iso']),
+    ('vpn-router-web log', ['journalctl', '--unit', 'vpn-router-web', '--lines', '30', '--no-pager', '--output', 'short-iso']),
+)
+
+
+def report():
+    """The output of every command of COMMANDS under its title."""
+    sections = []
+    for title, command in COMMANDS:
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
+            text = (result.stdout + result.stderr).rstrip()
+        except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as exc:
+            text = f'cannot run {command[0]}: {exc}'
+        sections.append(f'== {title} ==\n{text}\n')
+    return '\n'.join(sections)
+
+
+class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def do_GET(self):
+        body = report().encode()
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(body)))
+        self.send_header('Cache-Control', 'no-store')
+        self.send_header('Refresh', '10')
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(body)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    ThreadingHTTPServer(('', PORT), Handler).serve_forever()
@@ -6,18 +6,15 @@ Called from postinst, which hands the result to ucf(1). ucf compares it with
 this script never writes to /etc and never has to worry about destroying an
 administrator's edits.

-The candidate is built in three layers, each overriding the one before:
-
-  1. the shipped defaults
-  2. the current contents of /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json, if it exists
-  3. any debconf answer that was actually given
-
-Layer 2 is what makes reconfiguration safe: a setting the administrator edited
-by hand, and that debconf has nothing to say about, is carried through
-unchanged, so ucf only sees a diff where something really changed. An empty
-answer means "leave alone", which is why clearing the pre-shared key from the
-debconf database after installation does not blank it on the next
-dpkg-reconfigure.
+The candidate is the current /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json as it is, or the
+shipped defaults when there is none, with every debconf answer that was given
+written over it. Without an answer that changes it, the candidate is the current
+file byte for byte, so
+an upgrade or a reconfiguration that changes nothing gives ucf nothing to ask;
+defaults the file leaves out are applied by vpnrouter.load_config() when the
+file is read. An empty answer means "leave alone", which is why clearing the
+pre-shared key from the debconf database after installation does not blank it
+on the next dpkg-reconfigure.

 Answers arrive as VPN_ROUTER_* environment variables and are converted to the
 type of the setting they fill: comma-separated lists become arrays, "true" and
@@ -62,8 +59,21 @@ def main():
        return 2
    output = sys.argv[1]

-    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    try:
+        current = vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        current = None
+    if current is None:
+        cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    else:
+        try:
+            cfg = json.loads(current)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: {exc}')
+        if not isinstance(cfg, dict):
+            vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: the top level is not an object')

+    answered = False
    for variable, (section, option) in ANSWERS.items():
        value = os.environ.get(variable)
        if not value:
@@ -76,11 +86,19 @@ def main():
            value = int(value) if value.isdigit() else value
        elif isinstance(default, list):
            value = [item.strip() for item in value.split(',') if item.strip()]
-        cfg[section][option] = value
+        if not isinstance(cfg.get(section, {}), dict):
+            vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: {section} is not an object')
+        if cfg.setdefault(section, {}).get(option) != value:
+            cfg[section][option] = value
+            answered = True

+    # Without a change the candidate is the current file byte for byte, as ucf compares checksums.
    with open(output, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as handle:
-        json.dump(cfg, handle, indent=2)
-        handle.write('\n')
+        if current is not None and not answered:
+            handle.write(current)
+        else:
+            json.dump(cfg, handle, indent=2)
+            handle.write('\n')
    os.chmod(output, 0o600)
    return 0

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Accept an OpenVPN login only when the user name is the common name of the client certificate.
+
+Run by the OpenVPN server as auth-user-pass-verify with via-env, next to the LDAP plugin that
+checks the password, so a user's certificate cannot be used with another user's password.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+username = os.environ.get('username', '')
+sys.exit(0 if username and username == os.environ.get('common_name') else 1)
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ Regenerates the configuration files first, then does everything that needs
 the live system: routes, DNS-derived identity, WireGuard keys, firewall rules
 and service reloads. Idempotent - a second run changes nothing.

+Until a run has succeeded (SETUP_DONE), every run starts the bootstrap
+services, BOOTSTRAP_UNITS, which show the progress and the failure recorded in
+SETUP_STATE on BOOTSTRAP_PORTS, and the firewall opens those ports on the
+internal interface. The first successful run writes SETUP_DONE, closes the
+ports and stops the bootstrap services; a failed run leaves them running.
+
 Interface names come from the configuration and are never guessed. The
 firewall and NAT rules are written against them, so choosing the wrong one
 would be a silent and security-relevant mistake.
@@ -17,10 +23,15 @@ import re
 import socket
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import time

 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))

+import ldap
+
 import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+import vpnrouter_users
 from vpnrouter import fail

 BEFORE_RULES = pathlib.Path('/etc/ufw/before.rules')
@@ -28,16 +39,38 @@ UFW_DEFAULTS = pathlib.Path('/etc/default/ufw')
 WG_DIR       = pathlib.Path('/etc/wireguard')
 WEB_STATE    = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/web.json')

+#: The state, the current step and the failure of the last run, which the bootstrap services show.
+SETUP_STATE  = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/setup.json')
+
+#: Written once a run has succeeded; until then setup runs the bootstrap services and opens their ports.
+SETUP_DONE   = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done')
+
+#: The units of the bootstrap services, and their ports: the Router Manager's and the router's.
+BOOTSTRAP_UNITS = ('vpn-router-bootstrap.service', 'vpn-router-manager-bootstrap.service')
+BOOTSTRAP_PORTS = (17080, 17081)
+
+#: The Router Manager, vpn-router-manager, when it is installed, and its settings.
+MANAGER        = pathlib.Path('/usr/lib/vpn-router-manager/manager')
+MANAGER_CONFIG = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router-manager/manager.json')
+
+#: The default admin of the Router Manager, {"username", "password"}, which its package writes from
+#: its debconf answers; setup creates the account and removes the file.
+MANAGER_ADMIN  = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router-manager/admin.json')
+MANAGER_PORT   = 7080
+
 FILTER_ANCHOR = '# End required lines'

-#: Configuration options whose values are masked wherever the configuration is shown.
-SECRET_OPTION = re.compile(r'(^psk$)|secret|password|token|_key$')
+#: Configuration options left out wherever the configuration is shown.
+SECRET_OPTION = re.compile(r'(^psk$)|secret|password|token|_key$|^database$')

 BLOCKS = (
    ('# IPSEC RULES START',         '# IPSEC RULES END'),
    ('# WIREGUARD RULES START',     '# WIREGUARD RULES END'),
+    ('# OPENVPN RULES START',       '# OPENVPN RULES END'),
    ('# P2S DNS RULES START',       '# P2S DNS RULES END'),
    ('# WEB RULES START',           '# WEB RULES END'),
+    ('# BOOTSTRAP RULES START',     '# BOOTSTRAP RULES END'),
+    ('# MANAGER RULES START',       '# MANAGER RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER FORWARD RULES START', '# ROUTER FORWARD RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER NAT RULES START',    '# ROUTER NAT RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER MSS RULES START',    '# ROUTER MSS RULES END'),
@@ -121,7 +154,17 @@ def is_configured(ctx):
    a host that was working before.
    """
    return any((vpnrouter.s2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx),
-                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)))
+                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx),
+                vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)))
+
+
+def manager_port():
+    """The port of the Router Manager: port in its settings, or MANAGER_PORT when it is not set or not a port."""
+    try:
+        port = json.loads(MANAGER_CONFIG.read_text(encoding='utf-8')).get('port')
+    except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return MANAGER_PORT
+    return port if isinstance(port, int) and not isinstance(port, bool) and 1 <= port <= 65535 else MANAGER_PORT


 def filter_block(ctx):
@@ -146,14 +189,30 @@ def filter_block(ctx):
            '# WIREGUARD RULES END',
        ]

-    if vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx) and ctx['local_addr_list']:
-        pool = ctx['p2s_address_pool']
-        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
-        for address in ctx['local_addr_list']:
+    if vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        device = ctx['openvpn_device']
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# OPENVPN RULES START',
+            f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["wan_iface"]} -p {ctx["openvpn_protocol"]} --dport {ctx["openvpn_port"]} -j ACCEPT',
+        ]
+        for subnet in ctx['local_cidr_list']:
            lines += [
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -i {device} -d {subnet} -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -o {device} -s {subnet} -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT',
            ]
+        lines += ['# OPENVPN RULES END']
+
+    pools = [pool for ready, pool in ((vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), ctx['p2s_address_pool']),
+                                      (vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx), ctx['openvpn_pool'])) if ready]
+    if pools and ctx['local_addr_list']:
+        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
+        for pool in pools:
+            for address in ctx['local_addr_list']:
+                lines += [
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                ]
        lines += ['# P2S DNS RULES END']

    if ctx['web_enabled'] and ctx['int_iface']:
@@ -164,6 +223,23 @@ def filter_block(ctx):
            '# WEB RULES END',
        ]

+    if not SETUP_DONE.exists() and ctx['int_iface']:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# BOOTSTRAP RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["int_iface"]} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT' for port in BOOTSTRAP_PORTS),
+            '# BOOTSTRAP RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    if MANAGER.exists() and ctx['int_iface']:
+        port = manager_port()
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# MANAGER RULES START',
+            f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["int_iface"]} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT',
+            '# MANAGER RULES END',
+        ]
+
    if vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx):
        lines += ['', '# ROUTER FORWARD RULES START']
        for subnet in ctx['local_cidr_list']:
@@ -302,6 +378,59 @@ def manage_wireguard(ctx, changed):
        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)


+def manage_directory():
+    """Provision the user directory in slapd, whether or not a P2S system is configured; the problem, or ''."""
+    if vpnrouter_ldap.ensure_services() or not unit_is_active('slapd'):
+        result = run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'slapd'], check=False)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            return f'slapd cannot be restarted: {result.stderr.strip()}'
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_ldap.provision()
+    except Exception as exc:
+        return f'the user directory cannot be provisioned: {exc!r}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def manage_admin():
+    """Create the Router Manager's default admin from MANAGER_ADMIN, then remove the file; the problem, or ''.
+
+    The admin is a Manager-only account and a member of the admins group, which is created with it
+    when it does not exist.
+    """
+    if not MANAGER_ADMIN.exists():
+        return ''
+    try:
+        answers = json.loads(MANAGER_ADMIN.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+        name, password = answers['username'], answers['password']
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            vpnrouter_users.add(connection, name, password, {})
+            try:
+                vpnrouter_users.group_member_add(connection, vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP, name)
+            except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+                if failure.status != 3:
+                    raise
+                vpnrouter_users.group_add(connection, vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP, 'Router administrators', [name])
+        MANAGER_ADMIN.unlink()
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, ldap.LDAPError, vpnrouter_users.Failure) as exc:
+        return f'the Router Manager admin cannot be created from {MANAGER_ADMIN}: {exc}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def manage_openvpn(ctx, changed):
+    """Run the OpenVPN server when it is configured, and stop it when it is not."""
+    unit = 'openvpn-server@vpn-router'
+
+    if not vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        if unit_is_active(unit):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+        return
+
+    if not unit_is_active(unit):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+    elif 'openvpn' in changed or 'swanctl' in changed:
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
+
+
 def run_platform_setup(cfg, ctx):
    """Let the platform module apply its own state, if it defines any."""
    module = vpnrouter.platform_module(cfg)
@@ -327,33 +456,27 @@ def refresh_docker_rules():


 def refresh_web(cfg, ctx):
-    """Hand the web service what it needs and restart it.
+    """Hand the web service the features and facts it shows.

-    The service takes the address to bind to, the port, the features of the
-    router, the secret that signs its tokens, the configuration with its
-    secrets masked and the facts resolved from the system from a file here, so
-    that it needs nothing but the standard library and the configuration code.
-    The file is readable by root only. The service ends quietly when
-    web.enabled is false. The restart is queued, not waited for, because the
-    unit is ordered after vpn-router-setup.
+    The service reads the file at each request: the features of the router,
+    the configuration without its secret options and the facts resolved from
+    the system, which it cannot work out with the standard library alone. The
+    file is readable by root only. The service follows a changed address or
+    port itself.
    """
-    masked = {
-        section: {option: '********' if SECRET_OPTION.search(option) and value else value
-                  for option, value in options.items()}
+    public = {
+        section: {option: value for option, value in options.items() if not SECRET_OPTION.search(option)}
        for section, options in cfg.items()
    }
    WEB_STATE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    WEB_STATE.touch(mode=0o600)
    WEB_STATE.chmod(0o600)
    WEB_STATE.write_text(json.dumps({
-        'enabled': bool(ctx['web_enabled']),
-        'bind': ctx['int_addr'],
-        'port': ctx['web_port'],
-        'jwt_secret': cfg['web']['jwt_secret'],
        'site_to_site': bool(vpnrouter.s2s_ready(ctx)),
        'p2s': bool(vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx)),
        'wireguard': bool(vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)),
-        'configuration': masked,
+        'openvpn': bool(vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)),
+        'configuration': public,
        'network': {
            'external_interface': ctx['wan_iface'],
            'internal_interface': ctx['int_iface'],
@@ -366,28 +489,64 @@ def refresh_web(cfg, ctx):
            'remote_cidrs': ctx['remote_cidr_list'],
        },
    }) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
-    run(['systemctl', 'restart', '--no-block', 'vpn-router-web.service'], check=False)
+
+
+def progress(state, step, error=None):
+    """Record where setup is in SETUP_STATE: running, deferred, done or failed, the step, and the error of a failure."""
+    SETUP_STATE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    SETUP_STATE.write_text(json.dumps({
+        'state': state,
+        'step': step,
+        'error': error,
+        'time': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z'),
+    }) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def start_bootstrap():
+    """Start the bootstrap services while no run has succeeded; a unit that is not installed is skipped."""
+    if not SETUP_DONE.exists():
+        for unit in BOOTSTRAP_UNITS:
+            run(['systemctl', 'start', '--no-block', unit], check=False)
+
+
+def end_bootstrap(ctx):
+    """After the first successful run: write SETUP_DONE, close the bootstrap ports and stop the bootstrap services."""
+    if SETUP_DONE.exists():
+        return
+    SETUP_DONE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    SETUP_DONE.touch()
+    if setup_ufw(ctx):
+        run(['ufw', 'reload'], check=False)
+    for unit in BOOTSTRAP_UNITS:
+        run(['systemctl', 'stop', unit], check=False)


 def main():
+    start_bootstrap()
+    progress('running', 'configuration')
    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
    ctx, changed = vpnrouter.configure(cfg)

    if ctx is None:
        print('vpn-router: platform is none, configuration deferred; '
              f'set general.platform in {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}')
+        progress('deferred', 'configuration', f'general.platform is none; set it in {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}')
        return 0

+    progress('running', 'routes')
    if vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx):
        apply_routes(ctx)

    if ctx['local_id_mode'] == 'public_ip' and ctx['local_fqdn']:
+        progress('running', 'public address')
        address = resolve_public_ip(ctx['local_fqdn'])
        ctx, more = vpnrouter.configure(cfg, local_id_override=address)
        changed |= more

+    progress('running', 'WireGuard keys')
    setup_wireguard(ctx)

+    progress('running', 'firewall')
    rules_changed = setup_ufw(ctx)
    if is_configured(ctx):
        status = run(['ufw', 'status'], check=False)
@@ -400,17 +559,58 @@ def main():
    elif rules_changed:
        run(['ufw', 'reload'], check=False)

+    progress('running', 'strongSwan')
    manage_strongswan(ctx, changed)
+    progress('running', 'WireGuard')
    manage_wireguard(ctx, changed)

+    # The tunnels are up before the directory and the admin, whose problem ends setup only after every other step.
+    failed_step = 'user directory'
+    progress('running', failed_step)
+    problem = manage_directory()
+    if not problem:
+        failed_step = 'Router Manager admin'
+        progress('running', failed_step)
+        problem = manage_admin()
+    progress('running', 'OpenVPN')
+    manage_openvpn(ctx, changed)
+
    if 'resolved' in changed:
+        progress('running', 'resolver')
        run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'systemd-resolved'], check=False)

+    progress('running', 'platform module')
    run_platform_setup(cfg, ctx)
+    progress('running', 'Docker rules')
    refresh_docker_rules()
+    progress('running', 'web service state')
    refresh_web(cfg, ctx)
+    if problem:
+        progress('failed', failed_step, problem)
+        print(f'vpn-router: error: {problem}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    progress('done', 'done')
+    end_bootstrap(ctx)
    return 0


+def record_failure(error):
+    """Mark the run failed in the step SETUP_STATE holds."""
+    try:
+        step = json.loads(SETUP_STATE.read_text(encoding='utf-8')).get('step')
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        step = None
+    progress('failed', step, error)
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
+    # A failing step ends with SystemExit carrying its message (vpnrouter.fail).
+    try:
+        code = main()
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        record_failure(str(exc.code))
+        raise
+    except Exception as exc:
+        record_failure(repr(exc))
+        raise
+    sys.exit(code)
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ LIB_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).resolve().parent
 if str(LIB_DIR) not in sys.path:
    sys.path.insert(0, str(LIB_DIR))

+import vpnrouter_ldap
 import vpnrouter_platforms
+from vpnrouter_net import ConfigError, detect_interfaces, interface_addresses, ip_output

 CONFIG_FILE  = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json')
 TEMPLATE_DIR = pathlib.Path('/usr/share/vpn-router/templates')
@@ -31,6 +33,9 @@ REMOTE_SITE    = SWANCTL_CONF_D / 'remote-site.conf'
 ROAD_WARRIOR   = SWANCTL_CONF_D / 'road-warrior.conf'
 P2S_FORWARDER  = pathlib.Path('/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/p2s-forwarder.conf')
 WG_CONF        = pathlib.Path('/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf')
+OPENVPN_CONF   = pathlib.Path('/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf')
+OPENVPN_LDAP   = pathlib.Path('/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ldap.conf')
+USER_CERT_DIR  = PKI_DIR / 'users'

 CA_CERT_DEST   = pathlib.Path('/etc/swanctl/x509ca/ca.pem')
 SERVER_CERT    = pathlib.Path('/etc/swanctl/x509/server.pem')
@@ -47,15 +52,21 @@ SCHEMA = {
    'remote':     {'addrs': [], 'id': '', 'cidrs': [], 'psk': '', 'psk_file': ''},
    'p2s':        {'enabled': False, 'address_pool': '', 'ca_name': 'VPN Router CA'},
    'wireguard':  {'enabled': False, 'address': '', 'listen_port': 51820},
+    'openvpn':    {'enabled': False, 'address_pool': '', 'port': 1194, 'protocol': 'udp'},
    'docker':     {'mode': 'auto', 'exposed_ports': []},
-    'web':        {'enabled': True, 'port': 8080, 'jwt_secret': ''},
+    'web':        {'enabled': True, 'port': 7081, 'database': '', 'trusted_proxies': []},
 }

-#: The shortest secret that signs the tokens of the status web service.
-WEB_SECRET_MIN = 32
-
 DOCKER_MODES = ('auto', 'on', 'off')

+OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS = ('udp', 'tcp')
+
+#: The tun device of the OpenVPN server.
+OPENVPN_DEVICE = 'ovpn0'
+
+#: Days a certificate revocation list is valid; the router only reads its own lists.
+CRL_DAYS = 3650
+
 #: A port or a port range as iptables multiport takes it: 443 or 8000:8100.
 DOCKER_PORT = re.compile(r'^\d{1,5}(:\d{1,5})?$')

@@ -79,17 +90,13 @@ MODES = ('manual', 'interfaces', 'auto')
 PLATFORM_NONE = 'none'


-class ConfigError(Exception):
-    """A setting is present but malformed."""
-
-
 def warn(message):
    print(f'vpn-router: warning: {message}', file=sys.stderr)


 def fail(message):
-    print(f'vpn-router: error: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
-    sys.exit(1)
+    """End with status 1; SystemExit carries the message, which Python prints to standard error."""
+    sys.exit(f'vpn-router: error: {message}')


 def load_config(path=None):
@@ -209,6 +216,13 @@ def validate(cfg):
    _check_networks(_get_list(cfg, 'remote', 'cidrs'), 'remote.cidrs')
    pool = _get(cfg, 'p2s', 'address_pool')
    _check_networks([pool] if pool else [], 'p2s.address_pool')
+    openvpn_pool = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'address_pool')
+    if openvpn_pool:
+        try:
+            if ipaddress.ip_network(openvpn_pool).version != 4:
+                raise ValueError
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ConfigError(f'openvpn.address_pool: {openvpn_pool!r} is not an IPv4 network')
    _check_address(_get(cfg, 'local', 'int_addr'), 'local.int_addr')
    _check_address(_get(cfg, 'local', 'int_gateway_ip'), 'local.int_gateway_ip')

@@ -232,13 +246,21 @@ def validate(cfg):
    if not 1 <= port <= 65535:
        raise ConfigError(f'wireguard.listen_port: {port} is not a valid port')

+    openvpn_port = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'port')
+    if not 1 <= openvpn_port <= 65535:
+        raise ConfigError(f'openvpn.port: {openvpn_port} is not a valid port')
+
+    protocol = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'protocol')
+    if protocol not in OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'openvpn.protocol: {protocol!r} is not one of {", ".join(OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS)}')
+
    web_port = _get(cfg, 'web', 'port')
    if isinstance(web_port, bool) or not isinstance(web_port, int) or not 1 <= web_port <= 65535:
        raise ConfigError(f'web.port: {web_port!r} is not a valid port')

-    web_secret = _get(cfg, 'web', 'jwt_secret')
-    if web_secret and len(web_secret) < WEB_SECRET_MIN:
-        raise ConfigError(f'web.jwt_secret: use at least {WEB_SECRET_MIN} characters')
+    for item in _get_list(cfg, 'web', 'trusted_proxies'):
+        _check_address(item, 'web.trusted_proxies')

    docker_mode = _get(cfg, 'docker', 'mode')
    if docker_mode not in DOCKER_MODES:
@@ -298,55 +320,6 @@ def deferred(cfg):
    return (_get(cfg, 'general', 'platform') or PLATFORM_NONE) == PLATFORM_NONE


-def _ip_route(*args):
-    result = subprocess.run(['ip', *args], capture_output=True, text=True)
-    return result.stdout if result.returncode == 0 else ''
-
-
-def detect_interfaces():
-    """Work out the external and internal interface names.
-
-    Only reached in auto mode, where the operator has accepted that a wrong
-    guess is possible. The external interface is whichever one carries the
-    default route; the internal one is the only other addressed interface.
-    """
-    tokens = _ip_route('route', 'get', '1.1.1.1').split()
-    external = ''
-    for index, token in enumerate(tokens):
-        if token == 'dev' and index + 1 < len(tokens):
-            external = tokens[index + 1]
-            break
-    if not external:
-        raise ConfigError('auto mode: cannot determine the external interface')
-
-    candidates = [name for name in _addressed_interfaces() if name != external]
-    if len(candidates) != 1:
-        raise ConfigError(
-            f'auto mode: expected one internal interface, found {len(candidates)}; '
-            'use mode = interfaces and name them')
-    return external, candidates[0]
-
-
-def _is_virtual(name):
-    """True for an interface the kernel creates without a device behind it.
-
-    Loopback, bridges, veth pairs and tunnels live under /sys/devices/virtual,
-    which is where the Docker bridge is; a NIC of the virtual machine does not.
-    """
-    link = pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name
-    return '/devices/virtual/' in str(link.resolve())
-
-
-def _addressed_interfaces():
-    """Names of the NICs holding at least one IPv4 address; virtual interfaces are left out."""
-    names = []
-    for line in _ip_route('-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show').splitlines():
-        fields = line.split()
-        if len(fields) >= 4 and fields[1] not in names and not _is_virtual(fields[1]):
-            names.append(fields[1])
-    return names
-
-
 def detect_gateway(iface, address):
    """Derive the next hop on the internal side.

@@ -354,12 +327,12 @@ def detect_gateway(iface, address):
    back to the first host address of the connected subnet, which is a
    convention rather than a fact - so say so.
    """
-    for line in _ip_route('-o', 'route', 'show', 'dev', iface).splitlines():
+    for line in ip_output('-o', 'route', 'show', 'dev', iface).splitlines():
        fields = line.split()
        if 'via' in fields:
            return fields[fields.index('via') + 1]

-    for line in _ip_route('-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'dev', iface).splitlines():
+    for line in ip_output('-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'dev', iface).splitlines():
        fields = line.split()
        if len(fields) >= 4 and fields[3].split('/')[0] == address:
            network = ipaddress.ip_interface(fields[3]).network
@@ -370,34 +343,6 @@ def detect_gateway(iface, address):
    return ''


-def interface_addresses(name, setting):
-    """IPv4 addresses configured on an interface.
-
-    The interface name is configuration; its addresses are read from the
-    system. Looking up the addresses of a named interface is deterministic -
-    unlike working out which interface to use, which is a guess the package
-    deliberately does not make.
-    """
-    if not name:
-        return []
-    if not (pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name).exists():
-        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: interface {name!r} does not exist')
-
-    result = subprocess.run(
-        ['ip', '-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'dev', name],
-        capture_output=True, text=True,
-    )
-    if result.returncode != 0:
-        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: cannot read addresses of {name!r}')
-
-    addresses = []
-    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
-        fields = line.split()
-        if len(fields) >= 4:
-            addresses.append(fields[3].split('/')[0])
-    return addresses
-
-
 def resolve_interfaces(cfg):
    """Return (ext_iface, int_iface, local_addrs, int_addr, int_gateway_ip).

@@ -438,6 +383,8 @@ def build_context(cfg, local_id_override=None):
    id_mode      = _get(cfg, 'wan', 'local_id_mode') or 'fqdn'
    local_cidrs  = _get_list(cfg, 'local', 'cidrs')
    remote_cidrs = _get_list(cfg, 'remote', 'cidrs')
+    openvpn_pool = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'address_pool')
+    openvpn_network = ipaddress.ip_network(openvpn_pool) if openvpn_pool else None

    if local_id_override:
        local_id = local_id_override
@@ -477,6 +424,23 @@ def build_context(cfg, local_id_override=None):
        'wg_enabled':      _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'enabled'),
        'wg_address':      _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'address'),
        'wg_listen_port':  _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'listen_port'),
+        'openvpn_enabled': _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'enabled'),
+        'openvpn_pool':    openvpn_pool,
+        'openvpn_network': str(openvpn_network.network_address) if openvpn_network else '',
+        'openvpn_netmask': str(openvpn_network.netmask) if openvpn_network else '',
+        'openvpn_routes':  [(str(network.network_address), str(network.netmask))
+                            for network in (ipaddress.ip_network(cidr, strict=False) for cidr in local_cidrs)],
+        'openvpn_port':    _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'port'),
+        'openvpn_protocol': _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'protocol'),
+        'openvpn_device':  OPENVPN_DEVICE,
+        'openvpn_ldap_conf': str(OPENVPN_LDAP),
+        'p2s_dns_list':    _split_list(_join(local_addrs, _split_list(extras['EXTRA_P2S_DNS']))),
+        'ca_cert':         str(CA_CERT_DEST),
+        'server_cert':     str(SERVER_CERT),
+        'server_key':      str(SERVER_KEY),
+        'crl':             str(CRL_DEST),
+        'ldap_uri':        vpnrouter_ldap.URI,
+        'ldap_users':      vpnrouter_ldap.USERS,
        'web_enabled':     _get(cfg, 'web', 'enabled'),
        'web_port':        _get(cfg, 'web', 'port'),
    }
@@ -504,6 +468,10 @@ def wg_ready(ctx):
    return bool(ctx['wg_enabled'] and ctx['wg_address'])


+def openvpn_ready(ctx):
+    return bool(ctx['openvpn_enabled'] and ctx['openvpn_pool'] and ctx['local_fqdn'])
+
+
 def _jinja_env():
    return jinja2.Environment(
        loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(str(TEMPLATE_DIR)),
@@ -593,21 +561,28 @@ def _simple_ca(*args):


 def provision_pki(ctx):
-    """Create the CA and server certificate when the PKI directory is empty."""
+    """Create the CA and CRL when the PKI directory is empty, and the server certificate once wan.local_fqdn is set.
+
+    A CA of the router's own (ca_key.pem present) without a CRL gets one, and without a
+    certificate for wan.local_fqdn gets one too; nothing present is overwritten.
+    """
    PKI_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    os.chmod(PKI_DIR, 0o700)
-
-    if any(PKI_DIR.iterdir()):
-        return
-    if not ctx['p2s_ca_name']:
-        warn('p2s.ca_name is empty, not creating a local CA')
-        return
    if not SIMPLE_CA.is_file():
        fail(f'{SIMPLE_CA} is missing')

-    _simple_ca('make-ca', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), ctx['p2s_ca_name'])
-    _simple_ca('make-cert', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR),
-               ctx['local_fqdn'], ctx['local_fqdn'])
+    if not any(PKI_DIR.iterdir()):
+        if not ctx['p2s_ca_name']:
+            warn('p2s.ca_name is empty, not creating a local CA')
+            return
+        _simple_ca('make-ca', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), ctx['p2s_ca_name'])
+    if not (PKI_DIR / 'ca_key.pem').is_file():
+        return
+    if not (PKI_DIR / 'crl.pem').is_file():
+        _simple_ca('make-crl', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), '--days', str(CRL_DAYS))
+    label = ctx['local_fqdn'].split('.', 1)[0] if ctx['local_fqdn'] else ''
+    if label and not (PKI_DIR / f'{label}_cert.pem').is_file():
+        _simple_ca('make-cert', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), ctx['local_fqdn'], ctx['local_fqdn'])


 def distribute_pki(ctx):
@@ -635,7 +610,7 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
    """Render configuration files and provision PKI.

    Returns (ctx, changed) where changed is a set naming what needs reloading:
-    'swanctl', 'resolved', 'wireguard'.
+    'swanctl', 'resolved', 'wireguard', 'openvpn'.
    """
    if cfg is None:
        cfg = load_config()
@@ -653,8 +628,7 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):

    changed = set()

-    if p2s_ready(ctx):
-        provision_pki(ctx)
+    provision_pki(ctx)
    if distribute_pki(ctx):
        changed.add('swanctl')

@@ -669,13 +643,14 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
    if p2s_ready(ctx):
        if render(env, ctx, 'road-warrior.conf.j2', ROAD_WARRIOR, 0o600):
            changed.add('swanctl')
+    elif remove(ROAD_WARRIOR):
+        changed.add('swanctl')
+
+    if p2s_ready(ctx) or openvpn_ready(ctx):
        if render(env, ctx, 'p2s-forwarder.conf.j2', P2S_FORWARDER, 0o644):
            changed.add('resolved')
-    else:
-        if remove(ROAD_WARRIOR):
-            changed.add('swanctl')
-        if remove(P2S_FORWARDER):
-            changed.add('resolved')
+    elif remove(P2S_FORWARDER):
+        changed.add('resolved')

    if wg_ready(ctx):
        if render_wg_conf(env, ctx):
@@ -683,4 +658,14 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
    elif remove(WG_CONF):
        changed.add('wireguard')

+    if openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        if render(env, ctx, 'openvpn-server.conf.j2', OPENVPN_CONF, 0o600):
+            changed.add('openvpn')
+        if render(env, ctx, 'openvpn-ldap.conf.j2', OPENVPN_LDAP, 0o600):
+            changed.add('openvpn')
+    else:
+        for path in (OPENVPN_CONF, OPENVPN_LDAP):
+            if remove(path):
+                changed.add('openvpn')
+
    return ctx, changed
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+"""The tokens of the router's web service, for the web service and vpn-router-token.
+
+Tokens are HS256 JWTs signed with WEB_KEY, a key the web service makes on its first run on the
+router and that never leaves it. /auth issues an access token naming the user in sub, valid ACCESS_SECONDS, and
+a refresh token valid REFRESH_SECONDS; vpn-router-token issues tokens with the admin claim and
+any lifetime. A token without the admin claim must expire within MAX_LIFETIME seconds.
+
+Every failure of the database raises DatabaseError, the only database exception callers see.
+
+Refresh tokens are random strings kept in PostgreSQL as their SHA-256, in the database of
+web.database, by default the vpn-router database on this host that provision() creates on the
+web service's first run, with the password in DATABASE_SECRET. A refresh token is used once: refreshing replaces it.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import json
+import pathlib
+import secrets
+import subprocess
+import time
+
+import psycopg
+
+WEB_KEY = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/web.key')
+DATABASE_SECRET = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/database.secret')
+
+#: The role and the database provision() creates when web.database is not set.
+DATABASE = 'vpn-router'
+
+#: The user operations of vpnrouter_users after which the user's refresh tokens are revoked.
+REVOKING = ('passwd', 'disable', 'unlock', 'remove')
+
+#: Seconds an access token of /auth and a refresh token are valid.
+ACCESS_SECONDS = 300
+REFRESH_SECONDS = 8 * 3600
+
+#: The longest a token without the admin claim may be valid, from now, in seconds.
+MAX_LIFETIME = 600
+
+#: Seconds of clock difference accepted between a token and this router.
+LEEWAY = 60
+
+SCHEMA = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS refresh_tokens (hash text PRIMARY KEY, name text NOT NULL, expires timestamptz NOT NULL)'
+
+
+class DatabaseError(Exception):
+    """The database of the refresh tokens failed."""
+
+
+def key():
+    """The signing key, or '' while the web service has not made it."""
+    try:
+        return WEB_KEY.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+    except OSError:
+        return ''
+
+
+def ensure_key():
+    """Make the signing key when it is missing."""
+    if not key():
+        WEB_KEY.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        WEB_KEY.touch(mode=0o600)
+        WEB_KEY.chmod(0o600)
+        WEB_KEY.write_text(secrets.token_urlsafe(36) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def b64encode(data):
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode()
+
+
+def b64decode(part):
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(part + '=' * (-len(part) % 4))
+
+
+def sign(claims, secret):
+    head = b64encode(json.dumps({'alg': 'HS256', 'typ': 'JWT'}).encode())
+    body = b64encode(json.dumps(claims).encode())
+    signature = hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{head}.{body}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+    return f'{head}.{body}.{b64encode(signature)}'
+
+
+def verify(token, secret):
+    """The claims of a token signed with HS256 by the secret, or None when it is not acceptable.
+
+    Only HS256 is accepted, so a token cannot choose a weaker algorithm. The token must expire
+    (exp); without the admin claim not later than MAX_LIFETIME seconds from now, so that a stolen
+    token is of little use. LEEWAY seconds of clock difference are allowed.
+    """
+    try:
+        header, payload, signature = token.split('.')
+        if json.loads(b64decode(header)).get('alg') != 'HS256':
+            return None
+        expected = hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{header}.{payload}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+        if not hmac.compare_digest(expected, b64decode(signature)):
+            return None
+        claims = json.loads(b64decode(payload))
+        now = time.time()
+        expires = claims['exp']
+        if isinstance(expires, bool) or not isinstance(expires, (int, float)) or expires < now - LEEWAY:
+            return None
+        if claims.get('admin') is not True and expires > now + MAX_LIFETIME + LEEWAY:
+            return None
+        not_before = claims.get('nbf')
+        if not_before is not None and (isinstance(not_before, bool) or not isinstance(not_before, (int, float)) or not_before > now + LEEWAY):
+            return None
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, AttributeError):
+        return None
+    return claims
+
+
+def admin_token(seconds):
+    """A token with the admin claim, valid for the seconds given."""
+    secret = key()
+    if not secret:
+        raise OSError(f'{WEB_KEY} does not exist; vpn-router-web makes it when it starts')
+    now = int(time.time())
+    return {'token': sign({'admin': True, 'iat': now, 'exp': now + seconds}, secret), 'expires': now + seconds}
+
+
+def connection_string(cfg):
+    """web.database, or the database provision() creates; its password, of URL-safe characters, is written unquoted."""
+    configured = cfg['web']['database'].strip()
+    if configured:
+        return configured
+    password = DATABASE_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+    return f'host=localhost dbname={DATABASE} user={DATABASE} password={password}'
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def database(cfg):
+    """A connection to the database of the refresh tokens, with their table, closed at the end; DatabaseError on any failure."""
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(connection_string(cfg), autocommit=True) as connection:
+            connection.execute(SCHEMA)
+            yield connection
+    except psycopg.Error as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the token database failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+def digest(token):
+    return hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def issue(cfg, name):
+    """An access token and a refresh token for the user, as /auth answers them."""
+    secret = key()
+    now = int(time.time())
+    refresh = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE expires < now()')
+        connection.execute("INSERT INTO refresh_tokens VALUES (%s, %s, now() + make_interval(secs => %s))",
+                           (digest(refresh), name, REFRESH_SECONDS))
+    return {
+        'access_token': sign({'sub': name, 'iat': now, 'exp': now + ACCESS_SECONDS}, secret),
+        'token_type': 'Bearer',
+        'expires_in': ACCESS_SECONDS,
+        'refresh_token': refresh,
+        'refresh_expires_in': REFRESH_SECONDS,
+    }
+
+
+def take(cfg, token):
+    """Remove an unexpired refresh token and return the user it was issued to, or None."""
+    if not isinstance(token, str) or not token:
+        return None
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        row = connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE hash = %s RETURNING name, expires > now()',
+                                 (digest(token),)).fetchone()
+    return row[0] if row and row[1] else None
+
+
+def revoke(cfg, name):
+    """Remove all refresh tokens of the user."""
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE name = %s', (name,))
+
+
+def psql(sql, name):
+    """The output of an SQL statement, read from standard input, run by psql as postgres with name as the variable v1."""
+    args = ['runuser', '-u', 'postgres', '--', 'psql', '-X', '-q', '-t', '-A', '-v', 'ON_ERROR_STOP=1', '-v', f'v1={name}']
+    result = subprocess.run(args, input=sql, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise OSError(f'psql failed: {result.stderr.strip()}')
+    return result.stdout.strip()
+
+
+def provision(cfg):
+    """Create the role, its password file and the database when web.database is not set and they are missing.
+
+    The password, of URL-safe characters, reaches psql on standard input, not on its command line.
+    """
+    if cfg['web']['database'].strip():
+        return
+    if not psql("SELECT 1 FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = :'v1'", DATABASE):
+        DATABASE_SECRET.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        psql("CREATE ROLE :\"v1\" LOGIN", DATABASE)
+    if not DATABASE_SECRET.is_file():
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+        psql(f"ALTER ROLE :\"v1\" PASSWORD '{password}'", DATABASE)
+        DATABASE_SECRET.touch(mode=0o600)
+        DATABASE_SECRET.chmod(0o600)
+        DATABASE_SECRET.write_text(password + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+    if not psql("SELECT 1 FROM pg_database WHERE datname = :'v1'", DATABASE):
+        psql("CREATE DATABASE :\"v1\" OWNER :\"v1\"", DATABASE)
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+"""The router's user directory in the local slapd.
+
+The package keeps its own database, dc=vpn-router,dc=local in /var/lib/ldap/vpn-router,
+next to the one slapd's installation creates. Root manages it through the local socket
+with SASL EXTERNAL: the database's root DN is root's peer-credential DN, so there is no
+administrator password. Users and groups are changed by the user-manager service account,
+which the ACLs allow to write ou=users and ou=groups and to set, never read, passwords and
+TOTP secrets.
+
+The password policy locks an account for LOCKOUT_SECONDS after LOCKOUT_FAILURES failed binds;
+a successful bind clears the count. slapd's otp overlay is configured on the database, so a
+bind of a user with a TOTP token takes the password followed by a current code.
+cn=totp,ou=policies holds the TOTP parameters the token of every user points to.
+"""
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pwd
+import re
+import secrets
+
+import ldap
+import ldap.modlist
+import ldap.sasl
+
+URI = 'ldapi:///'
+BASE = 'dc=vpn-router,dc=local'
+USERS = f'ou=users,{BASE}'
+GROUPS = f'ou=groups,{BASE}'
+SERVICES = f'ou=services,{BASE}'
+POLICIES = f'ou=policies,{BASE}'
+DEFAULT_POLICY = f'cn=default,{POLICIES}'
+TOTP_PARAMS = f'cn=totp,{POLICIES}'
+MANAGER = f'cn=user-manager,{SERVICES}'
+ROOT = 'gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth'
+
+DB_DIRECTORY = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router')
+SECRET_DIR = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/ldap')
+MANAGER_SECRET = SECRET_DIR / 'user-manager.secret'
+SLAPD_DEFAULTS = pathlib.Path('/etc/default/slapd')
+SLAPD_SERVICES = 'SLAPD_SERVICES="ldapi:///"'
+
+MODULES = ('argon2', 'ppolicy', 'otp')
+PASSWORD_HASH = '{ARGON2}'
+
+#: Failed binds that lock an account, within LOCKOUT_SECONDS, and the seconds it stays locked.
+LOCKOUT_FAILURES = 5
+LOCKOUT_SECONDS = 900
+
+#: The overlays of the database, in the order they are configured.
+OVERLAYS = ('ppolicy', 'otp')
+
+#: The package's own schema, under an OID of the UUID arc 2.25 (ITU-T X.667): attribute types
+#: under .1 and object classes under .2. vpnRouterAccount, auxiliary, adds properties of the
+#: package to a user of either kind: mail, for a Manager-only account, and vpnRouterScope,
+#: authorization scopes that nothing reads yet.
+SCHEMA_OID = '2.25.98477352595735834532404256531620013001'
+SCHEMA_NAME = 'vpn-router'
+SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES = (
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.1 NAME 'vpnRouterScope' DESC 'VPN router: an authorization scope of the account' "
+    "EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{256} )",
+)
+SCHEMA_OBJECT_CLASSES = (
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.2.1 NAME 'vpnRouterAccount' DESC 'VPN router: properties of a user or a Manager-only account' "
+    "SUP top AUXILIARY MAY ( mail $ vpnRouterScope ) )",
+)
+
+#: The TOTP parameters: digits, the OID of HMAC-SHA1, seconds per time step, and the time steps accepted before and after now.
+TOTP_DIGITS = 6
+TOTP_ALGORITHM = '1.2.840.113549.2.7'
+TOTP_PERIOD = 30
+TOTP_WINDOW = 1
+
+#: The ACLs of the database, in order.
+ACCESS = (
+    f'to attrs=userPassword by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" =wx by self =wx by anonymous auth by * none',
+    f'to attrs=oathSecret by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" =w by * none',
+    f'to dn.subtree="{USERS}" by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" manage by * read',
+    f'to dn.subtree="{GROUPS}" by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" manage by * read',
+    'to * by * read',
+)
+
+#: The index of an ordered cn=config value: {0}, {1}, ...
+ORDER = re.compile(rb'^\{\d+\}')
+
+
+def unordered(values):
+    """Values of an ordered cn=config attribute without their {n} prefixes."""
+    return [ORDER.sub(b'', value).decode() for value in values]
+
+
+def root():
+    """A connection to slapd as root, through the local socket."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.sasl_interactive_bind_s('', ldap.sasl.external())
+    return connection
+
+
+def manager():
+    """A connection to slapd as the user-manager service account."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.simple_bind_s(MANAGER, MANAGER_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    return connection
+
+
+def ensure_services():
+    """Make slapd listen on the local socket only. Returns True when the setting changed."""
+    text = SLAPD_DEFAULTS.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    lines = text.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    updated = ''.join(SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n' if line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') else line for line in lines)
+    if not any(line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') for line in lines):
+        updated = text.rstrip('\n') + '\n' + SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n'
+    if updated == text:
+        return False
+    SLAPD_DEFAULTS.write_text(updated, encoding='utf-8')
+    return True
+
+
+def _ensure_modules(connection):
+    dn, attributes = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcModuleList)', ['olcModuleLoad'])[0]
+    loaded = unordered(attributes.get('olcModuleLoad', []))
+    missing = [name for name in MODULES if name not in loaded and f'{name}.la' not in loaded]
+    if missing:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'olcModuleLoad', [name.encode() for name in missing])])
+
+
+def _ensure_schema(connection):
+    """Add the package's schema to cn=config when missing, else set its definitions that differ."""
+    found = connection.search_s('cn=schema,cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(cn=*{SCHEMA_NAME})',
+                                ['olcAttributeTypes', 'olcObjectClasses'])
+    attributes = {'olcAttributeTypes': [value.encode() for value in SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES],
+                  'olcObjectClasses': [value.encode() for value in SCHEMA_OBJECT_CLASSES]}
+    if not found:
+        connection.add_s(f'cn={SCHEMA_NAME},cn=schema,cn=config', ldap.modlist.addModlist(
+            dict(attributes, objectClass=[b'olcSchemaConfig'], cn=[SCHEMA_NAME.encode()])))
+        return
+    dn, current = found[0]
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, name, values) for name, values in attributes.items()
+               if unordered(current.get(name, [])) != [value.decode() for value in values]]
+    if changes:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, changes)
+
+
+def _ensure_password_hash(connection):
+    dn = 'olcDatabase={-1}frontend,cn=config'
+    current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['olcPasswordHash'])[0][1].get('olcPasswordHash', [])
+    if current != [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()]:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcPasswordHash', [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()])])
+
+
+def _ensure_database(connection):
+    """The DN of the package's database in cn=config, created when missing; its ACLs are kept as ACCESS."""
+    found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess'])
+    if not found:
+        DB_DIRECTORY.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        openldap = pwd.getpwnam('openldap')
+        os.chown(DB_DIRECTORY, openldap.pw_uid, openldap.pw_gid)
+        connection.add_s('olcDatabase=mdb,cn=config', ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'olcDatabaseConfig', b'olcMdbConfig'],
+            'olcDatabase': [b'mdb'],
+            'olcSuffix': [BASE.encode()],
+            'olcDbDirectory': [str(DB_DIRECTORY).encode()],
+            'olcRootDN': [ROOT.encode()],
+            'olcDbIndex': [b'objectClass eq', b'uid eq'],
+            'olcAccess': [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)],
+        }))
+        found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess'])
+    dn, attributes = found[0]
+    if unordered(attributes.get('olcAccess', [])) != list(ACCESS):
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcAccess', [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)])])
+    return dn
+
+
+def _ensure_overlays(connection, database):
+    """Add the overlays of OVERLAYS the database lacks; the otp overlay has no settings of its own."""
+    found = connection.search_s(database, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcOverlayConfig)', ['olcOverlay'])
+    present = {ORDER.sub(b'', attributes['olcOverlay'][0]).decode() for _, attributes in found}
+    for name in OVERLAYS:
+        if name in present:
+            continue
+        record = {'objectClass': [b'olcOverlayConfig'], 'olcOverlay': [name.encode()]}
+        if name == 'ppolicy':
+            record = {'objectClass': [b'olcOverlayConfig', b'olcPPolicyConfig'], 'olcOverlay': [b'ppolicy'],
+                      'olcPPolicyDefault': [DEFAULT_POLICY.encode()]}
+        connection.add_s(f'olcOverlay={name},{database}', ldap.modlist.addModlist(record))
+
+
+def _ensure_entry(connection, dn, attributes):
+    """Add the entry when it is missing, else set the given attributes that differ."""
+    try:
+        current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=list(attributes))[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(dn, ldap.modlist.addModlist(attributes))
+        return
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, name, values) for name, values in attributes.items()
+               if name != 'objectClass' and sorted(current.get(name, [])) != sorted(values)]
+    if changes:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, changes)
+
+
+def _ensure_manager(connection):
+    SECRET_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    os.chmod(SECRET_DIR, 0o700)
+    created = False
+    try:
+        connection.search_s(MANAGER, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['1.1'])
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(MANAGER, ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'simpleSecurityObject'],
+            'cn': [b'user-manager'],
+            'userPassword': [b'{CRYPT}!'],
+        }))
+        created = True
+    if created or not MANAGER_SECRET.is_file():
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+        connection.passwd_s(MANAGER, None, password)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.touch(mode=0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.chmod(0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.write_text(password, encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def provision():
+    """Create or bring up to date the modules, the package's schema, database, ACLs, password policy, entries and service account."""
+    connection = root()
+    try:
+        _ensure_modules(connection)
+        _ensure_schema(connection)
+        _ensure_password_hash(connection)
+        database = _ensure_database(connection)
+        _ensure_overlays(connection, database)
+        _ensure_entry(connection, BASE, {'objectClass': [b'dcObject', b'organization'], 'dc': [b'vpn-router'], 'o': [b'vpn-router']})
+        for unit in (USERS, GROUPS, SERVICES, POLICIES):
+            _ensure_entry(connection, unit, {'objectClass': [b'organizationalUnit'], 'ou': [unit.split(',')[0][3:].encode()]})
+        _ensure_entry(connection, DEFAULT_POLICY, {
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'pwdPolicy'],
+            'cn': [b'default'],
+            'pwdAttribute': [b'userPassword'],
+            'pwdLockout': [b'TRUE'],
+            'pwdMaxFailure': [str(LOCKOUT_FAILURES).encode()],
+            'pwdLockoutDuration': [str(LOCKOUT_SECONDS).encode()],
+            'pwdFailureCountInterval': [str(LOCKOUT_SECONDS).encode()],
+        })
+        _ensure_entry(connection, TOTP_PARAMS, {
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'oathTOTPParams'],
+            'cn': [b'totp'],
+            'oathOTPLength': [str(TOTP_DIGITS).encode()],
+            'oathHMACAlgorithm': [TOTP_ALGORITHM.encode()],
+            'oathTOTPTimeStepPeriod': [str(TOTP_PERIOD).encode()],
+            'oathTOTPTimeStepWindow': [str(TOTP_WINDOW).encode()],
+        })
+        _ensure_manager(connection)
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+"""Interfaces and addresses of the router, read from the system.
+
+Only the Python standard library is used, so the web service and its bootstrap server can use
+this module too.
+"""
+
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+
+
+class ConfigError(Exception):
+    """A setting is present but malformed."""
+
+
+def ip_output(*args):
+    """The output of an ip command, or '' when it fails."""
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(['ip', *args], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    except OSError:
+        return ''
+    return result.stdout if result.returncode == 0 else ''
+
+
+def detect_interfaces():
+    """Work out the external and internal interface names.
+
+    Only reached in auto mode, where the operator has accepted that a wrong
+    guess is possible. The external interface is whichever one carries the
+    default route; the internal one is the only other addressed interface.
+    """
+    tokens = ip_output('route', 'get', '1.1.1.1').split()
+    external = ''
+    for index, token in enumerate(tokens):
+        if token == 'dev' and index + 1 < len(tokens):
+            external = tokens[index + 1]
+            break
+    if not external:
+        raise ConfigError('auto mode: cannot determine the external interface')
+
+    candidates = [name for name in _addressed_interfaces() if name != external]
+    if len(candidates) != 1:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'auto mode: expected one internal interface, found {len(candidates)}; '
+            'use mode = interfaces and name them')
+    return external, candidates[0]
+
+
+def _is_virtual(name):
+    """True for an interface the kernel creates without a device behind it.
+
+    Loopback, bridges, veth pairs and tunnels live under /sys/devices/virtual,
+    which is where the Docker bridge is; a NIC of the virtual machine does not.
+    """
+    link = pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name
+    return '/devices/virtual/' in str(link.resolve())
+
+
+def _addressed_interfaces():
+    """Names of the NICs holding at least one IPv4 address; virtual interfaces are left out."""
+    names = []
+    for line in ip_output('-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show').splitlines():
+        fields = line.split()
+        if len(fields) >= 4 and fields[1] not in names and not _is_virtual(fields[1]):
+            names.append(fields[1])
+    return names
+
+
+def interface_addresses(name, setting):
+    """IPv4 addresses configured on an interface.
+
+    The interface name is configuration; its addresses are read from the
+    system. Looking up the addresses of a named interface is deterministic -
+    unlike working out which interface to use, which is a guess the package
+    deliberately does not make.
+    """
+    if not name:
+        return []
+    if not (pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name).exists():
+        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: interface {name!r} does not exist')
+
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ['ip', '-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'dev', name],
+        capture_output=True, text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: cannot read addresses of {name!r}')
+
+    addresses = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        fields = line.split()
+        if len(fields) >= 4:
+            addresses.append(fields[3].split('/')[0])
+    return addresses
+
+
+def internal_address(mode, internal, int_addr):
+    """The router's address on the internal network, as general.mode directs, or '' when it is not known yet.
+
+    manual takes local.int_addr; interfaces reads the address of interfaces.internal; auto also
+    works out which interface that is.
+    """
+    if mode == 'manual':
+        return int_addr
+    try:
+        if mode == 'auto':
+            internal = detect_interfaces()[1]
+        addresses = interface_addresses(internal, 'interfaces.internal')
+    except ConfigError:
+        return ''
+    return addresses[0] if addresses else ''
+
+
+def web_listen(configuration, default_port):
+    """Where the web service listens, from vpn-router.json read as configuration, as ((address, port), '').
+
+    The address is the internal address as general.mode directs, the port web.port, else
+    default_port. While web.enabled is false or the address is not known, the answer is (None,
+    the reason).
+    """
+    def section(name):
+        value = configuration.get(name)
+        return value if isinstance(value, dict) else {}
+
+    web = section('web')
+    if web.get('enabled', True) is False:
+        return None, 'the web service is disabled in the configuration'
+    port = web.get('port', default_port)
+    if isinstance(port, bool) or not isinstance(port, int) or not 1 <= port <= 65535:
+        port = default_port
+    general, interfaces, local = section('general'), section('interfaces'), section('local')
+    address = internal_address(str(general.get('mode') or 'manual'), str(interfaces.get('internal') or ''),
+                               str(local.get('int_addr') or ''))
+    if not address:
+        return None, 'the internal address is not known yet'
+    return (address, port), ''
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""The listening loop of the web service and of its bootstrap server.
+
+Only the Python standard library is used, so the bootstrap server, which must run whatever else
+is broken, can use it.
+"""
+
+import threading
+import time
+from http.server import ThreadingHTTPServer
+
+
+def serve(wanted, handler, log, interval):
+    """Work out where to listen every interval seconds with wanted, and run an HTTP server of handler there.
+
+    wanted answers ((address, port), '') or (None, the reason not to listen). When the address or
+    the port changes, the server is stopped and a new one listens at the new place; while there is
+    no place or it cannot be bound, no server runs and the next round tries again. Every new
+    reason is logged with log. Does not return.
+    """
+    server, thread, listening, reported = None, None, None, None
+    while True:
+        target, reason = wanted()
+        if target != listening and server is not None:
+            server.shutdown()
+            server.server_close()
+            thread.join()
+            server, listening = None, None
+        if target is not None and server is None:
+            try:
+                server = ThreadingHTTPServer(target, handler)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                reason = f'cannot listen on {target[0]}:{target[1]}: {exc}'
+            else:
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever, name='server', daemon=True)
+                thread.start()
+                listening, reason = target, f'serving on http://{target[0]}:{target[1]}'
+        if reason and reason != reported:
+            log(reason)
+            reported = reason
+        time.sleep(interval)
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+"""The users and groups of the router's directory, for vpn-router-user, vpn-router-group and the web service.
+
+A user is an entry in ou=users of the router's directory, of one of two kinds, fixed when it is
+added. A VPN user is an inetOrgPerson with a first name, a last name and an e-mail address, whose
+password OpenVPN checks, and a client certificate of the router CA with the user name as its
+common name, which OpenVPN and IKEv2 accept. A Manager-only account is an account,
+simpleSecurityObject and vpnRouterAccount (the package's schema) with a name, a password and
+optionally an e-mail address, no names, no certificate and so no VPN access; it is added when
+neither the first nor the last name is given, and can sign in to the web service. Users exist
+whether or not a P2S system is enabled.
+
+A group is a groupOfNames in ou=groups with a name, which follows the rules of user names, an
+optional description and at least one member; a group cannot be empty, so the last member
+cannot leave it and a user who is the last member of a group cannot be removed. Groups only
+record membership; nothing on the router reads them.
+
+A user may have a TOTP token: the user entry itself is an oathTOTPUser and oathTOTPToken whose
+oathTOTPToken points to itself, with the secret in oathSecret and the parameters of
+vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_PARAMS. Enrolment stores nothing until a code of the new secret is
+verified: otp_new makes a secret and its otpauth URI, and otp_enrol stores the secret given a
+code of it. slapd's otp overlay then takes the password followed by a code at every bind.
+
+A user is disabled when pwdAccountLockedTime holds LOCKED, and locked when the password
+policy has set it after failed binds, for vpnrouter_ldap.LOCKOUT_SECONDS; unlock ends that.
+login() checks a user's password and code with a bind. Members of ADMIN_GROUP manage the
+router through the web service. The module knows only the directory; the callers revoke a
+user's refresh tokens after the operations of vpnrouter_auth.REVOKING.
+
+Every operation runs in a session(), which holds the lock that serializes changes and the
+connection of the user manager account. A request that cannot be done raises Failure, whose
+status says why: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the user does not exist, 4 the user exists, 5 a
+login failed, 1 anything else. Answers are dicts with the keys of the JSON answers.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import calendar
+import contextlib
+import fcntl
+import pathlib
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+import ldap
+import ldap.filter
+import ldap.modlist
+import pyotp
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+
+#: A user name is one lowercase DNS label, as it is also the common name of the certificate.
+NAME = re.compile(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,30}[a-z0-9]$|^[a-z]$')
+PASSWORD_MIN = 8
+PASSWORD_MAX = 128
+#: The longest first or last name, in characters.
+PERSON_NAME_MAX = 64
+#: An e-mail address: one @, no spaces, and a dot in the domain.
+EMAIL = re.compile(r'^[^@\s]+@[^@\s]+\.[^@\s]+$')
+EMAIL_MAX = 254
+#: The keys of the person attributes and their LDAP attributes.
+PERSON = (('first_name', 'givenName'), ('last_name', 'sn'), ('email', 'mail'))
+#: The attributes read for a user.
+ATTRIBUTES = ['uid', 'objectClass', 'pwdAccountLockedTime', 'givenName', 'sn', 'mail', 'oathTOTPToken']
+#: The object classes of a VPN user and of a Manager-only account.
+VPN_USER_CLASSES = [b'inetOrgPerson']
+MANAGER_ONLY_CLASSES = [b'account', b'simpleSecurityObject', b'vpnRouterAccount']
+#: The readable attributes of a TOTP token; oathSecret is never readable.
+TOKEN_ATTRIBUTES = ['oathTOTPToken', 'oathTOTPParams', 'oathSecretTime', 'oathTOTPLastTimeStep', 'oathTOTPTimeStepDrift',
+                    'oathLastLogin', 'oathLastFailure', 'oathFailureCount']
+#: A TOTP secret as otp_new makes it: 32 base32 characters, 160 bits.
+TOTP_SECRET = re.compile(r'^[A-Z2-7]{32}$')
+#: The attributes read for a group.
+GROUP_ATTRIBUTES = ['cn', 'description', 'member']
+#: The longest group description, in characters.
+DESCRIPTION_MAX = 256
+#: The value of pwdAccountLockedTime that disables an account until it is enabled.
+LOCKED = b'000001010000Z'
+#: The group whose members manage the router through the web service.
+ADMIN_GROUP = 'admins'
+#: The digits of a TOTP code given to login().
+CODE = re.compile(r'^\d{6}$')
+LOCK_FILE = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/users.lock')
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 3 no such user, 4 the user exists, 5 failed login, 1 other."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def session():
+    """The connection of the user manager account, used under the lock that serializes changes."""
+    LOCK_FILE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(LOCK_FILE, 'w') as lock:
+        fcntl.flock(lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+        connection = vpnrouter_ldap.manager()
+        try:
+            yield connection
+        finally:
+            connection.unbind_s()
+
+
+def check_name(name):
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name):
+        raise Failure('a user name is 1 to 32 lowercase letters, digits and hyphens, starting with a letter', 2)
+
+
+def check_password(value):
+    if not isinstance(value, str) or '\n' in value or '\r' in value:
+        raise Failure('the password must be a string of one line', 2)
+    if not PASSWORD_MIN <= len(value) <= PASSWORD_MAX:
+        raise Failure(f'the password must have {PASSWORD_MIN} to {PASSWORD_MAX} characters', 2)
+
+
+def person(values, required):
+    """The person attributes of values ({first_name, last_name, email}), checked, as {LDAP attribute: value}.
+
+    A key whose value is None is not given; with required, all three must be given.
+    """
+    found = {}
+    for key, attribute in PERSON:
+        value = values.get(key)
+        if value is None:
+            if required:
+                raise Failure(f'{key} is required', 2)
+            continue
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            raise Failure(f'{key} must be a string', 2)
+        value = value.strip()
+        if key == 'email':
+            if len(value) > EMAIL_MAX or not EMAIL.match(value):
+                raise Failure(f'{value!r} is not an e-mail address', 2)
+        elif not value or len(value) > PERSON_NAME_MAX or any(not character.isprintable() for character in value):
+            raise Failure(f'the {key.replace("_", " ")} must have 1 to {PERSON_NAME_MAX} printable characters', 2)
+        found[attribute] = value
+    return found
+
+
+def dn_of(name):
+    return f'uid={name},{vpnrouter_ldap.USERS}'
+
+
+def certificate(name):
+    return vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR / f'{name}_cert.pem', vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR / f'{name}_key.pem'
+
+
+def entry(connection, name):
+    """The attributes of the user's entry; Failure with status 3 when there is none."""
+    check_name(name)
+    try:
+        return connection.search_s(dn_of(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=ATTRIBUTES)[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} does not exist', 3)
+
+
+def simple_ca(*args):
+    result = subprocess.run([sys.executable, str(vpnrouter.SIMPLE_CA), *args], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise Failure(f'simple-ca {args[0]} failed: {result.stderr.strip() or result.stdout.strip()}')
+
+
+def publish_crl():
+    """Give strongSwan the CRL after a revocation; OpenVPN reads it at every connection."""
+    if vpnrouter.install_file(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR / 'crl.pem', vpnrouter.CRL_DEST, 0o644):
+        subprocess.run(['swanctl', '--load-creds'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+
+def locked_since(value):
+    """The time a pwdAccountLockedTime value names, in seconds since the epoch, or 0 when it names none."""
+    try:
+        return calendar.timegm(time.strptime(value[:14].decode(), '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'))
+    except ValueError:
+        return 0
+
+
+def manager_only(attributes):
+    """Whether the entry is a Manager-only account."""
+    return b'account' in (value.lower() for value in attributes.get('objectClass', []))
+
+
+def summary(attributes):
+    """A user as the answers show it; a person attribute the entry does not have is None."""
+    name = attributes['uid'][0].decode()
+    lock = attributes.get('pwdAccountLockedTime', [None])[0]
+    user = {
+        'name': name,
+        'manager_only': manager_only(attributes),
+        'enabled': lock != LOCKED,
+        'locked': lock not in (None, LOCKED) and locked_since(lock) > time.time() - vpnrouter_ldap.LOCKOUT_SECONDS,
+        'certificate': certificate(name)[0].is_file(),
+        'otp': 'oathTOTPToken' in attributes,
+    }
+    for key, attribute in PERSON:
+        values = attributes.get(attribute)
+        user[key] = values[0].decode() if values else None
+    return user
+
+
+def common_name(attributes, name):
+    """The cn of an entry: the first and the last name, or the user name without them."""
+    full = ' '.join(value for value in (attributes.get('givenName'), attributes.get('sn')) if value)
+    return full or name
+
+
+def list_users(connection):
+    found = connection.search_s(vpnrouter_ldap.USERS, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(|(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)(objectClass=account))',
+                                ATTRIBUTES)
+    return {'users': sorted((summary(attributes) for _, attributes in found), key=lambda user: user['name'])}
+
+
+def add(connection, name, password, values):
+    """Add a user: a VPN user with its certificate when values gives all three person attributes, a Manager-only account
+    with at most the e-mail address when it gives neither name."""
+    check_name(name)
+    details = person(values, required=False)
+    vpn_user = 'givenName' in details or 'sn' in details
+    if vpn_user and len(details) != len(PERSON):
+        raise Failure('give first_name, last_name and email for a VPN user, or at most email for a Manager-only account', 2)
+    check_password(password)
+    if vpn_user and not (vpnrouter.PKI_DIR / 'ca_key.pem').is_file():
+        raise Failure('the router CA does not exist; vpn-router-setup creates it once a platform is chosen')
+    if vpn_user:
+        record = {'objectClass': VPN_USER_CLASSES, 'uid': [name.encode()], 'cn': [common_name(details, name).encode()]}
+    else:
+        # simpleSecurityObject requires a userPassword; passwd_s sets the real one at once.
+        record = {'objectClass': MANAGER_ONLY_CLASSES, 'uid': [name.encode()], 'userPassword': [b'{CRYPT}!']}
+    record.update({attribute: [value.encode()] for attribute, value in details.items()})
+    try:
+        connection.add_s(dn_of(name), ldap.modlist.addModlist(record))
+    except ldap.ALREADY_EXISTS:
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} exists', 4)
+    connection.passwd_s(dn_of(name), None, password)
+    if vpn_user:
+        vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        for path in certificate(name):
+            path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        simple_ca('make-cert', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), '--cert-dir', str(vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR), name)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def update(connection, name, values):
+    """Change the person attributes values gives; the cn follows the first and the last name.
+
+    A Manager-only account has only the e-mail address, which '' removes.
+    """
+    current = entry(connection, name)
+    if manager_only(current):
+        if values.get('first_name') is not None or values.get('last_name') is not None:
+            raise Failure(f'user {name} is a Manager-only account, which has no first or last name', 2)
+        email = values.get('email')
+        if email is None:
+            raise Failure('give email', 2)
+        if isinstance(email, str) and email.strip() == '':
+            if 'mail' in current:
+                connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'mail', None)])
+        else:
+            connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'mail', [person({'email': email}, required=False)['mail'].encode()])])
+        return summary(entry(connection, name))
+    details = person(values, required=False)
+    if not details:
+        raise Failure('give at least one of first_name, last_name and email', 2)
+    names = {attribute: current[attribute][0].decode() for attribute in ('givenName', 'sn') if current.get(attribute)}
+    names.update({attribute: details[attribute] for attribute in ('givenName', 'sn') if attribute in details})
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, attribute, [value.encode()]) for attribute, value in details.items()]
+    changes.append((ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'cn', [common_name(names, name).encode()]))
+    connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), changes)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def passwd(connection, name, password):
+    check_password(password)
+    entry(connection, name)
+    connection.passwd_s(dn_of(name), None, password)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def disable(connection, name):
+    if entry(connection, name).get('pwdAccountLockedTime') != [LOCKED]:
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'pwdAccountLockedTime', [LOCKED])])
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def enable(connection, name):
+    if entry(connection, name).get('pwdAccountLockedTime') == [LOCKED]:
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'pwdAccountLockedTime', None)])
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def unlock(connection, name):
+    """End a lockout after failed binds and clear the failure count; a disabled user stays disabled."""
+    entry(connection, name)
+    current = connection.search_s(dn_of(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['pwdAccountLockedTime', 'pwdFailureTime'])[0][1]
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'pwdFailureTime', None)] if 'pwdFailureTime' in current else []
+    if 'pwdAccountLockedTime' in current and current['pwdAccountLockedTime'] != [LOCKED]:
+        changes.append((ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'pwdAccountLockedTime', None))
+    if changes:
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), changes)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def login(name, password, code):
+    """Check the user's password, and the TOTP code of an enrolled user, with a bind as the user.
+
+    A wrong name, password or code, a locked or a disabled user give the same Failure, status 5.
+    """
+    refused = Failure('the name, the password or the code is wrong', 5)
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name) or not isinstance(password, str) or not password:
+        raise refused
+    if code is not None and code != '' and (not isinstance(code, str) or not CODE.match(code)):
+        raise refused
+    connection = ldap.initialize(vpnrouter_ldap.URI)
+    try:
+        connection.simple_bind_s(dn_of(name), password + (code or ''))
+    except ldap.INVALID_CREDENTIALS:
+        raise refused
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
+
+
+def is_admin(connection, name):
+    """Whether the user exists and is a member of ADMIN_GROUP."""
+    try:
+        entry(connection, name)
+    except Failure:
+        return False
+    return ADMIN_GROUP in groups_of(connection, name)
+
+
+def totp(secret):
+    return pyotp.TOTP(secret, digits=vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_DIGITS, interval=vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_PERIOD)
+
+
+def otp_new(connection, name):
+    """A new TOTP secret for the user and its otpauth URI, issued by the router's wan.local_fqdn; nothing is stored."""
+    entry(connection, name)
+    secret = pyotp.random_base32()
+    issuer = vpnrouter.load_config()['wan']['local_fqdn'].strip()
+    return {'name': name, 'secret': secret, 'uri': totp(secret).provisioning_uri(name=name, issuer_name=issuer or None)}
+
+
+def otp_enrol(connection, name, secret, code):
+    """Store the secret of otp_new as the user's TOTP token, replacing one the user has, when code is a code of it."""
+    current = entry(connection, name)
+    if not isinstance(secret, str) or not TOTP_SECRET.match(secret):
+        raise Failure('the secret must be 32 base32 characters, as a new secret has them', 2)
+    if not isinstance(code, str) or not re.fullmatch(rf'\d{{{vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_DIGITS}}}', code):
+        raise Failure(f'the code must be {vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_DIGITS} digits', 2)
+    if not totp(secret).verify(code, valid_window=vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_WINDOW):
+        raise Failure('the code does not match the secret; check the clock of the authenticator', 2)
+    changes = [] if 'oathTOTPToken' in current else [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'objectClass', [b'oathTOTPUser', b'oathTOTPToken'])]
+    changes += [
+        (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'oathTOTPToken', [dn_of(name).encode()]),
+        (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'oathTOTPParams', [vpnrouter_ldap.TOTP_PARAMS.encode()]),
+        (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'oathSecret', [base64.b32decode(secret)]),
+        (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'oathSecretTime', [time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ', time.gmtime()).encode()]),
+    ]
+    connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), changes)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def otp_remove(connection, name):
+    """Remove the user's TOTP token, when the user has one."""
+    if 'oathTOTPToken' in entry(connection, name):
+        token = connection.search_s(dn_of(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=TOKEN_ATTRIBUTES)[0][1]
+        changes = [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'objectClass', [b'oathTOTPUser', b'oathTOTPToken']),
+                   (ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'oathSecret', None)]
+        changes += [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, attribute, None) for attribute in token]
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), changes)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def remove(connection, name):
+    """Remove the user from its groups and the directory, and revoke the certificate.
+
+    A user who is the last member of a group is not removed.
+    """
+    entry(connection, name)
+    groups = groups_of(connection, name)
+    alone = sorted(group for group, members in groups.items() if members == [name])
+    if alone:
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} is the last member of {", ".join(alone)}; remove the group first', 2)
+    for group in groups:
+        connection.modify_s(group_dn(group), [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'member', [dn_of(name).encode()])])
+    cert, key = certificate(name)
+    if cert.is_file():
+        simple_ca('revoke-cert', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), str(cert))
+        simple_ca('make-crl', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), '--days', str(vpnrouter.CRL_DAYS))
+        publish_crl()
+    cert.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    key.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    connection.delete_s(dn_of(name))
+    return {'name': name, 'removed': True}
+
+
+def profile(connection, name):
+    """The OpenVPN client profile of the user, with the CA, the certificate and the key inline."""
+    entry(connection, name)
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    if not cfg['openvpn']['enabled']:
+        raise Failure('OpenVPN is not enabled', 2)
+    cert, key = certificate(name)
+    if not cert.is_file() or not key.is_file():
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} has no certificate')
+    fqdn = cfg['wan']['local_fqdn'].strip()
+    text = '\n'.join([
+        'client',
+        'dev tun',
+        f'proto {cfg["openvpn"]["protocol"]}',
+        f'remote {fqdn} {cfg["openvpn"]["port"]}',
+        'nobind',
+        'persist-key',
+        'persist-tun',
+        'remote-cert-tls server',
+        f'verify-x509-name {fqdn} name',
+        'auth-user-pass',
+        'auth-nocache',
+        'verb 3',
+        '<ca>', extract_pem(vpnrouter.CA_CERT_DEST.read_text(encoding='utf-8')), '</ca>',
+        '<cert>', extract_pem(cert.read_text(encoding='utf-8')), '</cert>',
+        '<key>', key.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip(), '</key>',
+        '',
+    ])
+    return {'name': name, 'profile': text}
+
+
+def group_dn(name):
+    return f'cn={name},{vpnrouter_ldap.GROUPS}'
+
+
+def check_group_name(name):
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name):
+        raise Failure('a group name is 1 to 32 lowercase letters, digits and hyphens, starting with a letter', 2)
+
+
+def check_description(value):
+    """The description, stripped; '' means none."""
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        raise Failure('the description must be a string', 2)
+    value = value.strip()
+    if len(value) > DESCRIPTION_MAX or any(not character.isprintable() for character in value):
+        raise Failure(f'the description must have at most {DESCRIPTION_MAX} printable characters', 2)
+    return value
+
+
+def member_names(attributes):
+    """The user names of a group's member DNs, sorted."""
+    names = []
+    for value in attributes.get('member', []):
+        dn = value.decode()
+        if dn.startswith('uid=') and dn.endswith(f',{vpnrouter_ldap.USERS}'):
+            names.append(dn[4:-len(f',{vpnrouter_ldap.USERS}')])
+    return sorted(names)
+
+
+def group_summary(attributes):
+    """A group as the answers show it."""
+    values = attributes.get('description')
+    return {
+        'name': attributes['cn'][0].decode(),
+        'description': values[0].decode() if values else '',
+        'members': member_names(attributes),
+    }
+
+
+def group_entry(connection, name):
+    """The attributes of the group's entry; Failure with status 3 when there is none."""
+    check_group_name(name)
+    try:
+        return connection.search_s(group_dn(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=GROUP_ATTRIBUTES)[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        raise Failure(f'group {name} does not exist', 3)
+
+
+def groups_of(connection, name):
+    """The groups the user is a member of, as {group name: its member names}."""
+    found = connection.search_s(vpnrouter_ldap.GROUPS, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL,
+                                f'(&(objectClass=groupOfNames)(member={ldap.filter.escape_filter_chars(dn_of(name))}))',
+                                GROUP_ATTRIBUTES)
+    return {attributes['cn'][0].decode(): member_names(attributes) for _, attributes in found}
+
+
+def list_groups(connection):
+    found = connection.search_s(vpnrouter_ldap.GROUPS, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=groupOfNames)', GROUP_ATTRIBUTES)
+    return {'groups': sorted((group_summary(attributes) for _, attributes in found), key=lambda group: group['name'])}
+
+
+def group_add(connection, name, description, members):
+    """Add a group with a description ('' for none) and at least one member, each an existing user."""
+    check_group_name(name)
+    description = check_description(description if description is not None else '')
+    if not isinstance(members, list) or not members:
+        raise Failure('a group needs at least one member', 2)
+    for member in members:
+        entry(connection, member)
+    record = {'objectClass': [b'groupOfNames'], 'cn': [name.encode()],
+              'member': [dn_of(member).encode() for member in sorted(set(members))]}
+    if description:
+        record['description'] = [description.encode()]
+    try:
+        connection.add_s(group_dn(name), ldap.modlist.addModlist(record))
+    except ldap.ALREADY_EXISTS:
+        raise Failure(f'group {name} exists', 4)
+    return group_summary(group_entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def group_update(connection, name, new_name=None, description=None):
+    """Rename the group or change its description ('' removes it); at least one must be given."""
+    if new_name is None and description is None:
+        raise Failure('give a new name or a description', 2)
+    group_entry(connection, name)
+    if description is not None:
+        description = check_description(description)
+        change = (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'description', [description.encode()]) if description else \
+            (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'description', [])
+        connection.modify_s(group_dn(name), [change])
+    if new_name is not None and new_name != name:
+        check_group_name(new_name)
+        try:
+            connection.rename_s(group_dn(name), f'cn={new_name}', delold=1)
+        except ldap.ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            raise Failure(f'group {new_name} exists', 4)
+        name = new_name
+    return group_summary(group_entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def group_remove(connection, name):
+    group_entry(connection, name)
+    connection.delete_s(group_dn(name))
+    return {'name': name, 'removed': True}
+
+
+def group_member_add(connection, name, user):
+    attributes = group_entry(connection, name)
+    entry(connection, user)
+    if user not in member_names(attributes):
+        connection.modify_s(group_dn(name), [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'member', [dn_of(user).encode()])])
+    return group_summary(group_entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def group_member_remove(connection, name, user):
+    """Take the user out of the group; the last member cannot leave."""
+    check_name(user)
+    members = member_names(group_entry(connection, name))
+    if user not in members:
+        raise Failure(f'user {user} is not a member of group {name}', 3)
+    if members == [user]:
+        raise Failure(f'user {user} is the last member of group {name}; remove the group instead', 2)
+    connection.modify_s(group_dn(name), [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'member', [dn_of(user).encode()])])
+    return group_summary(group_entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def extract_pem(text):
+    """The PEM blocks of the certificates in a file that also holds their text form."""
+    begin, end = '-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----', '-----END CERTIFICATE-----'
+    blocks = []
+    start = text.find(begin)
+    while start != -1:
+        stop = text.index(end, start) + len(end)
+        blocks.append(text[start:stop])
+        start = text.find(begin, stop)
+    return '\n'.join(blocks)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Wait until libpq is in the dynamic linker cache, where psycopg looks it up.
+# ExecStartPre= of vpn-router-web.service; TimeoutStartSec= of the unit bounds the wait.
+
+reported=
+until ldconfig -p | grep -q '^[[:space:]]*libpq\.so\.5 '; do
+    if [ -z "$reported" ]; then
+        echo 'waiting for libpq.so.5 in the linker cache'
+        reported=yes
+    fi
+    sleep 2
+done
@@ -1,32 +1,55 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python3
 """Serve the status of the router on its internal address.

-Run by vpn-router-web.service. It needs nothing but the Python standard library.
+Run by vpn-router-web.service. Users are managed with vpnrouter_users, the module that
+vpn-router-user uses too.

 Pages:
  /        the status for people: plain text for curl and wget, a styled page
           (Tailwind CSS from a CDN) for a browser
  /status  the status as JSON
  /config  the configuration without its secrets, and what the router resolved and
-           runs, as JSON; needs an HS256 JWT in an Authorization: Bearer header
-           that is signed with web.jwt_secret and expires within ten minutes; not
-           served (404) while web.jwt_secret is not set
+           runs, as JSON
+  /users   the users in the router's directory, whether or not a P2S system is enabled: list,
+           add, change, set the password, disable, enable, remove, the OpenVPN client
+           profile, and TOTP enrolment (see users())
+  /groups  the groups of the router's directory: list, add, rename or describe, remove, and
+           add and take out members (see groups())
+  /account the account of the signed-in user: its details, its password and its TOTP
+           enrolment (see account())
+  /auth    sign-in with a user's password and TOTP code, refresh and sign-out (see auth())

-/ and /status show only the status: whether the services run, the package version, whether
-Docker is installed, and the state of site-to-site, road-warrior (IPsec P2S) and
+/config, /users, /groups and /account need an HS256 JWT in an Authorization: Bearer header signed
+with vpnrouter_auth.WEB_KEY (see vpnrouter_auth.verify). A token of /auth names a user in sub;
+/account serves that user, and the other paths need a member of vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP. A
+token of vpn-router-token has the admin claim and names no user; it may call every path but
+/account, and only such a token may change ADMIN_GROUP: create, rename to it, change, remove it,
+add or take out its members, and remove one of its members. These paths and /auth are not
+served (404) while the key does not exist. /auth is limited to AUTH_LIMIT calls per client
+address in AUTH_WINDOW seconds; the address of a call from one of web.trusted_proxies, by
+default the address the service listens on, is the last entry of its X-Forwarded-For header.
+
+/ and /status show only the status: whether the services run, the package version and the
+installed version of vpn-router-manager (manager_version, null when it is not installed), whether
+Docker is installed, and the state of site-to-site, road-warrior (IPsec P2S), OpenVPN and
 WireGuard. No configuration data, key or address is shown.

-The address to bind to, the port, the secret and the configuration shown by /config
-are not read from the configuration here: vpn-router-setup resolves them, with the
-interfaces, and writes them to /run/vpn-router/web.json, readable by root only, before
-it restarts this service. The service ends with
-success when the file says the service is disabled, and with failure, to be
-started again, when the file is missing or the router has no internal address yet.
+The service first initializes, without listening: it makes the signing key and the refresh
+tokens' database (vpnrouter_auth), retrying every INIT_RETRY_SECONDS until both are ready and
+logging each failure. Then it listens. Its unit starts it only once wait-for-libpq has found libpq
+in the linker cache, where psycopg looks it up.
+
+The service needs nothing else to start and does not end on its own. Every DISCOVERY_SECONDS it
+works out the internal address from /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json as general.mode directs,
+with web.port and web.enabled (vpnrouter_net.web_listen), and runs the server there
+(vpnrouter_serve.serve): it starts it, moves it when the address or the port changes, and stops
+it while the service is disabled or the address is not known. Every request reads what it needs when it is made: the signing
+key, the configuration, and the features of the router and the facts shown by /config from
+/run/vpn-router/web.json, which vpn-router-setup writes. Before setup has written that file
+the router has no features, and /config shows no configuration or interfaces.
 """

-import base64
-import hashlib
-import hmac
+import collections
 import json
 import os
 import signal
@@ -35,23 +58,81 @@ import sys
 import threading
 import time
 from html import escape
-from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_net
+import vpnrouter_serve
+import vpnrouter_users

 STATE_FILE = '/run/vpn-router/web.json'
+CONFIG_FILE = '/etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json'
+
+#: Seconds between two attempts of the initialization.
+INIT_RETRY_SECONDS = 15
+
+#: The port when web.port is not set.
+DEFAULT_PORT = 7081
+
+#: Seconds between two discoveries of where the service should listen.
+DISCOVERY_SECONDS = 30
 COMMAND_TIMEOUT = 5
 CACHE_SECONDS = 2

-#: Seconds of clock difference accepted between a token and this router.
-LEEWAY = 60
-
-#: The longest a token may be valid, from now, in seconds.
-MAX_LIFETIME = 600
+#: The calls of /auth allowed per client address in AUTH_WINDOW seconds.
+AUTH_LIMIT = 10
+AUTH_WINDOW = 60

 TAILWIND = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@tailwindcss/browser@4'

+#: Seconds after which the status page in a browser reloads itself.
+REFRESH_SECONDS = 60
+
+OPENVPN_STATUS = '/run/openvpn-server/status-vpn-router.log'
+
+#: The largest request body accepted, in bytes.
+BODY_LIMIT = 4096
+
+#: The HTTP status for each status of a vpnrouter_users.Failure; any other is 500.
+USER_STATUS = {2: 400, 3: 404, 4: 409, 5: 401}
+
 _cache = {'at': 0.0, 'data': None}
 _lock = threading.Lock()

+#: The times of the recent /auth calls of each client address.
+_auth_calls = collections.defaultdict(collections.deque)
+_auth_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def read_json(path):
+    """The object in a JSON file, or {} when the file is missing or holds no object."""
+    try:
+        with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            data = json.load(handle)
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        return {}
+    return data if isinstance(data, dict) else {}
+
+
+def section(configuration, name):
+    """A section of the configuration, or {} when it is missing or not an object."""
+    value = configuration.get(name)
+    return value if isinstance(value, dict) else {}
+
+
+def current():
+    """What a request needs, read now: the features and facts setup resolved, and the signing key.
+
+    Before setup has run the router has no features, and without a key the protected paths and
+    /auth are not served.
+    """
+    return dict(read_json(STATE_FILE), key=vpnrouter_auth.key())
+

 def run(*args):
    """The finished process of a command, or None when it cannot be run."""
@@ -66,9 +147,10 @@ def unit_state(unit):
    return result.stdout.strip() if result and result.stdout.strip() else 'unknown'


-def package_version():
-    result = run('dpkg-query', '-W', '-f=${Version}', 'vpn-router')
-    return result.stdout.strip() if result and result.returncode == 0 else None
+def package_version(package='vpn-router'):
+    """The installed version of the package, or None when it is not installed."""
+    result = run('dpkg-query', '-W', '-f=${Version}', package)
+    return (result.stdout.strip() or None) if result and result.returncode == 0 else None


 def docker_status():
@@ -91,6 +173,7 @@ def swanctl(command):
    whose value may contain spaces. Every "... event {" section at the top holds one
    connection or SA; each becomes an entry with its name under "name". The closing
    "... reply {" section is left out. Values stay strings, as swanctl prints them.
+    Output with more closing than opening lines gives None.
    """
    result = run('swanctl', command, '--pretty')
    if result is None or result.returncode != 0:
@@ -102,6 +185,8 @@ def swanctl(command):
        if not line:
            continue
        if line in ('}', ']'):
+            if not stack:
+                return None
            stack.pop()
        elif not stack:
            section = {}
@@ -150,17 +235,43 @@ def wireguard_peers():
    return peers


+def openvpn_clients():
+    """The number of connected OpenVPN clients, from the server's status file, or None when it cannot be read."""
+    try:
+        with open(OPENVPN_STATUS, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            return sum(1 for line in handle if line.startswith('CLIENT_LIST,'))
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+
+def postgresql_clusters():
+    """The state of each PostgreSQL cluster unit (postgresql@<version>-<name>), or {'postgresql': 'no cluster'} without one.
+
+    postgresql.service, which only runs /bin/true, is not reported.
+    """
+    lines = lines_of('systemctl', 'list-units', 'postgresql@*.service', '--all', '--plain', '--no-legend') or []
+    names = [line.split()[0].removesuffix('.service') for line in lines if line.strip()]
+    return {name: unit_state(f'{name}.service') for name in names} or {'postgresql': 'no cluster'}
+
+
 def collect(state):
    """The status document. state says which features the router has."""
-    units = {'vpn-router-setup': unit_state('vpn-router-setup.service')}
+    units = {'vpn-router-setup': unit_state('vpn-router-setup.service'), 'slapd': unit_state('slapd.service'),
+             **postgresql_clusters()}
+    manager_version = package_version('vpn-router-manager')
+    if manager_version:
+        units['vpn-router-manager'] = unit_state('vpn-router-manager.service')
    if state.get('site_to_site') or state.get('p2s'):
        units['strongswan'] = unit_state('strongswan.service')
    if state.get('wireguard'):
        units['wg-quick@wg0'] = unit_state('wg-quick@wg0.service')
+    if state.get('openvpn'):
+        units['openvpn-server@vpn-router'] = unit_state('openvpn-server@vpn-router.service')

    status = {
        'status': 'ok' if all(value == 'active' for value in units.values()) else 'degraded',
        'version': package_version(),
+        'manager_version': manager_version,
        'time': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z'),
        'units': units,
        'docker': docker_status(),
@@ -172,40 +283,11 @@ def collect(state):
        status['p2s'] = {'clients': established('road-warrior')}
    if state.get('wireguard'):
        status['wireguard'] = {'peers': wireguard_peers()}
+    if state.get('openvpn'):
+        status['openvpn'] = {'clients': openvpn_clients()}
    return status


-def b64decode(part):
-    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(part + '=' * (-len(part) % 4))
-
-
-def verify(token, secret):
-    """The claims of a token signed with HS256 by the secret, or None when it is not acceptable.
-
-    Only HS256 is accepted, so a token cannot choose a weaker algorithm. The token
-    must expire (exp), and not later than MAX_LIFETIME seconds from now, so that a
-    stolen token is of little use; LEEWAY seconds of clock difference are allowed.
-    """
-    try:
-        header, payload, signature = token.split('.')
-        if json.loads(b64decode(header)).get('alg') != 'HS256':
-            return None
-        expected = hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{header}.{payload}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest()
-        if not hmac.compare_digest(expected, b64decode(signature)):
-            return None
-        claims = json.loads(b64decode(payload))
-        now = time.time()
-        expires = claims['exp']
-        if isinstance(expires, bool) or not isinstance(expires, (int, float)) or not now - LEEWAY <= expires <= now + MAX_LIFETIME + LEEWAY:
-            return None
-        not_before = claims.get('nbf')
-        if not_before is not None and (isinstance(not_before, bool) or not isinstance(not_before, (int, float)) or not_before > now + LEEWAY):
-            return None
-    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, AttributeError):
-        return None
-    return claims
-
-
 def lines_of(*args):
    """The output lines of a command, or None when it fails."""
    result = run(*args)
@@ -265,6 +347,7 @@ def details(state):
 def text_of(status):
    """The status for people, as plain text."""
    lines = ['VPN Router', f'Status: {status["status"]}', f'Version: {status["version"] or "unknown"}', '']
+    lines.append(f'Router Manager: {status["manager_version"] or "not installed"}')
    lines += [f'{name}: {value}' for name, value in status['units'].items()]
    docker = status['docker']
    lines.append('Docker: not installed' if not docker['installed']
@@ -275,6 +358,9 @@ def text_of(status):
    if 'p2s' in status:
        clients = status['p2s']['clients']
        lines.append(f'Road-warrior (IPsec P2S): {"unknown" if clients is None else f"{clients} connected"}')
+    if 'openvpn' in status:
+        clients = status['openvpn']['clients']
+        lines.append(f'OpenVPN: {"unknown" if clients is None else f"{clients} connected"}')
    if 'wireguard' in status:
        peers = status['wireguard']['peers']
        if peers is None:
@@ -290,25 +376,39 @@ def text_of(status):

 def html_of(status):
    """The status for a browser, as a page styled with Tailwind CSS."""
-    colour = 'bg-emerald-600' if status['status'] == 'ok' else 'bg-amber-600'
-    body = ''.join(f'<li>{escape(line)}</li>' for line in text_of(status).splitlines()[4:] if line)
+    colour = 'bg-emerald-600 dark:bg-emerald-700' if status['status'] == 'ok' else 'bg-amber-600 dark:bg-amber-700'
+    # Each "name: value" line of the text is a row; indented lines, such as WireGuard peers, are indented here too.
+    rows = []
+    for line in text_of(status).splitlines()[4:]:
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        name, _, value = line.partition(': ')
+        indent = ' pl-8' if line.startswith(' ') else ''
+        rows.append(f'<tr class="border-t border-slate-200 first:border-t-0 dark:border-slate-700">'
+                    f'<th class="py-2 pr-4{indent} text-left font-medium text-slate-600 dark:text-slate-300">{escape(name.strip())}</th>'
+                    f'<td class="py-2">{escape(value)}</td></tr>')
+    body = ''.join(rows)
    return f"""<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark">
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="{REFRESH_SECONDS}">
    <title>VPN Router</title>
    <script src="{TAILWIND}"></script>
  </head>
-  <body class="min-h-screen bg-slate-100 text-slate-900">
+  <body class="min-h-screen bg-slate-100 text-slate-900 dark:bg-slate-900 dark:text-slate-100">
    <div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl px-4 py-10">
-      <div class="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-slate-200 bg-white shadow-lg">
+      <div class="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-slate-200 bg-white shadow-lg dark:border-slate-700 dark:bg-slate-800">
        <div class="{colour} px-6 py-4 text-white">
          <h1 class="text-xl font-semibold">VPN Router</h1>
          <p class="mt-1 text-sm">Status: {escape(status['status'])}, version {escape(status['version'] or 'unknown')}</p>
        </div>
-        <ul class="space-y-2 px-6 py-6 font-mono text-sm">{body}</ul>
-        <p class="px-6 pb-6 text-xs text-slate-500">{escape(status['time'])} - <a class="underline" href="/status">JSON</a></p>
+        <div class="px-6 py-4">
+          <table class="w-full text-sm"><tbody>{body}</tbody></table>
+        </div>
+        <p class="px-6 pb-6 text-xs text-slate-500 dark:text-slate-400">{escape(status['time'])} - <a class="underline" href="/status">JSON</a></p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
@@ -316,29 +416,307 @@ def html_of(status):
 """


+def users(state, method, path, body):
+    """Answer a /users request with vpnrouter_users: the HTTP status and the JSON document.
+
+      GET    /users                   the users
+      POST   /users                   add a user: {"name", "password", "first_name", "last_name", "email"};
+                                      without the last three a Manager-only account
+      PUT    /users/<name>            change any of {"first_name", "last_name", "email"}
+      PUT    /users/<name>/password   set the password: {"password": ...}
+      POST   /users/<name>/disable    lock the user out of OpenVPN
+      POST   /users/<name>/enable     let the user in again
+      POST   /users/<name>/unlock     end a lockout after failed logins
+      DELETE /users/<name>            remove the user and revoke the certificate
+      GET    /users/<name>/profile    the OpenVPN client profile
+      POST   /users/<name>/otp        a new TOTP secret and its otpauth URI; nothing is stored
+      PUT    /users/<name>/otp        store a TOTP secret: {"secret", "code"}, code a code of the secret
+      DELETE /users/<name>/otp        remove the TOTP token
+    """
+    if body == 'invalid' or (body is not None and not isinstance(body, dict)):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the body must be a JSON object'}
+    body = body or {}
+    parts = path.strip('/').split('/')
+    route = (method, len(parts), parts[2] if len(parts) == 3 else None)
+    name = parts[1] if len(parts) > 1 else None
+    actions = {
+        ('GET', 1, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.list_users(connection),
+        ('POST', 1, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.add(connection, body.get('name'), body.get('password'), body),
+        ('PUT', 2, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.update(connection, name, body),
+        ('PUT', 3, 'password'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.passwd(connection, name, body.get('password')),
+        ('POST', 3, 'disable'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.disable(connection, name),
+        ('POST', 3, 'enable'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.enable(connection, name),
+        ('POST', 3, 'unlock'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.unlock(connection, name),
+        ('DELETE', 2, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.remove(connection, name),
+        ('GET', 3, 'profile'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.profile(connection, name),
+        ('POST', 3, 'otp'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.otp_new(connection, name),
+        ('PUT', 3, 'otp'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.otp_enrol(connection, name, body.get('secret'), body.get('code')),
+        ('DELETE', 3, 'otp'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.otp_remove(connection, name),
+    }
+    # The vpnrouter_users operation of each route that may revoke refresh tokens.
+    operations = {('PUT', 3, 'password'): 'passwd', ('POST', 3, 'disable'): 'disable', ('POST', 3, 'unlock'): 'unlock',
+                  ('DELETE', 2, None): 'remove'}
+    if route not in actions:
+        return 404, {'error': f'no route {method} {path}'}
+    try:
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            document = actions[route](connection)
+        if operations.get(route) in vpnrouter_auth.REVOKING:
+            vpnrouter_auth.revoke(vpnrouter.load_config(), name)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        return USER_STATUS.get(failure.status, 500), {'error': str(failure)}
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': f'the user directory failed: {exc}'}
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc)}
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        # vpnrouter ends with SystemExit, carrying the reason, on a configuration it cannot read.
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc.code)}
+    return (201 if route == ('POST', 1, None) else 200), document
+
+
+def groups(state, method, path, body):
+    """Answer a /groups request with vpnrouter_users: the HTTP status and the JSON document.
+
+      GET    /groups                          the groups with their members
+      POST   /groups                          add a group: {"name", "members": [...], "description"?}
+      PUT    /groups/<name>                   rename it or change the description: {"name"?, "description"?}
+      DELETE /groups/<name>                   remove the group; its members are kept
+      POST   /groups/<name>/members           add a member: {"user": ...}
+      DELETE /groups/<name>/members/<user>    take a member out; the last member cannot leave
+    """
+    if body == 'invalid' or (body is not None and not isinstance(body, dict)):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the body must be a JSON object'}
+    body = body or {}
+    parts = path.strip('/').split('/')
+    name = parts[1] if len(parts) > 1 else None
+    route = (method, len(parts), parts[2] if len(parts) > 2 else None)
+    actions = {
+        ('GET', 1, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.list_groups(connection),
+        ('POST', 1, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.group_add(
+            connection, body.get('name'), body.get('description'), body.get('members')),
+        ('PUT', 2, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.group_update(
+            connection, name, body.get('name'), body.get('description')),
+        ('DELETE', 2, None): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.group_remove(connection, name),
+        ('POST', 3, 'members'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.group_member_add(connection, name, body.get('user')),
+        ('DELETE', 4, 'members'): lambda connection: vpnrouter_users.group_member_remove(connection, name, parts[3]),
+    }
+    if route not in actions:
+        return 404, {'error': f'no route {method} {path}'}
+    try:
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            document = actions[route](connection)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        return USER_STATUS.get(failure.status, 500), {'error': str(failure)}
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': f'the user directory failed: {exc}'}
+    return (201 if route == ('POST', 1, None) else 200), document
+
+
+def account(name, method, path, body):
+    """Answer an /account request of the user named by the token with vpnrouter_users: the HTTP status and the JSON document.
+
+      GET  /account            the user, with admin, whether the user is a member of ADMIN_GROUP
+      PUT  /account/password   set the password: {"current_password", "current_code"?, "password"}
+      POST /account/otp        a new TOTP secret and its otpauth URI; nothing is stored
+      PUT  /account/otp        store a TOTP secret: {"current_password", "current_code"?, "secret", "code"},
+                               code a code of the secret
+
+    A change needs the current password and, for an enrolled user, a current code; a wrong one is 403 and counts as
+    a failed login. A password change revokes the user's refresh tokens.
+    """
+    if body == 'invalid' or (body is not None and not isinstance(body, dict)):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the body must be a JSON object'}
+    body = body or {}
+    route = (method, path.rstrip('/'))
+    if route not in (('GET', '/account'), ('PUT', '/account/password'), ('POST', '/account/otp'), ('PUT', '/account/otp')):
+        return 404, {'error': f'no route {method} {path}'}
+    try:
+        if route == ('PUT', '/account/password'):
+            vpnrouter_users.check_password(body.get('password'))
+        if method == 'PUT':
+            vpnrouter_users.login(name, body.get('current_password'), body.get('current_code'))
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            if route == ('GET', '/account'):
+                document = {**vpnrouter_users.summary(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)),
+                            'admin': vpnrouter_users.is_admin(connection, name)}
+            elif route == ('PUT', '/account/password'):
+                document = vpnrouter_users.passwd(connection, name, body['password'])
+            elif route == ('POST', '/account/otp'):
+                document = vpnrouter_users.otp_new(connection, name)
+            else:
+                document = vpnrouter_users.otp_enrol(connection, name, body.get('secret'), body.get('code'))
+        if route == ('PUT', '/account/password'):
+            vpnrouter_auth.revoke(vpnrouter.load_config(), name)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        if failure.status == 5:
+            return 403, {'error': 'the current password or code is wrong'}
+        return USER_STATUS.get(failure.status, 500), {'error': str(failure)}
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': f'the user directory failed: {exc}'}
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc)}
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc.code)}
+    return 200, document
+
+
+def changes_admins(connection, method, parts, body):
+    """Whether a /users or /groups request creates, renames to, changes or removes ADMIN_GROUP, or removes a member of it."""
+    admins = vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP
+    if parts[0] == 'groups':
+        if method == 'POST' and len(parts) == 1:
+            return body.get('name') == admins
+        if method != 'GET' and len(parts) > 1 and parts[1] == admins:
+            return True
+        return method == 'PUT' and len(parts) == 2 and body.get('name') == admins
+    if parts[0] == 'users' and method == 'DELETE' and len(parts) == 2:
+        return admins in vpnrouter_users.groups_of(connection, parts[1])
+    return False
+
+
+def refusal(claims, method, path, body):
+    """Why the holder of the claims may not make the request to a protected path, or '' when it may."""
+    name = claims.get('sub')
+    if path == '/account' or path.startswith('/account/'):
+        return '' if isinstance(name, str) else 'the token names no user'
+    if claims.get('admin') is True:
+        return ''
+    if not isinstance(name, str):
+        return 'the token names no user'
+    admins = vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP
+    with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+        if not vpnrouter_users.is_admin(connection, name):
+            return f'user {name} is not a member of {admins}'
+        if changes_admins(connection, method, path.strip('/').split('/'), body if isinstance(body, dict) else {}):
+            return f'only a token of vpn-router-token may change the group {admins} or remove its members'
+    return ''
+
+
+def auth(path, body):
+    """Answer a POST to /auth with vpnrouter_users and vpnrouter_auth: the HTTP status and the JSON document.
+
+      POST /auth           sign in: {"name", "password", "code"?}; the tokens
+      POST /auth/refresh   {"refresh_token"}; new tokens, the refresh token used up
+      POST /auth/logout    {"refresh_token"}; the refresh token revoked
+    """
+    if not isinstance(body, dict):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the body must be a JSON object'}
+    try:
+        cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+        if path == '/auth':
+            vpnrouter_users.login(body.get('name'), body.get('password'), body.get('code'))
+            return 200, vpnrouter_auth.issue(cfg, body['name'])
+        name = vpnrouter_auth.take(cfg, body.get('refresh_token'))
+        if path == '/auth/logout':
+            return 200, {'revoked': name is not None}
+        if name is None:
+            return 401, {'error': 'the refresh token is not valid'}
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            user = vpnrouter_users.summary(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name))
+        if not user['enabled'] or user['locked']:
+            return 401, {'error': f'user {name} is disabled or locked'}
+        return 200, vpnrouter_auth.issue(cfg, name)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        return (401 if failure.status == 3 else USER_STATUS.get(failure.status, 500)), {'error': str(failure)}
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': f'the user directory failed: {exc}'}
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc)}
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': str(exc.code)}
+
+
+def auth_wait(address):
+    """Seconds until the client address may call /auth again, 0 when it may now; a call that may is counted."""
+    now = time.monotonic()
+    with _auth_lock:
+        for idle in [key for key, times in _auth_calls.items() if times[-1] <= now - AUTH_WINDOW]:
+            del _auth_calls[idle]
+        calls = _auth_calls[address]
+        while calls and calls[0] <= now - AUTH_WINDOW:
+            calls.popleft()
+        if len(calls) >= AUTH_LIMIT:
+            return int(calls[0] + AUTH_WINDOW - now) + 1
+        calls.append(now)
+        return 0
+
+
 class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'

    def status(self):
        with _lock:
            if _cache['data'] is None or time.monotonic() - _cache['at'] > CACHE_SECONDS:
-                _cache['data'] = collect(self.server.state)
+                _cache['data'] = collect(current())
                _cache['at'] = time.monotonic()
            return _cache['data']

+    def claims(self, secret):
+        """The claims of the request's token signed with the secret, or None without an acceptable one."""
+        header = self.headers.get('Authorization', '')
+        return vpnrouter_auth.verify(header[7:].strip(), secret) if header.startswith('Bearer ') else None
+
+    def client(self):
+        """The client address: the last X-Forwarded-For entry when the peer is a trusted proxy, else the peer."""
+        peer = self.client_address[0]
+        trusted = section(read_json(CONFIG_FILE), 'web').get('trusted_proxies') or [self.server.server_address[0]]
+        forwarded = self.headers.get('X-Forwarded-For', '')
+        if isinstance(trusted, list) and peer in trusted and forwarded.strip():
+            return forwarded.split(',')[-1].strip()
+        return peer
+
+    def refusal(self, claims, path, payload):
+        """The HTTP status and the message that refuse a request to a protected path, or None when it may be made."""
+        try:
+            reason = refusal(claims, self.command, path, payload)
+        except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+            return 500, f'the user directory failed: {exc}'
+        return (403, reason) if reason else None
+
    def answer(self, send_body):
        path = self.path.split('?', 1)[0]
        extra = []
-        if path == '/config':
-            secret = self.server.state.get('jwt_secret')
-            header = self.headers.get('Authorization', '')
-            if not secret:
-                body, kind, code = b'Not found\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 404
-            elif not header.startswith('Bearer ') or verify(header[7:].strip(), secret) is None:
-                body, kind, code = b'Unauthorized\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 401
-                extra.append(('WWW-Authenticate', 'Bearer'))
+        self.principal = None
+        # A body that is not read must not be taken for the next request.
+        if self.command not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            self.close_connection = True
+        directory = next((name for name in ('users', 'groups', 'account') if path == f'/{name}' or path.startswith(f'/{name}/')), None)
+        protected = path == '/config' or directory is not None
+        signing = path in ('/auth', '/auth/refresh', '/auth/logout')
+        state = current() if protected or signing else {}
+        claims = self.claims(state['key']) if protected and state['key'] else None
+        payload = self.request_body() if (protected or signing) and self.command not in ('GET', 'HEAD') else None
+        if claims is not None:
+            self.principal = 'admin' if claims.get('admin') is True else claims.get('sub')
+        if (protected or signing) and not state['key']:
+            body, kind, code = b'Not found\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 404
+        elif signing and self.command != 'POST':
+            body, kind, code = b'Method not allowed\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 405
+        elif signing:
+            wait = auth_wait(self.client()) if path != '/auth/logout' else 0
+            if wait:
+                code, document = 429, {'error': f'too many sign-in calls; retry in {wait} seconds'}
+                extra.append(('Retry-After', str(wait)))
            else:
-                body, kind, code = json.dumps(details(self.server.state), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
+                code, document = auth(path, payload)
+            body, kind = json.dumps(document, indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json'
+        elif protected and claims is None:
+            body, kind, code = b'Unauthorized\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 401
+            extra.append(('WWW-Authenticate', 'Bearer'))
+        elif protected and (refused := self.refusal(claims, path, payload)):
+            code, kind = refused[0], 'application/json'
+            body = json.dumps({'error': refused[1]}, indent=2).encode() + b'\n'
+        elif path == '/config' and self.command in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            body, kind, code = json.dumps(details(state), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
+        elif directory == 'account':
+            code, document = account(claims['sub'], self.command, path, payload)
+            body, kind = json.dumps(document, indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json'
+        elif protected and path != '/config':
+            code, document = (users if directory == 'users' else groups)(state, self.command, path, payload)
+            body, kind = json.dumps(document, indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json'
+        elif self.command not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            body, kind, code = b'Method not allowed\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 405
        elif path == '/status':
            body, kind, code = json.dumps(self.status(), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
        elif path == '/':
@@ -360,41 +738,76 @@ class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
        if send_body:
            self.wfile.write(body)

+    def request_body(self):
+        """The request body as JSON, None when there is none, or the string 'invalid'."""
+        length = self.headers.get('Content-Length')
+        if not length:
+            return None
+        try:
+            size = int(length)
+            if not 0 <= size <= BODY_LIMIT:
+                return 'invalid'
+            return json.loads(self.rfile.read(size) or b'null')
+        except ValueError:
+            return 'invalid'
+
    def do_GET(self):
        self.answer(True)

    def do_HEAD(self):
        self.answer(False)

+    def do_POST(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
+    def do_PUT(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
+    def do_DELETE(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
    def log_message(self, format, *args):
-        sys.stderr.write('%s - - [%s] %s\n' % (self.client_address[0], self.log_date_time_string(), format % args))
+        principal = getattr(self, 'principal', None) or '-'
+        sys.stderr.write('%s - %s [%s] %s\n' % (self.client_address[0], principal, self.log_date_time_string(), format % args))
+
+
+def log(message):
+    print(f'vpn-router-web: {message}', file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
+
+
+def initialize():
+    """Make the signing key and the refresh tokens' database, retrying every INIT_RETRY_SECONDS until both are ready."""
+    reported = None
+    while True:
+        phase = 'reading the configuration'
+        try:
+            cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+            phase = 'making the signing key'
+            vpnrouter_auth.ensure_key()
+            phase = 'creating the token database'
+            vpnrouter_auth.provision(cfg)
+            phase = 'connecting to the token database'
+            with vpnrouter_auth.database(cfg):
+                pass
+        except (OSError, SystemExit, vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError) as exc:
+            error = f'{phase} failed: {exc.code if isinstance(exc, SystemExit) else exc}'
+            if error != reported:
+                log(f'{error}; retrying every {INIT_RETRY_SECONDS} seconds')
+                reported = error
+            time.sleep(INIT_RETRY_SECONDS)
+            continue
+        log('ready')
+        return


 def main():
-    try:
-        with open(STATE_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
-            state = json.load(handle)
-    except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
-        print(f'vpn-router-web: cannot read {STATE_FILE}: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    if not state.get('enabled'):
-        print('vpn-router-web: the web service is disabled in the configuration')
-        return 0
-    if not state.get('bind'):
-        print('vpn-router-web: the router has no internal address yet', file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    server = ThreadingHTTPServer((state['bind'], state['port']), Handler)
-    server.state = state
    signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *_: sys.exit(0))
-    print(f'vpn-router-web: serving on http://{state["bind"]}:{state["port"]}')
+    initialize()
    try:
-        server.serve_forever()
+        vpnrouter_serve.serve(lambda: vpnrouter_net.web_listen(read_json(CONFIG_FILE), DEFAULT_PORT), Handler, log,
+                              DISCOVERY_SECONDS)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass
-    finally:
-        server.server_close()
    return 0


@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the groups of the router's directory from the command line, with vpnrouter_users.
+
+A group has a name, an optional description and at least one member, each a user of the
+directory. The answer is text for people on standard output, and a failure is a message on
+standard error. With --json the answer is JSON on standard output, and a failure is
+{"error": ...} there too. The exit status says what failed: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the
+group or the user does not exist, 4 the group exists, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the
+commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-group [--json] list
+  vpn-router-group [--json] add <name> --member U [--member U ...] [--description D]
+  vpn-router-group [--json] update <name> [--name N] [--description D]
+  vpn-router-group [--json] remove <name>
+  vpn-router-group [--json] member-add <name> <user>
+  vpn-router-group [--json] member-remove <name> <user>
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter_users
+from vpnrouter_users import Failure
+
+#: The help line of each command.
+HELP = {
+    'list': 'list the groups with their members',
+    'add': 'add a group with at least one member',
+    'update': 'rename the group or change its description',
+    'remove': 'remove the group; its members are kept',
+    'member-add': 'add a user to the group',
+    'member-remove': 'take a user out of the group; the last member cannot leave',
+}
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def parse(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-group', description='Manage the groups of the router.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, metavar='command', parser_class=Parser)
+    for command, text in HELP.items():
+        sub = commands.add_parser(command, help=text, description=text[0].upper() + text[1:] + '.')
+        if command != 'list':
+            sub.add_argument('name', help='the group name')
+        if command == 'add':
+            sub.add_argument('--member', dest='members', action='append', required=True, metavar='USER',
+                             help='a member; give it once for each member')
+            sub.add_argument('--description', metavar='TEXT', help='the description')
+        if command == 'update':
+            sub.add_argument('--name', dest='new_name', metavar='NAME', help='the new group name')
+            sub.add_argument('--description', metavar='TEXT', help="the description; '' removes it")
+        if command in ('member-add', 'member-remove'):
+            sub.add_argument('user', help='the user name')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def run(connection, options):
+    """The answer of the command the options name."""
+    command = options.command
+    if command == 'list':
+        return vpnrouter_users.list_groups(connection)
+    if command == 'add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_add(connection, options.name, options.description, options.members)
+    if command == 'update':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_update(connection, options.name, options.new_name, options.description)
+    if command == 'remove':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_remove(connection, options.name)
+    if command == 'member-add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_member_add(connection, options.name, options.user)
+    return vpnrouter_users.group_member_remove(connection, options.name, options.user)
+
+
+def text_of(answer):
+    """The answer as text for people."""
+    if answer.get('removed'):
+        return f'group {answer["name"]} removed'
+    groups = answer['groups'] if 'groups' in answer else [answer]
+    if not groups:
+        return 'no groups'
+    head = ('GROUP', 'MEMBERS', 'DESCRIPTION')
+    rows = [(group['name'], ', '.join(group['members']), group['description'] or '-') for group in groups]
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in (head, *rows)) for column in range(len(head))]
+    return '\n'.join('  '.join(cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths)).rstrip() for row in (head, *rows))
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        options = parse(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            answer = run(connection, options)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        message, status = f'the user directory failed: {exc}', 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else text_of(answer))
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-group: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Make a token with the admin claim for the router's web service, with vpnrouter_auth.
+
+The token is signed with the router's key and is valid for the lifetime given, without a
+maximum. It may call every protected path, and it is the only token that may change the
+admins group. The answer is the token on standard output, and a failure is a message on
+standard error. With --json the answer is {"token", "expires"} on standard output, and a
+failure is {"error": ...} there too. The exit status is 2 for an invalid request and 1 for
+any other failure. -h or --help shows the options.
+
+  vpn-router-token [--json] (--minutes N | --hours N | --days N)
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import vpnrouter_auth
+
+#: The seconds of each unit of the lifetime.
+UNITS = {'minutes': 60, 'hours': 3600, 'days': 86400}
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 1 other."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def positive(value):
+    try:
+        number = int(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        number = 0
+    if number < 1:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'{value!r} is not a positive whole number')
+    return number
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-token', description='Make a token with the admin claim for the web service.')
+        parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+        lifetime = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+        for unit in UNITS:
+            lifetime.add_argument(f'--{unit}', type=positive, metavar='N', help=f'valid for N {unit}')
+        options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        seconds = next(getattr(options, unit) * factor for unit, factor in UNITS.items() if getattr(options, unit))
+        answer = vpnrouter_auth.admin_token(seconds)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except OSError as exc:
+        message, status = str(exc), 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else answer['token'])
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-token: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the users of the router's directory from the command line, with vpnrouter_users.
+
+Passwords and TOTP secrets are read from the first line of standard input, never from the
+command line. The
+answer is text for people on standard output, and a failure is a message on standard error.
+With --json the answer is JSON on standard output, and a failure is {"error": ...} there too.
+The exit status says what failed: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the user does not exist, 4 the
+user exists, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-user [--json] list
+  vpn-router-user [--json] add <name> --first-name F --last-name L --email E   (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] add <name> [--email E]   (a Manager-only account; password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] update <name> [--first-name F] [--last-name L] [--email E]
+  vpn-router-user [--json] passwd <name>       (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] disable <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] enable <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] unlock <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] remove <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] profile <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-new <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-enrol <name> <code>   (secret on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-remove <name>
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_users
+from vpnrouter_users import Failure
+
+#: The help line of each command.
+HELP = {
+    'list': 'list the users',
+    'add': 'add a VPN user with the three person options and issue the certificate, or without the names a '
+           'Manager-only account, with an optional e-mail address; the password is read from standard input',
+    'update': "change the first name, the last name or the e-mail address; a Manager-only account has only the "
+              "e-mail address, which '' removes",
+    'passwd': 'set the password, read from standard input',
+    'disable': 'lock the user out of OpenVPN',
+    'enable': 'let the user in again',
+    'unlock': 'end a lockout after failed logins',
+    'remove': 'revoke the certificate and remove the user',
+    'profile': 'print the OpenVPN client profile',
+    'otp-new': 'make a TOTP secret and its otpauth URI; nothing is stored',
+    'otp-enrol': 'store the TOTP secret read from standard input, when the code is a code of it',
+    'otp-remove': 'remove the TOTP token',
+}
+
+#: The help of the person options.
+PERSON_HELP = {'first_name': 'the first name', 'last_name': 'the last name', 'email': 'the e-mail address'}
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def parse(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-user', description='Manage the users of the router.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, metavar='command', parser_class=Parser)
+    for command, text in HELP.items():
+        sub = commands.add_parser(command, help=text, description=text[0].upper() + text[1:] + '.')
+        if command != 'list':
+            sub.add_argument('name', help='the user name')
+        if command in ('add', 'update'):
+            for key, _ in vpnrouter_users.PERSON:
+                sub.add_argument(f'--{key.replace("_", "-")}', dest=key, metavar='TEXT', help=PERSON_HELP[key])
+        if command == 'otp-enrol':
+            sub.add_argument('code', help='a code of the secret from the authenticator')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def password():
+    """The password or the TOTP secret from the first line of standard input."""
+    return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\n')
+
+
+def run(connection, options, secret):
+    """The answer of the command the options name; secret is the password of add and passwd, the TOTP secret of otp-enrol."""
+    command = options.command
+    if command == 'list':
+        return vpnrouter_users.list_users(connection)
+    values = {key: getattr(options, key, None) for key, _ in vpnrouter_users.PERSON}
+    if command == 'add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.add(connection, options.name, secret, values)
+    if command == 'update':
+        return vpnrouter_users.update(connection, options.name, values)
+    if command == 'passwd':
+        return vpnrouter_users.passwd(connection, options.name, secret)
+    if command == 'otp-enrol':
+        return vpnrouter_users.otp_enrol(connection, options.name, secret, options.code)
+    return getattr(vpnrouter_users, command.replace('-', '_'))(connection, options.name)
+
+
+def text_of(answer):
+    """The answer as text for people."""
+    if 'profile' in answer:
+        return answer['profile'].rstrip('\n')
+    if 'secret' in answer:
+        return f'secret  {answer["secret"]}\nuri     {answer["uri"]}'
+    if answer.get('removed'):
+        return f'user {answer["name"]} removed'
+    users = answer['users'] if 'users' in answer else [answer]
+    if not users:
+        return 'no users'
+    head = ('USER', 'KIND', 'STATE', 'CERTIFICATE', 'OTP', 'FIRST NAME', 'LAST NAME', 'E-MAIL')
+    rows = [(user['name'], 'manager' if user['manager_only'] else 'vpn',
+             'disabled' if not user['enabled'] else 'locked' if user['locked'] else 'enabled',
+             'issued' if user['certificate'] else 'missing',
+             'enrolled' if user['otp'] else '-', user['first_name'] or '-', user['last_name'] or '-', user['email'] or '-')
+            for user in users]
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in (head, *rows)) for column in range(len(head))]
+    return '\n'.join('  '.join(cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths)).rstrip() for row in (head, *rows))
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        options = parse(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        if options.command != 'list':
+            vpnrouter_users.check_name(options.name)
+        secret = password() if options.command in ('add', 'passwd', 'otp-enrol') else None
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            answer = run(connection, options, secret)
+        if options.command in vpnrouter_auth.REVOKING:
+            vpnrouter_auth.revoke(vpnrouter.load_config(), options.name)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        message, status = f'the user directory failed: {exc}', 1
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        message, status = str(exc), 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else text_of(answer))
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-user: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -33,13 +33,20 @@
    "address": "192.168.200.1/24",
    "listen_port": 51820
  },
+  "openvpn": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "address_pool": "172.16.1.0/24",
+    "port": 1194,
+    "protocol": "udp"
+  },
  "docker": {
    "mode": "auto",
    "exposed_ports": ["443"]
  },
  "web": {
    "enabled": true,
-    "port": 8080,
-    "jwt_secret": ""
+    "port": 7081,
+    "database": "",
+    "trusted_proxies": []
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<LDAP>
+	URL		{{ ldap_uri }}
+	Timeout		5
+	TLSEnable	no
+	FollowReferrals	no
+</LDAP>
+
+<Authorization>
+	BaseDN		"{{ ldap_users }}"
+	SearchFilter	"(&(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)(uid=%u))"
+	RequireGroup	false
+</Authorization>
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+port {{ openvpn_port }}
+proto {{ openvpn_protocol }}
+dev {{ openvpn_device }}
+dev-type tun
+topology subnet
+server {{ openvpn_network }} {{ openvpn_netmask }}
+
+ca {{ ca_cert }}
+cert {{ server_cert }}
+key {{ server_key }}
+crl-verify {{ crl }}
+dh none
+remote-cert-tls client
+
+plugin /usr/lib/openvpn/openvpn-auth-ldap.so {{ openvpn_ldap_conf }}
+script-security 2
+auth-user-pass-verify /usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user via-env
+
+{% for network, netmask in openvpn_routes -%}
+push "route {{ network }} {{ netmask }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+{% for address in p2s_dns_list -%}
+push "dhcp-option DNS {{ address }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+
+keepalive 10 120
+{% if openvpn_protocol == 'udp' -%}
+explicit-exit-notify 1
+{% endif -%}
+verb 3
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Commit everything, tag the version of the newest changelog entry and push main with the tags.
+
+The tag is the upstream version of the first entry of debian-package/debian/changelog,
+without the Debian revision: vpn-router (0.5.1-1) is tagged 0.5.1, which starts the
+release workflow.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import pathlib
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+ROOT = pathlib.Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+CHANGELOG = ROOT / 'debian-package' / 'debian' / 'changelog'
+
+
+#: Print the git commands instead of running them; set by -n/--dry-run.
+DRY_RUN = False
+
+
+def git(*args):
+    """Run git in the repository, or print the command on a dry run; stop with git's exit status when it fails."""
+    command = ['git', *args]
+    if DRY_RUN:
+        print(shlex.join(command))
+        return
+    result = subprocess.run(command, cwd=ROOT)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        sys.exit(result.returncode)
+
+
+def summary():
+    """The summary line of the first changelog entry, or None when it has none.
+
+    The summary is the entry's first text line: indented by two spaces, not a "*" item,
+    with a blank line between it and the header and a blank line after it.
+    """
+    lines = CHANGELOG.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()
+    if len(lines) < 4 or lines[1].strip() or lines[3].strip():
+        return None
+    line = lines[2]
+    text = line.strip()
+    if not line.startswith('  ') or line.startswith('   ') or not text or text.startswith('*') or line.startswith(' -- '):
+        return None
+    return text
+
+
+def version():
+    """The upstream version of the first changelog entry."""
+    first = CHANGELOG.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()[0]
+    start, end = first.find('('), first.find(')')
+    if start == -1 or end < start:
+        sys.exit(f'{CHANGELOG}: the first line has no version: {first}')
+    full = first[start + 1:end]
+    return full.rsplit('-', 1)[0] if '-' in full else full
+
+
+def main():
+    global DRY_RUN
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.splitlines()[0])
+    parser.add_argument('-m', '--message', help='commit message; default: the summary line of the newest changelog entry, a line without "*" between blank lines right after its header')
+    parser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', action='store_true', help='print the git commands instead of running them')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-push', action='store_true', help='commit and tag, but do not push')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    DRY_RUN = args.dry_run
+
+    message = args.message or summary()
+    if not message:
+        sys.exit(f'no commit message: pass -m, or start the newest entry of {CHANGELOG} with a summary line '
+                 'without "*", indented by two spaces, with a blank line above and below it')
+    tag = version()
+    if subprocess.run(['git', 'rev-parse', '-q', '--verify', f'refs/tags/{tag}'], cwd=ROOT,
+                      capture_output=True).returncode == 0:
+        sys.exit(f'tag {tag} exists; add a new changelog entry first')
+
+    git('add', '-A')
+    git('commit', '-m', message)
+    git('tag', tag)
+    if not args.no_push:
+        git('push', 'origin', 'main', '--tags')
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
slawek	8782edff0f	fix: the status page shows whether the Router Manager runs. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-24 12:50:49 +02:00
slawek	fe17e83b49	feature: every user manages their own account through /account. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 12:44:49 +02:00
slawek	17331eea37	feature: the status page shows the Router Manager's version. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-24 12:16:02 +02:00
slawek	af3127d1e8	feature: Manager-only accounts, and the Router Manager's first administrator. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-24 11:56:58 +02:00
slawek	b1e6d9cd0b	fix: the web service starts once libpq can be found. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-24 11:07:45 +02:00
slawek	732cc8cb54	fix: the web service waits for the PostgreSQL driver instead of failing at start. Release / release (push) Successful in 25s Details	2026-10-24 10:43:51 +02:00
slawek	c0cd323a0c	feature: bootstrap diagnostics on port 17081 during the first setup. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-24 10:07:22 +02:00
slawek	2e2bacee7d	feature: the web service creates its key and database itself and shows its starting phase. Release / release (push) Successful in 29s Details	2026-10-24 09:07:28 +02:00
slawek	4f1aa282f6	fix: a failing user directory or token database no longer leaves the tunnels down. Release / release (push) Failing after 15m34s Details	2026-10-24 08:55:25 +02:00
slawek	caf0e334f0	feature: users sign in to the web service, and only members of admins manage the router. Release / release (push) Failing after 16m57s Details	2026-10-24 04:19:01 +02:00
slawek	791fc7fddd	feature: users can be enrolled for TOTP one-time passwords. Release / release (push) Failing after 15m23s Details	2026-10-24 03:00:35 +02:00
slawek	f135d776f8	fix: package upgrades no longer ask the configuration questions. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-24 02:16:19 +02:00
slawek	cda33fc4c7	fix: an upgrade keeps the configuration and asks nothing. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-24 02:08:23 +02:00
slawek	08693f7e68	feature: users have a first name, a last name and an e-mail address. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 01:47:50 +02:00
slawek	b9003bacb9	update: the status web service listens on port 7081 by default. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 01:14:21 +02:00
slawek	0bf78b16b1	feature: users and their certificates no longer need a P2S system enabled. Release / release (push) Successful in 21s Details	2026-10-24 00:00:44 +02:00
slawek	0ff74cc8c9	feature: the firewall lets the Router Manager in on the internal interface. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 23:24:59 +02:00
slawek	a7b29e0655	fix: the status always shows the state of slapd. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-23 22:59:17 +02:00
slawek	c377801be0	fix: /config no longer shows secret options. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 22:48:31 +02:00
slawek	a4cffb67e4	fix: the web service works in every state of the router. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 22:35:53 +02:00
slawek	cc6748a622	update: Added OpenLDAP and OpenVPN to the router. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 21:55:03 +02:00
slawek	609921348b	fix: incorrect swanctl parsing. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 20:56:52 +02:00