fix: vpn-router-setup runs on a new installation once libpq can be found.

fix: the router's IPsec remote access is called IKEv2 instead of road-warrior.
fix: the name server is the primary of any number of domains, each with secondary name servers and a switch for the records of the sites.
2026-10-28 21:41:52 +01:00 · 2026-10-27 08:46:36 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 21:26:47 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 20:58:33 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 20:43:33 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 20:37:58 +01:00
95 changed files with 16794 additions and 1205 deletions
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 set -e
 . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule

+# An upgrade (configure with the old version) asks nothing; vpn-router.json holds the
+# configuration, and dpkg-reconfigure asks the questions again.
+if [ "$1" = "configure" ] && [ -n "$2" ]; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
 # Every question has a default, so a non-interactive install with nothing
 # preseeded completes without prompting. The defaults are platform "none" and
 # mode "manual", which together mean: install the files, configure nothing.
@@ -45,6 +51,7 @@ db_input high vpn-router/remote_addrs || true
 db_input high vpn-router/remote_id || true
 db_input high vpn-router/remote_cidrs || true
 db_input high vpn-router/psk || true
+db_input high vpn-router/pki_root_name || true
 db_input high vpn-router/p2s_enabled || true
 db_input high vpn-router/wg_enabled || true
 db_go || true
@@ -52,7 +59,6 @@ db_go || true
 db_get vpn-router/p2s_enabled
 if [ "$RET" = "true" ]; then
    db_input high vpn-router/p2s_address_pool || true
-    db_input high vpn-router/p2s_ca_name || true
    db_go || true
 fi

@@ -17,16 +17,52 @@ Depends: ${misc:Depends},
         ufw,
         debconf,
         ucf,
-         openssl,
         python3,
+         python3-cryptography,
         python3-jinja2,
+         python3-ldap,
+         python3-pyotp,
+         python3-fido2,
+         python3-jwt,
+         python3-oauthlib,
+         python3-psycopg,
+         python3-psutil,
+         python3-prometheus-client,
+         postgresql,
+         slapd,
+         nslcd,
+         libnss-ldapd,
+         libpam-ldapd,
+         sudo,
+         openvpn,
+         openvpn-auth-ldap,
         iproute2,
-         systemd-resolved
-Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, road-warrior and WireGuard support
+         systemd-resolved,
+         dnsmasq-base,
+         zstd
+Recommends: bash-completion
+Suggests: caddy,
+          rclone,
+          pdns-server,
+          pdns-backend-pgsql,
+          proxmox-backup-client-static
+Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, IKEv2, OpenVPN and WireGuard support
 Configures a Linux host or virtual machine as a VPN router: site-to-site
- IKEv2 IPSec (strongSwan swanctl), optional road-warrior access using EAP-TLS,
- optional WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and firewall rules a
- router needs. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud provider.
+ IKEv2 IPSec (strongSwan swanctl) with pre-shared keys or certificates,
+ optional IKEv2 access using EAP-TLS, optional OpenVPN with a
+ certificate and a password per user, kept in a local LDAP directory, optional
+ WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and firewall rules a router
+ needs. Its two-level CA, whose root may be kept offline, has issuing CAs for
+ the VPN clients, for site-to-site and for general use, and publishes their
+ certificates and CRLs. Caddy, installed by the package from the Ubuntu
+ archive or from Caddy's repository, serves HTTPS and static web sites, whose
+ files are uploaded through the web service or WebDAV, an optional PowerDNS
+ name server answers for a zone of the sites, and an optional OpenID
+ Provider signs the directory's users in to other systems. It keeps metrics of the
+ router in PostgreSQL and serves them for an OpenTelemetry Collector, and
+ makes scheduled backups to a local folder, copied to the cloud with rclone,
+ or to a Proxmox Backup Server. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud
+ provider.
 .
 Settings live in /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json, which is created on first
 install and owned by the administrator afterwards. Editing it and restarting
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ etc/vpn-router
 usr/lib/vpn-router
 usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_platforms
 usr/share/vpn-router/templates
+var/lib/vpn-router/sites
@@ -1,10 +1,41 @@
 src/etc/sysctl.d/99-vpn-router.conf                   etc/sysctl.d/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
-src/usr/lib/vpn-router/simple-ca                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_net.py               usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_serve.py             usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_users.py             usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_passkeys.py          usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_auth.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_oidc.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_metrics.py           usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_status.py            usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_backup.py            usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_pki.py               usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_sites.py             usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_dns.py               usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/install-packages               usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/webdav-auth                    usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-issuer                 usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user                          usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-group                         usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-token                         usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-config-edit                          usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-backup                        usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-ca                            usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-caddy                         usr/sbin/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-site                          usr/sbin/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/configure                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/docker-rules                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup                          usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web                            usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/metrics                        usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/bootstrap                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq                 usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/generate-config                usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_platforms/*.py       usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_platforms/
 src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/*                  usr/share/vpn-router/templates/
+src/usr/share/vpn-router/sql/*                        usr/share/vpn-router/sql/
+src/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/*.bash      usr/share/bash-completion/completions/
+src/usr/lib/systemd/system/caddy.service.d/vpn-router.conf usr/lib/systemd/system/caddy.service.d/
 src/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example  usr/share/doc/vpn-router/
@@ -2,28 +2,39 @@
 set -e
 . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule

+# The answer to a question in ANSWER, or "" when the question has not been seen; the
+# default debconf holds for an unseen question is not an answer.
+answer() {
+    ANSWER=""
+    db_fget "$1" seen
+    if [ "$RET" = "true" ]; then
+        db_get "$1"
+        ANSWER="$RET"
+    fi
+}
+
 case "$1" in
    configure)
        # --- Read the installer's answers ---
-        db_get vpn-router/platform;         VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/mode;             VPN_ROUTER_MODE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/int_addr;         VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/external_interface; VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/internal_interface; VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_fqdn;       VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_id_mode;    VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/local_cidrs;      VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/int_gateway_ip;   VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_addrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_id;        VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/remote_cidrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/psk;              VPN_ROUTER_PSK="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_enabled;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_address_pool; VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/p2s_ca_name;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_CA_NAME="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_enabled;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_address;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS="$RET"
-        db_get vpn-router/wg_listen_port;   VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT="$RET"
+        answer vpn-router/platform;         VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/mode;             VPN_ROUTER_MODE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/int_addr;         VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/external_interface; VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/internal_interface; VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_fqdn;       VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_id_mode;    VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/local_cidrs;      VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/int_gateway_ip;   VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_addrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_id;        VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/remote_cidrs;     VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/psk;              VPN_ROUTER_PSK="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/p2s_enabled;      VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/p2s_address_pool; VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/pki_root_name;    VPN_ROUTER_PKI_ROOT_NAME="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_enabled;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_address;       VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS="$ANSWER"
+        answer vpn-router/wg_listen_port;   VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT="$ANSWER"

        export VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM VPN_ROUTER_MODE VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR \
               VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE \
@@ -33,7 +44,7 @@ case "$1" in
               VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID \
               VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS VPN_ROUTER_PSK \
               VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL \
-               VPN_ROUTER_P2S_CA_NAME VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED \
+               VPN_ROUTER_PKI_ROOT_NAME VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED \
               VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT

        # --- Hand a candidate configuration to ucf ---
@@ -59,6 +70,14 @@ case "$1" in
        # The firewall is not touched here. Enabling it, allowing SSH and
        # setting the forward policy all belong to vpn-router-setup, which does
        # them only once the configuration says this host is a router.
+
+        # The setup and web services wait for libpq in the linker cache, which
+        # dpkg refreshes after this script, so they are started without waiting
+        # for them.
+        if [ -d /run/systemd/system ]; then
+            systemctl --no-block restart vpn-router-setup.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            systemctl --no-block restart vpn-router-web.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        fi
        ;;
 esac

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ strip_ufw_blocks() {

    tmp="$(mktemp)"
    awk '
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|BOOTSTRAP|MANAGER|HTTPS|METRICS|SITES|DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
            skip = 1; pending = 0; next
        }
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|BOOTSTRAP|MANAGER|HTTPS|METRICS|SITES|DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
            skip = 0; next
        }
        skip { next }
@@ -43,14 +43,56 @@ case "$1" in
            ucfr --purge vpn-router /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json
        fi

-        rm -f /etc/swanctl/conf.d/remote-site.conf \
+        rm -f /etc/swanctl/conf.d/site-to-site.conf \
              /etc/swanctl/conf.d/road-warrior.conf \
              /etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/p2s-forwarder.conf \
+              /etc/vpn-router/dnsmasq.conf \
              /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf \
-              /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf \
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ldap.conf \
+              /etc/caddy/vpn-router.Caddyfile \
+              /etc/powerdns/pdns.d/vpn-router.conf \
+              /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json \
+              /etc/vpn-router/web.key \
+              /etc/vpn-router/oidc.key \
+              /etc/vpn-router/metrics.secret \
+              /etc/systemd/system/vpn-router-backup.timer.d/schedule.conf \
+              /etc/sudoers.d/vpn-router \
+              /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/vpn-router.conf \
+              /var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done \
+              /var/lib/vpn-router/backup.json
+        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /etc/systemd/system/vpn-router-backup.timer.d 2>/dev/null || true
+        # The name service no longer looks up the console accounts of the router's directory.
+        sed -i '/^passwd:/s/ ldap\b//' /etc/nsswitch.conf
+        rm -rf /var/lib/vpn-router/backup/staging /var/lib/vpn-router/backup/restore \
+               /var/lib/vpn-router/pki-publish /etc/caddy/vpn-router-pki /etc/caddy/vpn-router-sites \
+               /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ca.pem /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-crl.pem
+        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /var/lib/vpn-router/backup /var/lib/vpn-router 2>/dev/null || true

-        # Key material is not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki, the WireGuard
-        # key pair and everything under /etc/swanctl are left in place.
+        # The refresh tokens' database and role, when the package created them.
+        if [ -f /etc/vpn-router/database.secret ] && command -v psql >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "vpn-router"' || true
+            runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c 'DROP ROLE IF EXISTS "vpn-router"' || true
+        fi
+        rm -f /etc/vpn-router/database.secret
+
+        # The databases and roles of the web sites and of the name server, when the package created them.
+        for database in vpn-router-sites vpn-router-dns; do
+            secret="/etc/vpn-router/${database#vpn-router-}-database.secret"
+            if [ -f "$secret" ] && command -v psql >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS \"$database\"" || true
+                runuser -u postgres -- psql -X -q -c "DROP ROLE IF EXISTS \"$database\"" || true
+            fi
+            rm -f "$secret"
+        done
+
+        # Key material, users and content are not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki,
+        # /etc/vpn-router/ldap, /etc/vpn-router/rclone.conf, the user directory
+        # in slapd, the WireGuard key pair, everything under /etc/swanctl, the
+        # files of the web sites in /var/lib/vpn-router/sites, the backups and
+        # what a restore replaced are left in place. Caddy, rclone and PowerDNS
+        # stay installed, so Caddy's repository, which vpn-router-caddy
+        # configures, stays too.
        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /etc/vpn-router 2>/dev/null || true
        ;;
 esac
@@ -6,20 +6,29 @@ case "$1" in
        # Stop offering the tunnels, but leave strongSwan itself enabled: it is
        # a shared service and may be in use by something other than this
        # package. The connection files are removed on purge.
+        # The site-to-site connections are the names of site_to_site in vpn-router.json.
        if [ -d /run/systemd/system ]; then
-            swanctl --terminate --ike remote-site >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            connections="$(python3 -c 'import json, sys; print(" ".join(json.load(open(sys.argv[1])).get("site_to_site", {})))' \
+                /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json 2>/dev/null || true)"
+            for connection in $connections; do
+                swanctl --terminate --ike "$connection" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            done
            swanctl --terminate --ike road-warrior >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
        fi

-        # This package enabled wg-quick@wg0, so it takes it down again. Use the
-        # debhelper wrappers rather than systemctl, so the script behaves on a
-        # machine without systemd.
-        if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-invoke stop wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
-        if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-helper disable wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
+        # vpn-router-setup enabled wg-quick@wg0, openvpn-server@vpn-router,
+        # caddy, vpn-router-metrics, the backup timer and the PKI timer, so the
+        # package takes them down again. Use the debhelper wrappers rather than
+        # systemctl, so the script behaves on a machine without systemd.
+        for unit in wg-quick@wg0.service openvpn-server@vpn-router.service caddy.service vpn-router-metrics.service \
+                vpn-router-backup.timer vpn-router-pki.timer; do
+            if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-invoke stop "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+            if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-helper disable "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+        done
        ;;
 esac

@@ -3,5 +3,14 @@
 	dh $@

 override_dh_installsystemd:
-	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-setup
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-setup --no-start
 	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-docker
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-web --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-metrics --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-bootstrap --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-backup --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-pki --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-caddy --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-webdav --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-resolver --no-enable --no-start
+	dh_installsystemd --name=vpn-router-install@ --no-enable --no-start
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Choices: none, generic, azure, gcp
 Default: none
 Description: Platform:
 Which platform this router runs on. The choice loads platform-specific
- additions, such as the provider DNS resolver for road-warrior clients.
+ additions, such as the provider DNS resolver for IKEv2 clients.
 .
 none defers configuration entirely: the package installs its files and
 changes nothing on the machine. Choose it when the router will be configured
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Type: string
 Default:
 Description: Local router FQDN:
 Fully-qualified domain name of this router (for example
- router.example.com). Used as the road-warrior server identity and
+ router.example.com). Used as the IKEv2 server identity and
 certificate common name.

 Template: vpn-router/local_id_mode
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ Type: select
 Choices: fqdn, public_ip, internal_ip
 Default: fqdn
 Description: IKE local identity mode:
- How to derive the IKE identity advertised to the remote site:
+ How to derive the IKE identity the first site-to-site connection
+ advertises to the remote site:
 .
 fqdn - use the FQDN, which must match what the peer expects.
 .
@@ -78,8 +79,9 @@ Template: vpn-router/local_cidrs
 Type: string
 Default:
 Description: Local subnet CIDR(s):
- Comma-separated list of local subnet CIDRs to advertise into the
- site-to-site tunnel (for example 10.0.0.0/24 or 10.0.0.0/24,10.0.1.0/24).
+ Comma-separated list of local subnet CIDRs routed by this router and
+ advertised into the first site-to-site connection (for example
+ 10.0.0.0/24 or 10.0.0.0/24,10.0.1.0/24).

 Template: vpn-router/int_gateway_ip
 Type: string
@@ -94,48 +96,48 @@ Type: string
 Default:
 Description: Remote site WAN IP address(es):
 Comma-separated list of remote gateway addresses or FQDNs for the
- site-to-site IPSec tunnel.
+ first site-to-site connection.

 Template: vpn-router/remote_id
 Type: string
 Default:
 Description: Remote site IKE identity:
- IKE identity of the remote peer, without a leading @.
+ IKE identity of the remote peer of the first site-to-site connection,
+ without a leading @.

 Template: vpn-router/remote_cidrs
 Type: string
 Default:
 Description: Remote subnet CIDR(s):
 Comma-separated list of remote subnet CIDRs reachable through the
- site-to-site tunnel (for example 192.168.0.0/24).
+ first site-to-site connection (for example 192.168.0.0/24).

 Template: vpn-router/psk
 Type: password
 Description: Pre-shared key (PSK):
- Pre-shared key for the site-to-site IKEv2 tunnel. Must match the value
+ Pre-shared key of the first site-to-site connection. Must match the value
 configured on the remote peer. Stored in the configuration file and cleared
 from the debconf database after installation.

 Template: vpn-router/p2s_enabled
 Type: boolean
 Default: false
-Description: Enable road-warrior (P2S) access?
+Description: Enable IKEv2 access?
 If enabled, this router accepts IKEv2 EAP-TLS connections from individual
- clients. Certificates are taken from /etc/vpn-router/pki, and a local
- certificate authority is created there if that directory is empty.
+ clients, with certificates of the router's P2S issuing CA.

 Template: vpn-router/p2s_address_pool
 Type: string
 Default:
-Description: Road-warrior address pool:
- CIDR block assigned to road-warrior clients (for example 172.16.0.0/24).
+Description: IKEv2 address pool:
+ CIDR block assigned to IKEv2 clients (for example 172.16.0.0/24).

-Template: vpn-router/p2s_ca_name
+Template: vpn-router/pki_root_name
 Type: string
-Default: VPN Router CA
-Description: Road-warrior CA name:
- Common name for the certificate authority created in /etc/vpn-router/pki
- when that directory is empty. Ignored when certificates are supplied.
+Default: VPN Router Root CA
+Description: Root CA name:
+ Common name of the root certificate authority the router creates in
+ /etc/vpn-router/pki/root. Ignored when a root certificate is placed there.

 Template: vpn-router/wg_enabled
 Type: boolean
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router backup
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target slapd.service postgresql.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/vpn-router-backup run
+Nice=10
+IOSchedulingClass=idle
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router backup schedule
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+
+[Timer]
+OnCalendar=daily
+Persistent=true
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router bootstrap diagnostics page
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+
+# Never enabled: vpn-router-setup starts it until a setup has succeeded, and stops it after that.
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /usr/lib/vpn-router/bootstrap
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=5
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router Caddy installation
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/vpn-router-caddy apply
+TimeoutStartSec=20min
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=VPN Router rules for Docker published ports
 Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
-After=docker.service vpn-router-setup.service
+After=docker.service
 PartOf=docker.service

 [Service]
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router installation of the packages of %i
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/lib/vpn-router/install-packages %i
+TimeoutStartSec=20min
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router metrics service
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target postgresql.service vpn-router-web.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /usr/lib/vpn-router/metrics
+TimeoutStartSec=5min
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=15
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+RuntimeDirectory=vpn-router
+RuntimeDirectoryPreserve=yes
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router PKI maintenance
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/vpn-router-ca maintain
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router PKI maintenance schedule
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+
+[Timer]
+OnCalendar=daily
+Persistent=true
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router DNS resolver of the remote access clients
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target systemd-resolved.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+ConditionPathExists=/etc/vpn-router/dnsmasq.conf
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dnsmasq --keep-in-foreground --pid-file= --log-facility=- --conf-file=/etc/vpn-router/dnsmasq.conf
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=5
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=VPN Router Setup
 Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
-Wants=network-online.target
-After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target postgresql.service
+After=network-online.target docker.service postgresql.service

 [Service]
 Type=oneshot
+ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq
 ExecStart=/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup
 RemainAfterExit=yes

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router status web service
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target postgresql.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/vpn-router/wait-for-libpq
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /usr/lib/vpn-router/web
+TimeoutStartSec=5min
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=15
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+RuntimeDirectory=vpn-router
+RuntimeDirectoryPreserve=yes
+ReadWritePaths=-/etc/vpn-router -/etc/swanctl/x509crl -/etc/openvpn/server -/var/lib/vpn-router/pki-publish -/var/lib/vpn-router/sites
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=VPN Router WebDAV of the web sites' folders
+Documentation=file:/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/README.md
+After=network-online.target slapd.service postgresql.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/rclone serve webdav --addr 127.0.0.1:7446 --auth-proxy /usr/lib/vpn-router/webdav-auth --config /dev/null --cache-dir /var/cache/vpn-router-webdav --vfs-cache-mode writes --umask 022
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=15
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/vpn-router/sites
+CacheDirectory=vpn-router-webdav
+RuntimeDirectory=vpn-router-webdav
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Caddy is the HTTPS proxy of vpn-router: it reads the configuration vpn-router-setup writes, and
+# does not start until that exists.
+[Unit]
+ConditionPathExists=/etc/caddy/vpn-router.Caddyfile
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/caddy run --environ --adapter caddyfile --config /etc/caddy/vpn-router.Caddyfile
+ExecReload=
+ExecReload=/usr/bin/caddy reload --adapter caddyfile --config /etc/caddy/vpn-router.Caddyfile --force
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Serve diagnostics of the router's first setup on PORT, with the Python standard library alone.
+
+Run by vpn-router-bootstrap.service, which vpn-router-setup starts until a setup has succeeded and
+then stops. Every request on any address answers, as plain text, the output of COMMANDS run at that
+moment: the state of the last setup run, the state of the services, the addresses, and the end of
+the logs.
+"""
+
+import subprocess
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+
+PORT = 17081
+
+#: The title of each section and its command.
+COMMANDS = (
+    ('Setup state', ['cat', '/run/vpn-router/setup.json']),
+    ('Services', ['systemctl', 'is-active', 'vpn-router-setup', 'vpn-router-web', 'slapd', 'postgresql',
+                  'strongswan', 'openvpn-server@vpn-router', 'wg-quick@wg0']),
+    ('Failed units', ['systemctl', '--failed', '--no-legend', '--plain']),
+    ('Addresses', ['ip', '-brief', 'address']),
+    ('Routes', ['ip', 'route']),
+    ('cloud-init', ['cloud-init', 'status', '--long']),
+    ('vpn-router-setup log', ['journalctl', '--unit', 'vpn-router-setup', '--lines', '60', '--no-pager', '--output', 'short-iso']),
+    ('vpn-router-web log', ['journalctl', '--unit', 'vpn-router-web', '--lines', '30', '--no-pager', '--output', 'short-iso']),
+)
+
+
+def report():
+    """The output of every command of COMMANDS under its title."""
+    sections = []
+    for title, command in COMMANDS:
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
+            text = (result.stdout + result.stderr).rstrip()
+        except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as exc:
+            text = f'cannot run {command[0]}: {exc}'
+        sections.append(f'== {title} ==\n{text}\n')
+    return '\n'.join(sections)
+
+
+class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def do_GET(self):
+        body = report().encode()
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(body)))
+        self.send_header('Cache-Control', 'no-store')
+        self.send_header('Refresh', '10')
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(body)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    ThreadingHTTPServer(('', PORT), Handler).serve_forever()
@@ -6,22 +6,21 @@ Called from postinst, which hands the result to ucf(1). ucf compares it with
 this script never writes to /etc and never has to worry about destroying an
 administrator's edits.

-The candidate is built in three layers, each overriding the one before:
-
-  1. the shipped defaults
-  2. the current contents of /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json, if it exists
-  3. any debconf answer that was actually given
-
-Layer 2 is what makes reconfiguration safe: a setting the administrator edited
-by hand, and that debconf has nothing to say about, is carried through
-unchanged, so ucf only sees a diff where something really changed. An empty
-answer means "leave alone", which is why clearing the pre-shared key from the
-debconf database after installation does not blank it on the next
-dpkg-reconfigure.
+The candidate is the current /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json as it is, or the
+shipped defaults when there is none, with every debconf answer that was given
+written over it. Without an answer that changes it, the candidate is the current
+file byte for byte, so
+an upgrade or a reconfiguration that changes nothing gives ucf nothing to ask;
+defaults the file leaves out are applied by vpnrouter.load_config() when the
+file is read. An empty answer means "leave alone", which is why clearing the
+pre-shared key from the debconf database after installation does not blank it
+on the next dpkg-reconfigure.

 Answers arrive as VPN_ROUTER_* environment variables and are converted to the
 type of the setting they fill: comma-separated lists become arrays, "true" and
-"false" become booleans and digits become integers.
+"false" become booleans and digits become integers. The site-to-site answers
+fill the connection vpnrouter.FIRST_CONNECTION of site_to_site; the local
+subnets fill both its local_cidrs and local.cidrs.
 """

 import json
@@ -32,27 +31,29 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))

 import vpnrouter

-# environment variable -> (section, option)
+FIRST = ('site_to_site', vpnrouter.FIRST_CONNECTION)
+
+# environment variable -> the settings it fills, each (section, option) or (site_to_site, name, option)
 ANSWERS = {
-    'VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM':        ('general', 'platform'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_MODE':            ('general', 'mode'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR':        ('local', 'int_addr'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE': ('interfaces', 'external'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE': ('interfaces', 'internal'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN':      ('wan', 'local_fqdn'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE':   ('wan', 'local_id_mode'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS':     ('local', 'cidrs'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP':  ('local', 'int_gateway_ip'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS':    ('remote', 'addrs'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID':       ('remote', 'id'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS':    ('remote', 'cidrs'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_PSK':             ('remote', 'psk'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED':     ('p2s', 'enabled'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL': ('p2s', 'address_pool'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_P2S_CA_NAME':     ('p2s', 'ca_name'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED':      ('wireguard', 'enabled'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS':      ('wireguard', 'address'),
-    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT':  ('wireguard', 'listen_port'),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_PLATFORM':        (('general', 'platform'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_MODE':            (('general', 'mode'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_INT_ADDR':        (('local', 'int_addr'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE': (('interfaces', 'external'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_INTERNAL_INTERFACE': (('interfaces', 'internal'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_FQDN':      (('wan', 'local_fqdn'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_ID_MODE':   ((*FIRST, 'local_id_mode'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_LOCAL_CIDRS':     (('local', 'cidrs'), (*FIRST, 'local_cidrs')),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_INT_GATEWAY_IP':  (('local', 'int_gateway_ip'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ADDRS':    ((*FIRST, 'addrs'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_ID':       ((*FIRST, 'id'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_REMOTE_CIDRS':    ((*FIRST, 'cidrs'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_PSK':             ((*FIRST, 'psk'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ENABLED':     (('p2s', 'enabled'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_P2S_ADDRESS_POOL': (('p2s', 'address_pool'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_PKI_ROOT_NAME':   (('pki', 'root_name'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_ENABLED':      (('wireguard', 'enabled'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_ADDRESS':      (('wireguard', 'address'),),
+    'VPN_ROUTER_WG_LISTEN_PORT':  (('wireguard', 'listen_port'),),
 }


@@ -62,25 +63,51 @@ def main():
        return 2
    output = sys.argv[1]

-    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    try:
+        current = vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        current = None
+    if current is None:
+        cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    else:
+        try:
+            cfg = json.loads(current)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: {exc}')
+        if not isinstance(cfg, dict):
+            vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: the top level is not an object')

-    for variable, (section, option) in ANSWERS.items():
-        value = os.environ.get(variable)
-        if not value:
+    answered = False
+    for variable, paths in ANSWERS.items():
+        answer = os.environ.get(variable)
+        if not answer:
            continue
-        # A value that does not convert is kept as a string for validate() to report.
-        default = vpnrouter.SCHEMA[section][option]
-        if isinstance(default, bool):
-            value = value == 'true'
-        elif isinstance(default, int):
-            value = int(value) if value.isdigit() else value
-        elif isinstance(default, list):
-            value = [item.strip() for item in value.split(',') if item.strip()]
-        cfg[section][option] = value
+        for path in paths:
+            # A value that does not convert is kept as a string for validate() to report.
+            default = vpnrouter.CONNECTION[path[2]] if path[0] == 'site_to_site' else vpnrouter.SCHEMA[path[0]][path[1]]
+            value = answer
+            if isinstance(default, bool):
+                value = value == 'true'
+            elif isinstance(default, int):
+                value = int(value) if value.isdigit() else value
+            elif isinstance(default, list):
+                value = [item.strip() for item in value.split(',') if item.strip()]
+            target = cfg
+            for key in path[:-1]:
+                if not isinstance(target.setdefault(key, {}), dict):
+                    vpnrouter.fail(f'cannot parse {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}: {".".join(path[:-1])} is not an object')
+                target = target[key]
+            if target.get(path[-1]) != value:
+                target[path[-1]] = value
+                answered = True

+    # Without a change the candidate is the current file byte for byte, as ucf compares checksums.
    with open(output, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as handle:
-        json.dump(cfg, handle, indent=2)
-        handle.write('\n')
+        if current is not None and not answered:
+            handle.write(current)
+        else:
+            json.dump(cfg, handle, indent=2)
+            handle.write('\n')
    os.chmod(output, 0o600)
    return 0

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Install the packages of a feature from the Ubuntu archive, then restart vpn-router-setup without waiting.
+
+Run by vpn-router-install@<feature>.service, which vpn-router-setup starts when the feature is on and its packages are
+missing: webdav (rclone) and dns (PowerDNS with its gpgsql backend). Recommended packages are left out, so PowerDNS
+comes without its bind backend. A failure is a message on standard error and the exit status 1.
+
+  install-packages FEATURE
+"""
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+#: The packages of each feature.
+FEATURES = {'webdav': ['rclone'], 'dns': ['pdns-server', 'pdns-backend-pgsql']}
+
+#: apt-get, waiting up to ten minutes for dpkg's lock, which a package installation that runs setup holds.
+APT = ['apt-get', '-o', 'DPkg::Lock::Timeout=600']
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2 or sys.argv[1] not in FEATURES:
+        sys.exit(f'usage: install-packages {"|".join(FEATURES)}')
+    environment = dict(os.environ, DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive')
+    for args in ([*APT, 'update'], [*APT, '-y', '--no-install-recommends', '-o', 'Dpkg::Options::=--force-confdef',
+                                    '-o', 'Dpkg::Options::=--force-confold', 'install', *FEATURES[sys.argv[1]]]):
+        print(f'$ {" ".join(args)}', flush=True)
+        if subprocess.run(args, env=environment).returncode != 0:
+            sys.exit(f'install-packages: {args[0]} failed')
+    subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'restart', '--no-block', 'vpn-router-setup.service'])
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Collect the metrics of the router, keep them in PostgreSQL, serve them for scraping and push them with OTLP.
+
+Run by vpn-router-metrics.service while metrics.enabled is true; vpn-router-setup enables and
+disables the unit.
+
+Every SAMPLE_SECONDS, on the minute, a sample is taken with psutil: the CPU utilization since the
+previous sample, the memory used and in total, the free and the total space of /, the bytes
+received and sent per second on the external and the internal interface, and the load averages;
+and the VPN clients of each enabled VPN system (vpnrouter_status): IKEv2 (p2s) and
+OpenVPN clients and WireGuard peers with a recent handshake; and of each site-to-site connection
+that is set up, whether it is up, the bytes and packets per second through its child SAs since
+the previous sample, and how long its IKE SA has been up. The interfaces, the enabled systems and
+the connections are those vpn-router-setup resolved, read from /run/vpn-router/web.json.
+
+The sample is written to the detail tables of vpnrouter_metrics. When the clock has passed into
+a new hour, day, month or year, the complete periods are summarized, and once a day, after the
+daily summary, the rows older than their retention are deleted; both also run on start. A
+failure of the database is logged and tried again with the next sample.
+
+GET /metrics answers the last sample in the Prometheus text format, written by
+prometheus_client, with OpenTelemetry semantic convention names in their Prometheus form, for an
+OpenTelemetry Collector's prometheus receiver. It needs HTTP Basic authentication as the service
+account metrics.service_account names, which vpn-router-setup keeps with the password in
+/etc/vpn-router/metrics.secret, checked with a bind to the router's directory, so failed attempts
+lock the account as for any user. The service listens on the interfaces metrics.listen
+names and on the loopback address, where Caddy serves it over HTTPS at metrics.https_port; the
+address of a call through Caddy is the last entry of its X-Forwarded-For header.
+
+When metrics.otlp_endpoint is set, every sample is also pushed there as an OTLP/HTTP JSON
+ExportMetricsServiceRequest, with HTTP Basic authentication when metrics.otlp_username is set.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import datetime
+import json
+import os
+import signal
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+
+import ldap
+import psutil
+from prometheus_client import CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, generate_latest
+from prometheus_client.core import CollectorRegistry, CounterMetricFamily, GaugeMetricFamily
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_metrics
+import vpnrouter_net
+import vpnrouter_serve
+import vpnrouter_status
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+STATE_FILE = '/run/vpn-router/web.json'
+CONFIG_FILE = '/etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json'
+
+SAMPLE_SECONDS = 60
+
+#: Seconds between two discoveries of where the service should listen.
+DISCOVERY_SECONDS = 30
+
+#: Seconds an OTLP push may take.
+OTLP_TIMEOUT = 10
+
+#: The mount point whose space is measured.
+MOUNTPOINT = '/'
+
+#: The last sample, as sample() makes it, or None before the first.
+_latest = {'sample': None}
+_latest_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def log(message):
+    print(f'vpn-router-metrics: {message}', file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
+
+
+def read_json(path):
+    """The object in a JSON file, or {} when the file is missing or holds no object."""
+    try:
+        with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            data = json.load(handle)
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        return {}
+    return data if isinstance(data, dict) else {}
+
+
+def section(configuration, name):
+    """A section of the configuration, or {} when it is missing or not an object."""
+    value = configuration.get(name)
+    return value if isinstance(value, dict) else {}
+
+
+def clients(state):
+    """The VPN clients of each enabled VPN system, None where it cannot be asked."""
+    counts = {}
+    if state.get('p2s'):
+        counts['p2s'] = vpnrouter_status.established('road-warrior')
+    if state.get('openvpn'):
+        counts['openvpn'] = vpnrouter_status.openvpn_clients()
+    if state.get('wireguard'):
+        counts['wireguard'] = vpnrouter_status.wireguard_connected()
+    return counts
+
+
+def sample(previous):
+    """A sample of the router, with the rates since the previous sample, None for the first."""
+    state = read_json(STATE_FILE)
+    network = section(state, 'network')
+    names = [name for name in dict.fromkeys((network.get('external_interface'), network.get('internal_interface')))
+             if isinstance(name, str) and name]
+    counters = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+    memory = psutil.virtual_memory()
+    disk = psutil.disk_usage(MOUNTPOINT)
+    load1, load5, load15 = os.getloadavg()
+    connections = state.get('site_to_site')
+    tunnels = vpnrouter_status.site_to_site_tunnels(connections) if isinstance(connections, list) and connections else {}
+    now = time.time()
+    current = {
+        'time': now,
+        'monotonic': time.monotonic(),
+        'system': {
+            'cpu': psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None),
+            'memory_used': memory.total - memory.available,
+            'memory_total': memory.total,
+            'disk_free': disk.free,
+            'disk_total': disk.total,
+            'load1': load1,
+            'load5': load5,
+            'load15': load15,
+        },
+        'counters': {name: (counters[name].bytes_recv, counters[name].bytes_sent) for name in names if name in counters},
+        'clients': clients(state),
+        'rates': {},
+        'tunnels': tunnels or {},
+        'site_to_site': {},
+    }
+    elapsed = current['monotonic'] - previous['monotonic'] if previous is not None else 0
+    if elapsed > 0:
+        for name, (received, sent) in current['counters'].items():
+            if name in previous['counters']:
+                before_received, before_sent = previous['counters'][name]
+                current['rates'][name] = (max(received - before_received, 0) / elapsed, max(sent - before_sent, 0) / elapsed)
+    # A connection's rates need its counters of the previous sample; a counter that went down was rekeyed and counts from zero.
+    for name, tunnel in current['tunnels'].items():
+        before = previous['tunnels'].get(name) if elapsed > 0 else None
+        values = {'up': tunnel['up'], 'uptime': tunnel['uptime']}
+        for value, counter in (('rx', 'bytes_in'), ('tx', 'bytes_out'), ('packets_rx', 'packets_in'), ('packets_tx', 'packets_out')):
+            if before is None:
+                values[value] = None
+            else:
+                count = tunnel[counter]
+                values[value] = (count - before[counter] if count >= before[counter] else count) / elapsed
+        current['site_to_site'][name] = values
+    return current
+
+
+def periods(moment):
+    """The hour, the day, the month and the year of a UTC moment, keyed by the levels of vpnrouter_metrics.LEVELS."""
+    return {'hourly': moment.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H'), 'daily': moment.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
+            'monthly': moment.strftime('%Y-%m'), 'yearly': moment.strftime('%Y')}
+
+
+def store(cfg, current, done):
+    """Write the sample, summarize the periods the clock has passed and collect the garbage once a day.
+
+    done holds the periods summarized so far, and garbage the day of the last garbage collection;
+    it is updated only for what succeeded.
+    """
+    now = periods(datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc))
+    with vpnrouter_metrics.database(cfg) as connection:
+        vpnrouter_metrics.write(connection, current['system'], current['rates'], current['clients'], current['site_to_site'])
+        for level, _, _ in vpnrouter_metrics.LEVELS:
+            if done.get(level) != now[level]:
+                vpnrouter_metrics.summarize(connection, level)
+                done[level] = now[level]
+        if done.get('garbage') != now['daily']:
+            vpnrouter_metrics.collect_garbage(connection, cfg)
+            done['garbage'] = now['daily']
+
+
+def attributes(**values):
+    """OTLP attributes of string values."""
+    return [{'key': key, 'value': {'stringValue': value}} for key, value in values.items()]
+
+
+def otlp_request(current, started):
+    """The OTLP/HTTP JSON ExportMetricsServiceRequest of a sample; started is when the counters were first read, in Unix seconds."""
+    stamp = str(int(current['time'] * 1e9))
+    start = str(int(started * 1e9))
+    system = current['system']
+
+    def gauge(name, unit, points):
+        return {'name': name, 'unit': unit, 'gauge': {'dataPoints': [
+            {'timeUnixNano': stamp, 'asDouble': float(value), 'attributes': attributes(**labels)}
+            for value, labels in points if value is not None]}}
+
+    metrics = [
+        gauge('system.cpu.utilization', '1', [(system['cpu'] / 100, {})]),
+        gauge('system.memory.usage', 'By', [(system['memory_used'], {'state': 'used'})]),
+        gauge('system.memory.limit', 'By', [(system['memory_total'], {})]),
+        gauge('system.filesystem.usage', 'By', [(system['disk_free'], {'mountpoint': MOUNTPOINT, 'state': 'free'}),
+                                               (system['disk_total'] - system['disk_free'], {'mountpoint': MOUNTPOINT, 'state': 'used'})]),
+        gauge('system.filesystem.utilization', '1',
+              [(1 - system['disk_free'] / system['disk_total'] if system['disk_total'] else None, {'mountpoint': MOUNTPOINT})]),
+        gauge('system.cpu.load_average.1m', '{thread}', [(system['load1'], {})]),
+        gauge('system.cpu.load_average.5m', '{thread}', [(system['load5'], {})]),
+        gauge('system.cpu.load_average.15m', '{thread}', [(system['load15'], {})]),
+        gauge('vpn_router.clients', '{client}', [(count, {'kind': kind}) for kind, count in current['clients'].items()]),
+        gauge('vpn_router.site_to_site.up', '1', [(values['up'], {'connection': name})
+                                                 for name, values in current['site_to_site'].items()]),
+        gauge('vpn_router.site_to_site.uptime', 's', [(values['uptime'], {'connection': name})
+                                                     for name, values in current['site_to_site'].items()]),
+        gauge('vpn_router.site_to_site.io', 'By/s', [(values[value], {'connection': name, 'direction': direction})
+                                                    for name, values in current['site_to_site'].items()
+                                                    for value, direction in (('rx', 'receive'), ('tx', 'transmit'))]),
+        gauge('vpn_router.site_to_site.packets', '{packet}/s',
+              [(values[value], {'connection': name, 'direction': direction})
+               for name, values in current['site_to_site'].items()
+               for value, direction in (('packets_rx', 'receive'), ('packets_tx', 'transmit'))]),
+        {'name': 'system.network.io', 'unit': 'By', 'sum': {
+            'aggregationTemporality': 2, 'isMonotonic': True, 'dataPoints': [
+                {'startTimeUnixNano': start, 'timeUnixNano': stamp, 'asInt': str(value),
+                 'attributes': attributes(device=name, direction=direction)}
+                for name, counters in current['counters'].items()
+                for value, direction in zip(counters, ('receive', 'transmit'))]}},
+    ]
+    return {'resourceMetrics': [{
+        'resource': {'attributes': attributes(**{'service.name': 'vpn-router', 'host.name': socket.gethostname()})},
+        'scopeMetrics': [{'scope': {'name': 'vpn-router-metrics'}, 'metrics': metrics}],
+    }]}
+
+
+def push(metrics, current, started):
+    """Push the sample to metrics.otlp_endpoint; raises OSError when the collector does not take it."""
+    request = urllib.request.Request(metrics['otlp_endpoint'], data=json.dumps(otlp_request(current, started)).encode(),
+                                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, method='POST')
+    if metrics['otlp_username']:
+        credentials = f"{metrics['otlp_username']}:{metrics['otlp_password']}".encode()
+        request.add_header('Authorization', 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode(credentials).decode())
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=OTLP_TIMEOUT) as response:
+        response.read()
+
+
+def collector_loop():
+    """Take a sample on every minute, store it and push it; every new failure is logged once."""
+    previous, done, reported = None, {}, {}
+    started = time.time()
+    psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+
+    def report(kind, message):
+        if message != reported.get(kind):
+            if message:
+                log(message)
+            elif reported.get(kind):
+                log(f'{kind} works again')
+            reported[kind] = message
+
+    while True:
+        time.sleep(SAMPLE_SECONDS - time.time() % SAMPLE_SECONDS)
+        try:
+            cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+        except SystemExit as exc:
+            report('configuration', str(exc.code))
+            continue
+        report('configuration', '')
+        current = sample(previous)
+        previous = current
+        with _latest_lock:
+            _latest['sample'] = current
+        try:
+            store(cfg, current, done)
+            report('database', '')
+        except vpnrouter_metrics.DatabaseError as exc:
+            report('database', str(exc))
+        metrics = cfg['metrics']
+        if metrics['otlp_endpoint']:
+            try:
+                push(metrics, current, started)
+                report('OTLP push', '')
+            except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
+                report('OTLP push', f"pushing to {metrics['otlp_endpoint']} failed: {exc}")
+
+
+class Sample:
+    """A prometheus_client collector of a sample."""
+
+    def __init__(self, current):
+        self.current = current
+
+    def collect(self):
+        system = self.current['system']
+        yield GaugeMetricFamily('system_cpu_utilization', 'CPU utilization since the previous sample, 0 to 1',
+                                value=system['cpu'] / 100)
+        memory = GaugeMetricFamily('system_memory_usage_bytes', 'Memory in use', labels=['state'])
+        memory.add_metric(['used'], system['memory_used'])
+        yield memory
+        yield GaugeMetricFamily('system_memory_limit_bytes', 'Total memory', value=system['memory_total'])
+        usage = GaugeMetricFamily('system_filesystem_usage_bytes', 'Space of the file system', labels=['mountpoint', 'state'])
+        usage.add_metric([MOUNTPOINT, 'free'], system['disk_free'])
+        usage.add_metric([MOUNTPOINT, 'used'], system['disk_total'] - system['disk_free'])
+        yield usage
+        if system['disk_total']:
+            utilization = GaugeMetricFamily('system_filesystem_utilization', 'Used part of the file system, 0 to 1',
+                                            labels=['mountpoint'])
+            utilization.add_metric([MOUNTPOINT], 1 - system['disk_free'] / system['disk_total'])
+            yield utilization
+        for period in ('1m', '5m', '15m'):
+            yield GaugeMetricFamily(f'system_cpu_load_average_{period}', f'Load average over {period}',
+                                    value=system[f'load{period[:-1]}'])
+        network = CounterMetricFamily('system_network_io_bytes', 'Bytes received and sent', labels=['device', 'direction'])
+        for name, (received, sent) in self.current['counters'].items():
+            network.add_metric([name, 'receive'], received)
+            network.add_metric([name, 'transmit'], sent)
+        yield network
+        vpn = GaugeMetricFamily('vpn_router_clients', 'Connected VPN clients', labels=['kind'])
+        for kind, count in self.current['clients'].items():
+            if count is not None:
+                vpn.add_metric([kind], count)
+        yield vpn
+        tunnels = self.current['site_to_site']
+        up = GaugeMetricFamily('vpn_router_site_to_site_up', 'Whether the site-to-site connection is established, 1 or 0',
+                               labels=['connection'])
+        uptime = GaugeMetricFamily('vpn_router_site_to_site_uptime_seconds', 'Seconds the IKE SA of the site-to-site connection has been up',
+                                   labels=['connection'])
+        io = GaugeMetricFamily('vpn_router_site_to_site_io_bytes_per_second',
+                               'Bytes per second received and sent through the site-to-site connection', labels=['connection', 'direction'])
+        packets = GaugeMetricFamily('vpn_router_site_to_site_packets_per_second',
+                                    'Packets per second received and sent through the site-to-site connection',
+                                    labels=['connection', 'direction'])
+        for name, values in tunnels.items():
+            up.add_metric([name], values['up'])
+            if values['uptime'] is not None:
+                uptime.add_metric([name], values['uptime'])
+            for family, received, sent in ((io, 'rx', 'tx'), (packets, 'packets_rx', 'packets_tx')):
+                for value, direction in ((received, 'receive'), (sent, 'transmit')):
+                    if values[value] is not None:
+                        family.add_metric([name, direction], values[value])
+        yield from (up, uptime, io, packets)
+
+
+def authorized(header, account):
+    """Whether an Authorization header holds the password of the service account; LDAP errors propagate."""
+    if not header.startswith('Basic '):
+        return False
+    try:
+        name, _, password = base64.b64decode(header[6:].strip(), validate=True).decode().partition(':')
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+    if name != account:
+        return False
+    try:
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            if not vpnrouter_users.service(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)):
+                return False
+        vpnrouter_users.login(name, password, None)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    def client(self):
+        """The client address: the last X-Forwarded-For entry of a call through Caddy on the loopback address, else the peer."""
+        peer = self.client_address[0]
+        forwarded = self.headers.get('X-Forwarded-For', '')
+        if peer == vpnrouter_net.LOOPBACK and forwarded.strip():
+            return forwarded.split(',')[-1].strip()
+        return peer
+
+    def answer(self, send_body):
+        self.principal = None
+        extra = []
+        path = self.path.split('?', 1)[0]
+        account = str(section(read_json(CONFIG_FILE), 'metrics').get('service_account',
+                                                                       vpnrouter.SCHEMA['metrics']['service_account'])).strip()
+        with _latest_lock:
+            current = _latest['sample']
+        if path != '/metrics':
+            body, kind, code = b'Not found\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 404
+        elif not account:
+            body, kind, code = b'metrics.service_account is not set\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 503
+        else:
+            try:
+                allowed = authorized(self.headers.get('Authorization', ''), account)
+            except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+                allowed = None
+                body, kind, code = f'the user directory failed: {exc}\n'.encode(), 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 500
+            if allowed is False:
+                body, kind, code = b'Unauthorized\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 401
+                extra.append(('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="vpn-router metrics", charset="UTF-8"'))
+            elif allowed:
+                self.principal = account
+                if current is None:
+                    body, kind, code = b'no sample yet\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 503
+                else:
+                    registry = CollectorRegistry()
+                    registry.register(Sample(current))
+                    body, kind, code = generate_latest(registry), CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, 200
+        self.send_response(code)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', kind)
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(body)))
+        self.send_header('Cache-Control', 'no-store')
+        for name, value in extra:
+            self.send_header(name, value)
+        self.end_headers()
+        if send_body:
+            self.wfile.write(body)
+
+    def do_GET(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
+    def do_HEAD(self):
+        self.answer(False)
+
+    def log_message(self, format, *args):
+        principal = getattr(self, 'principal', None) or '-'
+        sys.stderr.write('%s - %s [%s] %s\n' % (self.client(), principal, self.log_date_time_string(), format % args))
+
+
+def wanted():
+    """Where the service listens: the addresses of the interfaces metrics.listen names and LOOPBACK, at metrics.port."""
+    configuration = read_json(CONFIG_FILE)
+    metrics = section(configuration, 'metrics')
+    defaults = vpnrouter.SCHEMA['metrics']
+    if metrics.get('enabled', defaults['enabled']) is False:
+        return [], 'metrics are disabled in the configuration'
+    port = metrics.get('port', defaults['port'])
+    if isinstance(port, bool) or not isinstance(port, int) or not 1 <= port <= 65535:
+        port = defaults['port']
+    addresses = vpnrouter_net.listen_addresses(configuration, metrics.get('listen', defaults['listen']))
+    if not addresses:
+        return [], 'the addresses to listen on are not known yet'
+    return [(address, port) for address in [*addresses, vpnrouter_net.LOOPBACK]], ''
+
+
+def main():
+    signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *_: sys.exit(0))
+    threading.Thread(target=collector_loop, name='collector', daemon=True).start()
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_serve.serve(wanted, Handler, log, DISCOVERY_SECONDS)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Accept an OpenVPN client certificate only when the P2S issuing CA signed it.
+
+Run by the OpenVPN server as tls-verify for each certificate of the client's chain, with its depth and subject as the
+arguments. At depth 1, the CA that signed the client's certificate, the SHA-256 fingerprint OpenVPN gives in
+tls_digest_sha256_1 must be that of P2S_CA; the other depths are accepted.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import ssl
+import sys
+
+P2S_CA = '/etc/swanctl/x509ca/p2s.pem'
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 2 or sys.argv[1] != '1':
+    sys.exit(0)
+try:
+    with open(P2S_CA, encoding='ascii') as handle:
+        expected = hashlib.sha256(ssl.PEM_cert_to_DER_cert(handle.read())).hexdigest()
+except (OSError, ValueError):
+    sys.exit(1)
+given = os.environ.get('tls_digest_sha256_1', '').replace(':', '').lower()
+sys.exit(0 if given == expected else 1)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Accept an OpenVPN login only when the user name is the common name of the client certificate.
+
+Run by the OpenVPN server as auth-user-pass-verify with via-env, next to the LDAP plugin that
+checks the password, so a user's certificate cannot be used with another user's password.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+username = os.environ.get('username', '')
+sys.exit(0 if username and username == os.environ.get('common_name') else 1)
@@ -5,32 +5,120 @@ Regenerates the configuration files first, then does everything that needs
 the live system: routes, DNS-derived identity, WireGuard keys, firewall rules
 and service reloads. Idempotent - a second run changes nothing.

+Until a run has succeeded (SETUP_DONE), every run starts the bootstrap
+services, BOOTSTRAP_UNITS, which show the progress and the failure recorded in
+SETUP_STATE on vpnrouter.BOOTSTRAP_PORTS, and the firewall opens those ports on the
+internal interface. The first successful run writes SETUP_DONE, closes the
+ports and stops the bootstrap services; a failed run leaves them running.
+
 Interface names come from the configuration and are never guessed. The
 firewall and NAT rules are written against them, so choosing the wrong one
 would be a silent and security-relevant mistake.
 """

+import grp
+import json
 import os
 import pathlib
+import re
+import secrets
+import shutil
 import socket
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import time

 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))

+import ldap
+
 import vpnrouter
-from vpnrouter import fail
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_dns
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+import vpnrouter_pki
+import vpnrouter_sites
+import vpnrouter_users
+from vpnrouter import fail, warn

 BEFORE_RULES = pathlib.Path('/etc/ufw/before.rules')
 UFW_DEFAULTS = pathlib.Path('/etc/default/ufw')
 WG_DIR       = pathlib.Path('/etc/wireguard')
+WEB_STATE    = vpnrouter.WEB_STATE
+
+#: The state, the current step and the failure of the last run, which the bootstrap services show.
+SETUP_STATE  = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/setup.json')
+
+#: Written once a run has succeeded; until then setup runs the bootstrap services and opens their ports.
+SETUP_DONE   = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/vpn-router/setup.done')
+
+#: The units of the bootstrap services, whose ports are vpnrouter.BOOTSTRAP_PORTS.
+BOOTSTRAP_UNITS = ('vpn-router-bootstrap.service', 'vpn-router-manager-bootstrap.service')
+
+#: The default admin of the Router Manager, {"username", "password"}, which its package writes from
+#: its debconf answers; setup creates the account and removes the file.
+MANAGER_ADMIN  = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router-manager/admin.json')
+
+#: The password of the metrics service account, which setup makes and keeps (root only).
+METRICS_SECRET = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/metrics.secret')
+
+#: The schedule of the backup timer, written from backup.schedule.
+BACKUP_SCHEDULE = pathlib.Path('/etc/systemd/system/vpn-router-backup.timer.d/schedule.conf')
+
+#: The configuration of Caddy, the HTTPS proxy, which the package's drop-in for caddy.service names;
+#: Caddy runs as the user and group CADDY_GROUP, which the caddy package creates.
+CADDYFILE   = pathlib.Path('/etc/caddy/vpn-router.Caddyfile')
+CADDY_UNIT  = 'caddy.service'
+CADDY_GROUP = 'caddy'
+
+#: The unit that installs Caddy from https.caddy_source with vpn-router-caddy, outside setup.
+CADDY_INSTALL_UNIT = 'vpn-router-caddy.service'
+
+#: The certificates and keys of the issuing CAs behind Caddy's ACME server and the sites of tls ca, <name>/cert.pem and
+#: key.pem.
+CADDY_PKI_DIR = pathlib.Path('/etc/caddy/vpn-router-pki')
+
+#: The certificates and keys of the sites of tls file, <site>/cert.pem and key.pem.
+CADDY_SITES_DIR = pathlib.Path('/etc/caddy/vpn-router-sites')
+
+#: The unit of dnsmasq, the resolver of the remote access clients.
+RESOLVER_UNIT = 'vpn-router-resolver.service'
+
+#: The unit of rclone's WebDAV server of the sites' folders.
+WEBDAV_UNIT = 'vpn-router-webdav.service'
+
+#: The unit that installs the packages of a feature with install-packages, outside setup; {} is the feature.
+INSTALL_UNIT = 'vpn-router-install@{}.service'
+
+#: The timer of vpn-router-ca maintain, which keeps the CRLs fresh.
+PKI_TIMER = 'vpn-router-pki.timer'
+
+#: The system's side of console login (vpnrouter_users.console): nslcd's configuration, which serves the posixAccounts
+#: of the directory with console login on, the name service switch, the sudo rule of their group, and the drop-in of
+#: sshd that lets them sign in with their password while ssh.ldap_login is true.
+NSLCD_CONF = pathlib.Path('/etc/nslcd.conf')
+NSSWITCH = pathlib.Path('/etc/nsswitch.conf')
+SUDOERS = pathlib.Path('/etc/sudoers.d/vpn-router')
+SSHD_DROPIN = pathlib.Path('/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/vpn-router.conf')
+PAM_SESSION = pathlib.Path('/etc/pam.d/common-session')

 FILTER_ANCHOR = '# End required lines'

+#: Configuration options left out wherever the configuration is shown.
+SECRET_OPTION = re.compile(r'(^psk$)|secret|password|token|_key$|^database$')
+
 BLOCKS = (
    ('# IPSEC RULES START',         '# IPSEC RULES END'),
    ('# WIREGUARD RULES START',     '# WIREGUARD RULES END'),
+    ('# OPENVPN RULES START',       '# OPENVPN RULES END'),
    ('# P2S DNS RULES START',       '# P2S DNS RULES END'),
+    ('# WEB RULES START',           '# WEB RULES END'),
+    ('# BOOTSTRAP RULES START',     '# BOOTSTRAP RULES END'),
+    ('# MANAGER RULES START',       '# MANAGER RULES END'),
+    ('# HTTPS RULES START',         '# HTTPS RULES END'),
+    ('# METRICS RULES START',       '# METRICS RULES END'),
+    ('# SITES RULES START',         '# SITES RULES END'),
+    ('# DNS RULES START',           '# DNS RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER FORWARD RULES START', '# ROUTER FORWARD RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER NAT RULES START',    '# ROUTER NAT RULES END'),
    ('# ROUTER MSS RULES START',    '# ROUTER MSS RULES END'),
@@ -114,7 +202,8 @@ def is_configured(ctx):
    a host that was working before.
    """
    return any((vpnrouter.s2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx),
-                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)))
+                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx),
+                vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)))


 def filter_block(ctx):
@@ -139,16 +228,116 @@ def filter_block(ctx):
            '# WIREGUARD RULES END',
        ]

-    if vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx) and ctx['local_addr_list']:
-        pool = ctx['p2s_address_pool']
-        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
-        for address in ctx['local_addr_list']:
+    if vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        device = ctx['openvpn_device']
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# OPENVPN RULES START',
+            f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["wan_iface"]} -p {ctx["openvpn_protocol"]} --dport {ctx["openvpn_port"]} -j ACCEPT',
+        ]
+        for subnet in ctx['local_cidr_list']:
            lines += [
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -i {device} -d {subnet} -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -o {device} -s {subnet} -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT',
            ]
+        lines += ['# OPENVPN RULES END']
+
+    pools = [pool for ready, pool in ((vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), ctx['p2s_address_pool']),
+                                      (vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx), ctx['openvpn_pool']),
+                                      (vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx), ctx['wg_network'])) if ready]
+    # The remote access clients' resolver answers on the addresses of p2s.dns_listen.
+    if pools and ctx['p2s_resolver_addrs']:
+        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
+        for pool in pools:
+            for address in ctx['p2s_resolver_addrs']:
+                lines += [
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                ]
        lines += ['# P2S DNS RULES END']

+    # The web service, the Router Manager and the metrics service choose their interfaces themselves, so their ports are open on both.
+    interfaces = [name for name in (ctx['int_iface'], ctx['wan_iface']) if name]
+    if ctx['web_enabled'] and interfaces:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# WEB RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p tcp --dport {ctx["web_port"]} -j ACCEPT' for name in interfaces),
+            '# WEB RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    if not SETUP_DONE.exists() and ctx['int_iface']:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# BOOTSTRAP RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["int_iface"]} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT'
+              for port in vpnrouter.BOOTSTRAP_PORTS),
+            '# BOOTSTRAP RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    if vpnrouter.MANAGER.exists() and interfaces:
+        port = vpnrouter.manager_port()
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# MANAGER RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT' for name in interfaces),
+            '# MANAGER RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    if vpnrouter.metrics_ready(ctx) and interfaces:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# METRICS RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p tcp --dport {ctx["metrics_port"]} -j ACCEPT' for name in interfaces),
+            '# METRICS RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    # Let's Encrypt reaches the HTTP challenge on the external interface, and the CA files published on port 80 are
+    # read on both; the HTTPS ports are open on both.
+    if vpnrouter.https_ready(ctx) and interfaces:
+        publish = ctx['pki_publish']
+        ports = [port for wanted, port in ((ctx['web_enabled'] or 'https' in publish or ctx['pki_acme'],
+                                            ctx['https_web_port']),
+                                           (vpnrouter.MANAGER.exists(), ctx['https_manager_port']),
+                                           (vpnrouter.metrics_ready(ctx), ctx['metrics_https_port']),
+                                           (vpnrouter.webdav_ready(ctx), ctx['webdav_port']),
+                                           ('http-80' in publish, vpnrouter.ACME_HTTP_PORT),
+                                           ('https-default' in publish, vpnrouter.HTTPS_DEFAULT_PORT)) if wanted]
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# HTTPS RULES START',
+            *([f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["wan_iface"]} -p tcp --dport {vpnrouter.ACME_HTTP_PORT} -j ACCEPT']
+              if ctx['wan_iface'] and 'http-80' not in publish else []),
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT' for name in interfaces for port in ports),
+            '# HTTPS RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    # Each site's port is open on the interfaces of its listen; a site with a certificate of Let's Encrypt needs the HTTP
+    # challenge on the external interface.
+    by_listen = {'internal': [ctx['int_iface']], 'external': [ctx['wan_iface']],
+                 'both': [ctx['int_iface'], ctx['wan_iface']]}
+    sites = ctx['sites'] or []
+    rules = sorted({(name, site['port']) for site in sites for name in by_listen[site['listen']] if name})
+    if ctx['wan_iface'] and any(site['tls'] == 'acme' for site in sites):
+        rules = sorted(set(rules) | {(ctx['wan_iface'], vpnrouter.ACME_HTTP_PORT)})
+    if rules:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# SITES RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p tcp --dport {port} -j ACCEPT' for name, port in rules),
+            '# SITES RULES END',
+        ]
+
+    dns_interfaces = [name for name in by_listen[ctx['dns_listen']] if name] if vpnrouter.dns_ready(ctx) else []
+    if dns_interfaces:
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# DNS RULES START',
+            *(f'-A ufw-before-input -i {name} -p {protocol} --dport 53 -j ACCEPT'
+              for name in dns_interfaces for protocol in ('udp', 'tcp')),
+            '# DNS RULES END',
+        ]
+
    if vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx):
        lines += ['', '# ROUTER FORWARD RULES START']
        for subnet in ctx['local_cidr_list']:
@@ -166,7 +355,6 @@ def nat_and_mangle_block(ctx):

    if vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx):
        subnets = ctx['local_cidr_list']
-        remote = ctx['remote_cidr_list']
        lines += [
            '',
            '# ROUTER NAT RULES START',
@@ -174,11 +362,14 @@ def nat_and_mangle_block(ctx):
            ':POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]',
            '-F POSTROUTING',
        ]
-        # Every RETURN precedes every MASQUERADE, so tunnel-bound traffic
-        # escapes NAT whichever local subnet it came from.
-        for subnet in subnets:
-            for cidr in remote:
-                lines.append(f'-A POSTROUTING -s {subnet} -d {cidr} -j RETURN')
+        # Every RETURN precedes every MASQUERADE, so traffic bound for a tunnel
+        # escapes NAT; each ready connection pairs its local and remote subnets.
+        for connection in ctx['connections']:
+            if not connection['ready']:
+                continue
+            for subnet in connection['local_cidr_list']:
+                for cidr in connection['remote_cidr_list']:
+                    lines.append(f'-A POSTROUTING -s {subnet} -d {cidr} -j RETURN')
        for subnet in subnets:
            lines.append(
                f'-A POSTROUTING -s {subnet} -o {ctx["wan_iface"]} -j MASQUERADE')
@@ -287,6 +478,427 @@ def manage_wireguard(ctx, changed):
        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)


+def manage_directory():
+    """Provision the user directory in slapd, whether or not a P2S system is configured; the problem, or ''."""
+    if vpnrouter_ldap.ensure_services() or not unit_is_active('slapd'):
+        result = run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'slapd'], check=False)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            return f'slapd cannot be restarted: {result.stderr.strip()}'
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_ldap.provision()
+    except Exception as exc:
+        return f'the user directory cannot be provisioned: {exc!r}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def manage_admin():
+    """Create the Router Manager's default admin from MANAGER_ADMIN, then remove the file; the problem, or ''.
+
+    The admin is a Manager-only account and a member of the admins group, which is created with it
+    when it does not exist.
+    """
+    if not MANAGER_ADMIN.exists():
+        return ''
+    try:
+        answers = json.loads(MANAGER_ADMIN.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+        name, password = answers['username'], answers['password']
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            vpnrouter_users.add(connection, name, password, {})
+            try:
+                vpnrouter_users.group_member_add(connection, vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP, name)
+            except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+                if failure.status != 3:
+                    raise
+                vpnrouter_users.group_add(connection, vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP, 'Router administrators', [name])
+        MANAGER_ADMIN.unlink()
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, ldap.LDAPError, vpnrouter_users.Failure) as exc:
+        return f'the Router Manager admin cannot be created from {MANAGER_ADMIN}: {exc}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def manage_metrics_account(ctx):
+    """Keep the service account metrics.service_account names, whose password is in METRICS_SECRET; the problem, or ''.
+
+    While metrics are enabled, setup owns the account, an internal service account: it adds it as a service account
+    with a random password and the labels of vpnrouter_users.internal_accounts when it is missing, sets those labels
+    when they differ, and gives it a new random password, ending any lockout, when METRICS_SECRET is missing or does
+    not hold its password. The password of a disabled account is left as it is. An account of that name that is not a
+    service account is left alone and is a problem.
+    """
+    if not vpnrouter.metrics_ready(ctx):
+        return ''
+    name = ctx['metrics_service_account']
+    wanted = vpnrouter_users.internal_accounts().get(name, {})
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_users.check_name(name)
+        try:
+            password = METRICS_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+        except OSError:
+            password = ''
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            try:
+                current = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+            except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+                if failure.status != 3:
+                    raise
+                current = None
+            if current is not None and not vpnrouter_users.service(current):
+                return f'metrics.service_account: {name} is a user, not a service account'
+            if current is not None and any(vpnrouter_users.summary(current)[key] != value for key, value in wanted.items()):
+                vpnrouter_users.update_service(connection, name, wanted)
+            # An administrator who disabled the account meant it; its password is left as it is.
+            if current is not None and not vpnrouter_users.summary(current)['enabled']:
+                return ''
+            valid = False
+            if current is not None and password:
+                try:
+                    vpnrouter_users.login(name, password, None)
+                    valid = True
+                except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+                    pass
+            if not valid:
+                password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+                METRICS_SECRET.touch(mode=0o600)
+                METRICS_SECRET.chmod(0o600)
+                METRICS_SECRET.write_text(password + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+                if current is None:
+                    vpnrouter_users.add(connection, name, password, wanted, service=True)
+                else:
+                    vpnrouter_users.passwd(connection, name, password)
+                    vpnrouter_users.unlock(connection, name)
+    except (OSError, ldap.LDAPError, vpnrouter_users.Failure) as exc:
+        return f'the metrics service account cannot be kept: {exc}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def write_if_changed(path, text, mode=0o644):
+    """Write the file when its content differs; whether it was written."""
+    try:
+        if path.read_text(encoding='utf-8') == text:
+            return False
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+    path.write_text(text, encoding='utf-8')
+    path.chmod(mode)
+    return True
+
+
+def manage_console(cfg):
+    """Make the system serve console login; the problem, or ''.
+
+    The local group vpnrouter_ldap.CONSOLE_GROUP is created when missing, and sudo lets its members run any command
+    with their password. nslcd serves the directory's posixAccounts with console login on through the local socket,
+    and checks their passwords by binding as the user; the passwd line of the name service switch gains ldap, which
+    restarts the web service, and PAM creates a home at the first login. While ssh.ldap_login is true, sshd accepts the password of the group's members;
+    a drop-in sshd -t refuses is removed again.
+    """
+    group = vpnrouter_ldap.CONSOLE_GROUP
+    try:
+        grp.getgrnam(group)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = run(['groupadd', '--system', group], check=False)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            return f'the group {group} cannot be created: {result.stderr.strip()}'
+
+    rule = f'%{group} ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL\n'
+    try:
+        if not SUDOERS.is_file() or SUDOERS.read_text(encoding='utf-8') != rule:
+            staged = SUDOERS.with_name('.vpn-router.new')
+            staged.write_text(rule, encoding='utf-8')
+            staged.chmod(0o440)
+            checked = run(['visudo', '-cf', str(staged)], check=False)
+            if checked.returncode != 0:
+                staged.unlink()
+                return f'the sudo rule of {group} is refused: {checked.stdout.strip()} {checked.stderr.strip()}'
+            staged.replace(SUDOERS)
+
+        uri = 'ldapi://' + vpnrouter_ldap.SLAPD_SOCKET.replace('/', '%2f') + '/'
+        nslcd = '\n'.join([
+            'uid nslcd',
+            'gid nslcd',
+            f'uri {uri}',
+            f'base {vpnrouter_ldap.BASE}',
+            'filter passwd (&(objectClass=posixAccount)(vpnRouterConsoleLogin=TRUE))',
+            f'nss_min_uid {vpnrouter_ldap.CONSOLE_UID_MIN}',
+            'pam_authz_search (&(objectClass=posixAccount)(objectClass=oathTOTPUser)(uid=$username)(vpnRouterConsoleLogin=TRUE))',
+            'pam_password_prohibit_message The password is changed in the Router Manager or with vpn-router-user.',
+            '',
+        ])
+        if write_if_changed(NSLCD_CONF, nslcd, 0o640) or not unit_is_active('nslcd'):
+            os.chown(NSLCD_CONF, 0, grp.getgrnam('nslcd').gr_gid)
+            run(['systemctl', 'enable', 'nslcd'], check=False)
+            run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'nslcd'], check=False)
+
+        lines = NSSWITCH.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines(keepends=True)
+        switched = [line.rstrip('\n') + ' ldap\n' if line.startswith('passwd:') and 'ldap' not in line.split() else line
+                    for line in lines]
+        if switched != lines:
+            NSSWITCH.write_text(''.join(switched), encoding='utf-8')
+            # A running process keeps the name service switch it read first, so the web service's shell would not find
+            # the console accounts of the directory until it restarts.
+            run(['systemctl', 'try-restart', 'vpn-router-web.service'], check=False)
+
+        if 'pam_mkhomedir' not in PAM_SESSION.read_text(encoding='utf-8'):
+            run(['pam-auth-update', '--enable', 'mkhomedir'], check=False)
+
+        if cfg['ssh']['ldap_login']:
+            changed = write_if_changed(SSHD_DROPIN, f'Match Group {group}\n    PasswordAuthentication yes\n')
+        else:
+            changed = SSHD_DROPIN.exists()
+            SSHD_DROPIN.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        if changed:
+            checked = run(['sshd', '-t'], check=False)
+            if checked.returncode != 0:
+                SSHD_DROPIN.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+                return f'sshd refuses {SSHD_DROPIN}: {checked.stderr.strip()}'
+            if unit_is_active('ssh'):
+                run(['systemctl', 'reload', 'ssh'], check=False)
+    except (OSError, KeyError) as exc:
+        return f'console login cannot be set up: {exc}'
+    return ''
+
+
+def manage_openvpn(ctx, changed):
+    """Run the OpenVPN server when it is configured, and stop it when it is not."""
+    unit = 'openvpn-server@vpn-router'
+
+    if not vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        if unit_is_active(unit):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+        return
+
+    if not unit_is_active(unit):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+    elif 'openvpn' in changed or 'swanctl' in changed:
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
+
+
+def caddy_address(host, port, tls):
+    """The address of a site block of the Caddyfile: the host, an IPv6 address in brackets, and the port, with http://
+    for a plain HTTP site; no host answers any name."""
+    host = f'[{host}]' if ':' in host else host
+    return f'{"http://" if tls == "none" else ""}{host}:{port}'
+
+
+def manage_resolver(changed):
+    """Run dnsmasq, the resolver of the remote access clients, while configure wrote its configuration, restarting it when
+    that changed, and stop it when not. It starts after systemd-resolved has left the addresses it takes."""
+    if not vpnrouter.RESOLVER_CONF.exists():
+        if unit_is_active(RESOLVER_UNIT):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', RESOLVER_UNIT], check=False)
+        return
+    if not unit_is_active(RESOLVER_UNIT):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', RESOLVER_UNIT], check=False)
+    elif 'resolver' in changed:
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', RESOLVER_UNIT], check=False)
+
+
+def manage_caddy(cfg, ctx):
+    """Run Caddy, the HTTPS proxy of the router's services and the server of the web sites, while either is wanted, and
+    stop it when not.
+
+    While HTTPS is ready, CADDYFILE serves the web service on https.web_port, while the manager is installed the
+    manager on https.manager_port, while metrics are enabled the metrics service on metrics.https_port, and while
+    WebDAV is ready WebDAV on sites.webdav_port, all for wan.local_fqdn with a certificate from Let's Encrypt, and all
+    calling the service on its loopback address. It also serves the CA files of vpnrouter_pki.PUBLISH_DIR at /pki/ on
+    the endpoints of pki.publish that are Caddy's, and an ACME server at /acme/<name>/ on https.web_port for each
+    issuing CA with acme and a certificate.
+
+    It serves each site of ctx's sites from its folder, with the TLS of the site: an issuing CA of tls ca issues its
+    certificates, and the certificate and key of tls file are written to CADDY_SITES_DIR/<name>. The certificates and
+    keys of the issuing CAs of both are copied to CADDY_PKI_DIR. While the sites cannot be read (ctx's sites is None),
+    the Caddyfile is left as it is.
+
+    Caddy is installed by CADDY_INSTALL_UNIT, outside setup, when it is missing or when
+    https.caddy_source is upstream and Caddy's repository is not configured; the unit restarts
+    setup, whose next run serves with it.
+    """
+    sites = ctx['sites']
+    if not vpnrouter.https_ready(ctx) and not sites:
+        if sites is None:
+            return
+        vpnrouter.remove(CADDYFILE)
+        if unit_is_active(CADDY_UNIT):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', CADDY_UNIT], check=False)
+        return
+
+    source = cfg['https']['caddy_source']
+    if shutil.which('caddy') is None or (source == 'upstream' and not vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE.is_file()):
+        run(['systemctl', 'start', '--no-block', CADDY_INSTALL_UNIT], check=False)
+        warn(f'Caddy is installed from the {source} source by {CADDY_INSTALL_UNIT}, which runs setup again')
+        return
+    if source == 'ubuntu' and vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE.is_file():
+        warn("https.caddy_source ubuntu is ignored: Caddy's repository is configured, and Caddy stays upstream's")
+
+    if sites is None:
+        warn('the web sites cannot be read; the Caddyfile is left as it is')
+        if not unit_is_active(CADDY_UNIT) and CADDYFILE.exists():
+            run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', CADDY_UNIT], check=False)
+        return
+    try:
+        group = grp.getgrnam(CADDY_GROUP).gr_gid
+    except KeyError:
+        fail(f'the group {CADDY_GROUP} does not exist; is the caddy package installed?')
+    https = vpnrouter.https_ready(ctx)
+    wanted = list(dict.fromkeys([*(ctx['pki_acme'] if https else []),
+                                 *(site['ca'] for site in sites if site['tls'] == 'ca')]))
+    try:
+        credentials = {name: vpnrouter_pki.authority_files(name) for name in wanted}
+    except ldap.LDAPError as exc:
+        warn(f'the ACME servers and the sites of issuing CAs are left out: the PKI cannot be read: {exc}')
+        credentials = {}
+    authorities = [name for name, files in credentials.items() if files is not None]
+    for site in sites:
+        if site['tls'] == 'ca' and site['ca'] not in authorities:
+            warn(f'site {site["name"]} is left out: issuing CA {site["ca"]} has no certificate')
+    sites = [site for site in sites if site['tls'] != 'ca' or site['ca'] in authorities]
+    copied = False
+    for folder in (CADDY_PKI_DIR.iterdir() if CADDY_PKI_DIR.is_dir() else []):
+        if folder.name not in authorities:
+            shutil.rmtree(folder)
+    for name in authorities:
+        folder = CADDY_PKI_DIR / name
+        for path in (CADDY_PKI_DIR, folder):
+            path.mkdir(mode=0o750, exist_ok=True)
+            os.chown(path, 0, group)
+        for file, data in zip(('cert.pem', 'key.pem'), credentials[name]):
+            copied |= vpnrouter_pki.write(folder / file, data, 0o640)
+            os.chown(folder / file, 0, group)
+    files = {site['name']: site for site in sites if site['tls'] == 'file'}
+    for folder in (CADDY_SITES_DIR.iterdir() if CADDY_SITES_DIR.is_dir() else []):
+        if folder.name not in files:
+            shutil.rmtree(folder)
+    for name, site in files.items():
+        folder = CADDY_SITES_DIR / name
+        for path in (CADDY_SITES_DIR, folder):
+            path.mkdir(mode=0o750, exist_ok=True)
+            os.chown(path, 0, group)
+        for file, data in (('cert.pem', site['certificate']), ('key.pem', site['private_key'])):
+            copied |= vpnrouter_pki.write(folder / file, data.strip().encode() + b'\n', 0o640)
+            os.chown(folder / file, 0, group)
+    vpnrouter_sites.ensure_folders(site['name'] for site in sites)
+    names = vpnrouter.issuing_cas(cfg)
+    caddy_ctx = dict(ctx, https=https, manager_port=vpnrouter.manager_port() if vpnrouter.MANAGER.exists() else 0,
+                     pki_publish_dir=str(vpnrouter_pki.PUBLISH_DIR),
+                     pki_cas=[{'id': name, 'name': names[name]['name'].strip(),
+                               'cert': str(CADDY_PKI_DIR / name / 'cert.pem'),
+                               'key': str(CADDY_PKI_DIR / name / 'key.pem')} for name in authorities],
+                     acme_cas=[name for name in authorities if https and name in ctx['pki_acme']],
+                     webdav=vpnrouter.webdav_ready(ctx), webdav_loopback_port=vpnrouter.WEBDAV_LOOPBACK_PORT,
+                     sites=[{'name': site['name'], 'tls': site['tls'], 'ca': site['ca'], 'spa': site['spa'],
+                             'index': site['index_file'], 'root': str(vpnrouter_sites.SITES_DIR / site['name']),
+                             'addresses': [caddy_address(host, site['port'], site['tls']) for host in site['hosts']]
+                             or [caddy_address('', site['port'], site['tls'])],
+                             'cert': str(CADDY_SITES_DIR / site['name'] / 'cert.pem'),
+                             'key': str(CADDY_SITES_DIR / site['name'] / 'key.pem')} for site in sites])
+    changed = vpnrouter.render(vpnrouter._jinja_env(), caddy_ctx, 'Caddyfile.j2', CADDYFILE, 0o640)
+    os.chown(CADDYFILE, 0, group)
+    if not unit_is_active(CADDY_UNIT):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', CADDY_UNIT], check=False)
+    elif changed or copied:
+        run(['systemctl', 'reload', CADDY_UNIT], check=False)
+
+
+def install_packages(feature):
+    """Start the installation of the packages of a feature by INSTALL_UNIT, which runs setup again, and say so."""
+    unit = INSTALL_UNIT.format(feature)
+    run(['systemctl', 'start', '--no-block', unit], check=False)
+    warn(f'the packages of {feature} are installed by {unit}, which runs setup again')
+
+
+def manage_webdav(ctx):
+    """Run rclone's WebDAV server of the sites' folders while WebDAV is ready, and stop it when not; rclone is installed
+    when it is missing."""
+    if not vpnrouter.webdav_ready(ctx):
+        if unit_is_active(WEBDAV_UNIT):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', WEBDAV_UNIT], check=False)
+        return
+    if shutil.which('rclone') is None:
+        install_packages('webdav')
+        return
+    vpnrouter_sites.ensure_folders([])
+    run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', WEBDAV_UNIT], check=False)
+
+
+def manage_dns(cfg, ctx):
+    """Run PowerDNS, the primary name server of the domains of vpnrouter_dns, on the addresses of dns.listen while DNS
+    is enabled, and stop it when not; its packages are installed when they are missing.
+
+    The settings, vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_CONF, are written before the packages are installed, so the server their
+    installation starts answers on those addresses only, beside systemd-resolved's stub on 127.0.0.53. The domains
+    with site records get the host names of the enabled sites, and keep those they have while the sites cannot be read.
+    """
+    if not vpnrouter.dns_ready(ctx):
+        if unit_is_active(vpnrouter_dns.UNIT):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', vpnrouter_dns.UNIT], check=False)
+        vpnrouter.remove(vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_CONF)
+        if vpnrouter_dns.DATABASE_SECRET.is_file():
+            try:
+                vpnrouter_dns.apply(cfg, [])
+            except vpnrouter_dns.DatabaseError as exc:
+                warn(str(exc))
+        return
+    addresses = {'internal': [ctx['int_addr']], 'external': ctx['local_addr_list'],
+                 'both': [ctx['int_addr'], *ctx['local_addr_list']]}[ctx['dns_listen']]
+    addresses = [address for address in addresses if address]
+    if not addresses:
+        warn(f'the name server does not run: the interfaces of dns.listen {ctx["dns_listen"]} have no address')
+        return
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_auth.provision_database(vpnrouter_dns.DATABASE, vpnrouter_dns.DATABASE_SECRET)
+        vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_CONF.parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        changed = write_if_changed(vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_CONF, vpnrouter_dns.config_text(addresses), 0o640)
+        if not vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_SERVER.exists() or not vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_SCHEMA.exists():
+            install_packages('dns')
+            return
+        os.chown(vpnrouter_dns.PDNS_CONF, 0, grp.getgrnam(vpnrouter_dns.GROUP).gr_gid)
+        vpnrouter_dns.provision()
+        if ctx['sites'] is not None:
+            vpnrouter_dns.apply(cfg, [host for site in ctx['sites'] for host in site['hosts']])
+    except (OSError, KeyError, vpnrouter_dns.DatabaseError) as exc:
+        warn(f'the name server cannot be set up: {exc}')
+        return
+    if not unit_is_active(vpnrouter_dns.UNIT):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', vpnrouter_dns.UNIT], check=False)
+    elif changed:
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', vpnrouter_dns.UNIT], check=False)
+
+
+def manage_metrics(ctx):
+    """Run the metrics service while metrics are enabled, and stop it when not.
+
+    The service reads its settings itself, so it is restarted only to run the code of a new package version, which
+    every run of setup after an upgrade does.
+    """
+    unit = 'vpn-router-metrics.service'
+    if not vpnrouter.metrics_ready(ctx):
+        run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+        return
+    run(['systemctl', 'enable', unit], check=False)
+    run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
+
+
+def manage_backup(cfg):
+    """Run the backup timer on backup.schedule while backups are enabled, and stop it when not.
+
+    The schedule is a drop-in of the timer, BACKUP_SCHEDULE, which replaces the OnCalendar of the shipped unit.
+    """
+    unit = 'vpn-router-backup.timer'
+    if not cfg['backup']['enabled']:
+        run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+        if BACKUP_SCHEDULE.exists():
+            BACKUP_SCHEDULE.unlink()
+            run(['systemctl', 'daemon-reload'], check=False)
+        return
+    text = f'[Timer]\nOnCalendar=\nOnCalendar={cfg["backup"]["schedule"]}\n'
+    if not BACKUP_SCHEDULE.exists() or BACKUP_SCHEDULE.read_text(encoding='utf-8') != text:
+        BACKUP_SCHEDULE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        BACKUP_SCHEDULE.write_text(text, encoding='utf-8')
+        run(['systemctl', 'daemon-reload'], check=False)
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
+    run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+
+
 def run_platform_setup(cfg, ctx):
    """Let the platform module apply its own state, if it defines any."""
    module = vpnrouter.platform_module(cfg)
@@ -303,31 +915,128 @@ def refresh_docker_rules():
    """Apply the new settings to the Docker rules while Docker is running.

    When Docker is not running, vpn-router-docker applies them after
-    docker.service starts.
+    docker.service starts. The restart is waited for, so the rules are in place
+    when this setup ends; vpn-router-docker is therefore not ordered after
+    vpn-router-setup.
    """
    if unit_is_active('docker.service'):
        run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'vpn-router-docker.service'], check=False)


-def main():
-    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
-    ctx, changed = vpnrouter.configure(cfg)
+def refresh_web(cfg, ctx):
+    """Hand the web service the features and facts it shows.

-    if ctx is None:
+    The service reads the file at each request: the features of the router,
+    the configuration without its secret options and the facts resolved from
+    the system, which it cannot work out with the standard library alone. The
+    file is readable by root only. The service follows a changed address or
+    port itself. Secret options are left out at every level, so also from each
+    site-to-site connection.
+    """
+    def public(options):
+        return {option: public(value) if isinstance(value, dict) else value
+                for option, value in options.items()
+                if isinstance(value, dict) or not SECRET_OPTION.search(option)}
+
+    WEB_STATE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    WEB_STATE.touch(mode=0o600)
+    WEB_STATE.chmod(0o600)
+    WEB_STATE.write_text(json.dumps({
+        'site_to_site': [connection['name'] for connection in ctx['connections'] if connection['ready']],
+        'p2s': bool(vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx)),
+        'wireguard': bool(vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)),
+        'openvpn': bool(vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)),
+        'configuration': public(cfg),
+        'network': {
+            'external_interface': ctx['wan_iface'],
+            'internal_interface': ctx['int_iface'],
+            'external_addresses': ctx['local_addr_list'],
+            'internal_address': ctx['int_addr'],
+            'internal_gateway': ctx['int_gateway_ip'],
+            'local_cidrs': ctx['local_cidr_list'],
+            'client_dns': ctx['p2s_resolver_addrs'] if vpnrouter.RESOLVER_CONF.exists() else [],
+            'site_to_site': [{
+                'name': connection['name'],
+                'local_identity': connection['local_id'],
+                'remote_identity': connection['remote_id'],
+                'local_cidrs': connection['local_cidr_list'],
+                'remote_cidrs': connection['remote_cidr_list'],
+            } for connection in ctx['connections']],
+        },
+    }) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def progress(state, step, error=None):
+    """Record where setup is in SETUP_STATE: running, deferred, done or failed, the step, and the error of a failure."""
+    SETUP_STATE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    SETUP_STATE.write_text(json.dumps({
+        'state': state,
+        'step': step,
+        'error': error,
+        'time': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z'),
+    }) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def start_bootstrap():
+    """Start the bootstrap services while no run has succeeded; a unit that is not installed is skipped."""
+    if not SETUP_DONE.exists():
+        for unit in BOOTSTRAP_UNITS:
+            run(['systemctl', 'start', '--no-block', unit], check=False)
+
+
+def end_bootstrap(ctx):
+    """After the first successful run: write SETUP_DONE, close the bootstrap ports and stop the bootstrap services."""
+    if SETUP_DONE.exists():
+        return
+    SETUP_DONE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    SETUP_DONE.touch()
+    if setup_ufw(ctx):
+        run(['ufw', 'reload'], check=False)
+    for unit in BOOTSTRAP_UNITS:
+        run(['systemctl', 'stop', unit], check=False)
+
+
+def main():
+    start_bootstrap()
+    progress('running', 'configuration')
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    if vpnrouter.deferred(cfg):
        print('vpn-router: platform is none, configuration deferred; '
              f'set general.platform in {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}')
+        progress('deferred', 'configuration', f'general.platform is none; set it in {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}')
        return 0

+    # The directory holds the PKI, which the configuration needs; its problem ends setup only after every other step.
+    failed_step = 'user directory'
+    progress('running', failed_step)
+    problem = manage_directory()
+    progress('running', 'configuration')
+    ctx, changed = vpnrouter.configure(cfg)
+
+    progress('running', 'routes')
    if vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx):
        apply_routes(ctx)

-    if ctx['local_id_mode'] == 'public_ip' and ctx['local_fqdn']:
+    if ctx['local_fqdn'] and any(connection['local_id_mode'] == 'public_ip' for connection in ctx['connections']):
+        progress('running', 'public address')
        address = resolve_public_ip(ctx['local_fqdn'])
-        ctx, more = vpnrouter.configure(cfg, local_id_override=address)
+        ctx, more = vpnrouter.configure(cfg, public_ip=address)
        changed |= more

+    # The enabled sites while sites are on, None while they cannot be read.
+    ctx['sites'] = []
+    if cfg['sites']['enabled']:
+        progress('running', 'web sites')
+        try:
+            ctx['sites'] = vpnrouter_sites.served()
+        except vpnrouter_sites.DatabaseError as exc:
+            warn(str(exc))
+            ctx['sites'] = None
+
+    progress('running', 'WireGuard keys')
    setup_wireguard(ctx)

+    progress('running', 'firewall')
    rules_changed = setup_ufw(ctx)
    if is_configured(ctx):
        status = run(['ufw', 'status'], check=False)
@@ -340,16 +1049,76 @@ def main():
    elif rules_changed:
        run(['ufw', 'reload'], check=False)

+    progress('running', 'strongSwan')
    manage_strongswan(ctx, changed)
+    progress('running', 'WireGuard')
    manage_wireguard(ctx, changed)

-    if 'resolved' in changed:
-        run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'systemd-resolved'], check=False)
+    if not problem:
+        failed_step = 'Router Manager admin'
+        progress('running', failed_step)
+        problem = manage_admin()
+    if not problem:
+        failed_step = 'metrics service account'
+        progress('running', failed_step)
+        problem = manage_metrics_account(ctx)
+    if not problem:
+        failed_step = 'console login'
+        progress('running', failed_step)
+        problem = manage_console(cfg)
+    progress('running', 'OpenVPN')
+    manage_openvpn(ctx, changed)
+    progress('running', 'HTTPS proxy')
+    manage_caddy(cfg, ctx)
+    progress('running', 'WebDAV')
+    manage_webdav(ctx)
+    progress('running', 'name server')
+    manage_dns(cfg, ctx)
+    progress('running', 'PKI timer')
+    run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', PKI_TIMER], check=False)

+    if 'resolved' in changed:
+        progress('running', 'resolver')
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'systemd-resolved'], check=False)
+    progress('running', 'resolver of the remote access clients')
+    manage_resolver(changed)
+
+    progress('running', 'platform module')
    run_platform_setup(cfg, ctx)
+    progress('running', 'Docker rules')
    refresh_docker_rules()
+    progress('running', 'web service state')
+    refresh_web(cfg, ctx)
+    progress('running', 'metrics service')
+    manage_metrics(ctx)
+    progress('running', 'backup timer')
+    manage_backup(cfg)
+    if problem:
+        progress('failed', failed_step, problem)
+        print(f'vpn-router: error: {problem}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    progress('done', 'done')
+    end_bootstrap(ctx)
    return 0


+def record_failure(error):
+    """Mark the run failed in the step SETUP_STATE holds."""
+    try:
+        step = json.loads(SETUP_STATE.read_text(encoding='utf-8')).get('step')
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        step = None
+    progress('failed', step, error)
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
+    # A failing step ends with SystemExit carrying its message (vpnrouter.fail).
+    try:
+        code = main()
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        record_failure(str(exc.code))
+        raise
+    except Exception as exc:
+        record_failure(repr(exc))
+        raise
+    sys.exit(code)
@@ -1,611 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# MIT License
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2026 Sławomir Koszewski
-#
-# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-#
-# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-# SOFTWARE.
-
-# This module requires Python 3.8+ and OpenSSL to be installed on the system.
-
-import argparse
-import datetime
-import json
-import os
-import re
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import tempfile
-
-OPENSSL = "openssl"
-
-
-class Config:
-    FILE = "simple-ca.json"
-
-    def __init__(self, ca_dir: str):
-        self._path = os.path.join(ca_dir, self.FILE)
-        self._data: dict = {}
-        if not os.path.isfile(self._path):
-            return
-        try:
-            with open(self._path, "r") as f:
-                self._data = json.load(f)
-        except (json.JSONDecodeError, OSError) as e:
-            print(f"WARNING: could not read {self._path}: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    def get(self, key, default=None):
-        return self._data.get(key, default)
-
-    def update(self, patch: dict):
-        file_missing = not os.path.isfile(self._path)
-        changed = any(self._data.get(k) != v for k, v in patch.items())
-        if file_missing or changed:
-            self._data.update(patch)
-            self._save()
-
-    def append_history(self, ca_key: str, entry: dict):
-        history = self._data.get("history", {})
-        history.setdefault(ca_key, []).append(entry)
-        self._data["history"] = history
-        self._save()
-
-    def revoke_in_history(self, ca_key: str, serial: str, revoked_at: str):
-        """Mark a certificate as revoked. Returns True if newly revoked,
-        False if already revoked, None if serial not found."""
-        history = self._data.get("history", {})
-        for entry in history.get(ca_key, []):
-            if entry.get("serial") == serial:
-                if "revoked" in entry:
-                    return False
-                entry["revoked"] = revoked_at
-                self._data["history"] = history
-                self._save()
-                return True
-        return None
-
-    def _save(self):
-        with open(self._path, "w") as f:
-            json.dump(self._data, f, indent=2)
-            f.write("\n")
-
-
-_config: Config
-
-
-def _now() -> str:
-    return datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
-
-
-def _err(msg):
-    print(f"ERROR: {msg}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-
-def _rebuild_ca_bundle(ca_dir):
-    bundle_path = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_bundle.pem")
-    parts = []
-    root = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    if os.path.isfile(root):
-        with open(root, "rb") as f:
-            parts.append(f.read())
-    for name in sorted(_config.get("subordinates", [])):
-        sub_cert = os.path.join(ca_dir, name, "ca_cert.pem")
-        if os.path.isfile(sub_cert):
-            with open(sub_cert, "rb") as f:
-                parts.append(f.read())
-    with open(bundle_path, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(b"".join(parts))
-
-
-def _read_serial(cert_path) -> str:
-    result = subprocess.run(
-        [OPENSSL, "x509", "-in", cert_path, "-noout", "-serial"],
-        capture_output=True, text=True,
-    )
-    return result.stdout.strip().split("=", 1)[-1]
-
-
-def _read_expiry(cert_path) -> str:
-    """Return the certificate notAfter date as an ISO 8601 UTC string."""
-    result = subprocess.run(
-        [OPENSSL, "x509", "-in", cert_path, "-noout", "-enddate"],
-        capture_output=True, text=True,
-    )
-    raw = result.stdout.strip().split("=", 1)[-1]
-    raw = " ".join(raw.split())  # normalize whitespace ("May  4" -> "May 4")
-    dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(raw, "%b %d %H:%M:%S %Y GMT")
-    return dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
-
-
-def _iso_to_asn1(iso: str) -> str:
-    """Convert "2026-05-24T14:28:10Z" -> "260524142810Z" for OpenSSL index.txt."""
-    dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(iso, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
-    return dt.strftime("%y%m%d%H%M%SZ")
-
-
-_IP_RE = re.compile(r"^[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}$")
-_DNS_RE = re.compile(r"^[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*$")
-
-
-def _is_ip(value):
-    return bool(_IP_RE.match(value))
-
-
-def _is_dns(value):
-    return bool(_DNS_RE.match(value))
-
-
-def _pipe(cmd1, cmd2):
-    p1 = subprocess.Popen(cmd1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-    p2 = subprocess.Popen(cmd2, stdin=p1.stdout)
-    p1.stdout.close()
-    p2.communicate()
-    p1.wait()
-    return p1.returncode == 0 and p2.returncode == 0
-
-
-def make_ca(ca_dir, ca_name, days=3650, issuing_ca=None, ca_publish_base_url=None):
-    if issuing_ca == "ca":
-        _err("--issuing-ca cannot be 'ca' as it is reserved for the root CA.")
-        return False
-
-    if not ca_dir or not os.path.isdir(ca_dir):
-        _err(f"Certificate directory {ca_dir} does not exist.")
-        return False
-
-    if not ca_name:
-        _err("CA name is required.")
-        return False
-
-    root_ca_cert_path = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    root_ca_key_path  = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_key.pem")
-
-    if not os.path.isfile(root_ca_cert_path) or not os.path.isfile(root_ca_key_path):
-        if issuing_ca:
-            _err(
-                f"Cannot create issuing CA '{ca_name}' without existing root CA "
-                "certificate and key. Please create the root CA first."
-            )
-            return False
-
-        print(f"Generating CA certificate '{ca_name}' and key...")
-        # Path length constraint of 1: allows one level of issuing CAs.
-        cmd = [
-            OPENSSL, "req",
-            "-x509",
-            "-newkey", "rsa:4096",
-            "-keyout", root_ca_key_path,
-            "-out", root_ca_cert_path,
-            "-days", str(days),
-            "-noenc",
-            "-subj", f"/CN={ca_name}",
-            "-text",
-            "-addext", "basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE,pathlen:1",
-            "-addext", "keyUsage=critical,keyCertSign,cRLSign",
-        ]
-        if subprocess.run(cmd).returncode != 0:
-            _err("Failed to generate CA certificate and key.")
-            return False
-
-        _rebuild_ca_bundle(ca_dir)
-        patch = {"name": ca_name, "created": _now()}
-        if ca_publish_base_url:
-            patch["ca_publish_base_url"] = ca_publish_base_url
-        _config.update(patch)
-        return True
-
-    issuing_ca_dir  = os.path.join(ca_dir, issuing_ca)
-    issuing_ca_cert = os.path.join(issuing_ca_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    issuing_ca_key  = os.path.join(issuing_ca_dir, "ca_key.pem")
-
-    if not os.path.isfile(issuing_ca_cert) or not os.path.isfile(issuing_ca_key):
-        print(f"Generating issuing CA certificate '{ca_name}' and key...")
-        os.makedirs(issuing_ca_dir, exist_ok=True)
-        req_cmd = [
-            OPENSSL, "req",
-            "-newkey", "rsa:4096",
-            "-keyout", issuing_ca_key,
-            "-noenc",
-            "-subj", f"/CN={ca_name}",
-            "-addext", "basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE,pathlen:0",
-            "-addext", "keyUsage=critical,keyCertSign,cRLSign",
-        ]
-        if ca_publish_base_url:
-            req_cmd += [
-                "-addext", f"authorityInfoAccess=caIssuers;URI:{ca_publish_base_url}/ca_cert.crt",
-                "-addext", f"crlDistributionPoints=URI:{ca_publish_base_url}/crl.pem",
-            ]
-        x509_cmd = [
-            OPENSSL, "x509",
-            "-req",
-            "-CA", root_ca_cert_path,
-            "-CAkey", root_ca_key_path,
-            "-copy_extensions", "copyall",
-            "-days", str(days),
-            "-text",
-            "-out", issuing_ca_cert,
-        ]
-        if not _pipe(req_cmd, x509_cmd):
-            _err("Failed to generate issuing CA certificate and key.")
-            return False
-
-    patch = {"ca_publish_base_url": ca_publish_base_url} if ca_publish_base_url else {}
-    subs = _config.get("subordinates", [])
-    if issuing_ca not in subs:
-        patch["subordinates"] = subs + [issuing_ca]
-    _config.update(patch)
-    _rebuild_ca_bundle(ca_dir)
-    return True
-
-
-def make_cert(cert_subject_name, sans=None, ca_dir=None, cert_dir=None,
-              issuing_ca=None, days=365, ca_publish_base_url=None):
-    if issuing_ca == "ca":
-        _err("--issuing-ca cannot be 'ca' as it is reserved for the root CA.")
-        return False
-
-    if not ca_dir or not os.path.isdir(ca_dir):
-        _err(f"CA directory {ca_dir} does not exist.")
-        return False
-
-    if not cert_subject_name:
-        _err("Subject name is required.")
-        return False
-
-    if not _is_dns(cert_subject_name):
-        _err(f"Invalid subject name '{cert_subject_name}'. Must be a valid DNS name.")
-        return False
-
-    signing_dir  = os.path.join(ca_dir, issuing_ca) if issuing_ca else ca_dir
-    cert_dir     = cert_dir or signing_dir
-
-    if not os.path.isdir(cert_dir):
-        _err(f"Certificate directory {cert_dir} does not exist.")
-        return False
-    ca_cert_path = os.path.join(signing_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    ca_key_path  = os.path.join(signing_dir, "ca_key.pem")
-    if not os.path.isfile(ca_cert_path) or not os.path.isfile(ca_key_path):
-        _err(
-            f"Signing CA certificate and key not found in {signing_dir}. "
-            "Please set up a signing CA first."
-        )
-        return False
-
-    aia_url = cdp_url = ""
-    if ca_publish_base_url:
-        if issuing_ca:
-            aia_url = f"{ca_publish_base_url}/{issuing_ca}/ca_cert.crt"
-            cdp_url = f"{ca_publish_base_url}/{issuing_ca}/crl.pem"
-        else:
-            aia_url = f"{ca_publish_base_url}/ca_cert.crt"
-            cdp_url = f"{ca_publish_base_url}/crl.pem"
-
-    cert_name = cert_subject_name.split(".", 1)[0]
-
-    san_entries = [f"DNS:{cert_subject_name}"]
-    for entry in sans or []:
-        if _is_ip(entry):
-            san_entries.append(f"IP:{entry}")
-        elif _is_dns(entry):
-            san_entries.append(f"DNS:{entry}")
-        else:
-            _err(f"Invalid SAN entry '{entry}'")
-            return False
-
-    sans_ext = "subjectAltName=" + ",".join(san_entries)
-
-    print(f"Generating server certificate for '{cert_subject_name}' with SANs:")
-    for san in san_entries:
-        print(f"  - {san}")
-
-    cert_out = os.path.join(cert_dir, f"{cert_name}_cert.pem")
-    key_out  = os.path.join(cert_dir, f"{cert_name}_key.pem")
-
-    if not os.path.isfile(cert_out) or not os.path.isfile(key_out):
-        print("Generating server certificate and key...")
-        req_cmd = [
-            OPENSSL, "req",
-            "-newkey", "rsa:4096",
-            "-keyout", key_out,
-            "-noenc",
-            "-subj", f"/CN={cert_subject_name}",
-            "-addext", "basicConstraints=critical,CA:FALSE",
-            "-addext", "keyUsage=critical,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment",
-            "-addext", "extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,clientAuth",
-            "-addext", sans_ext,
-        ]
-        if aia_url:
-            req_cmd += ["-addext", f"authorityInfoAccess=caIssuers;URI:{aia_url}"]
-        if cdp_url:
-            req_cmd += ["-addext", f"crlDistributionPoints=URI:{cdp_url}"]
-        x509_cmd = [
-            OPENSSL, "x509",
-            "-req",
-            "-CA", ca_cert_path,
-            "-CAkey", ca_key_path,
-            "-copy_extensions", "copyall",
-            "-days", str(days),
-            "-text",
-            "-out", cert_out,
-        ]
-        if not _pipe(req_cmd, x509_cmd):
-            _err("Failed to generate server certificate and key.")
-            return False
-
-        _config.append_history(issuing_ca or "ca", {
-            "name": cert_subject_name,
-            "serial": _read_serial(cert_out),
-            "created": _now(),
-            "expires": _read_expiry(cert_out),
-        })
-
-    return True
-
-
-def make_pfx(cert_path, ca_dir, issuing_ca=None, password=None, apple_openssl=False):
-    if issuing_ca == "ca":
-        _err("--issuing-ca cannot be 'ca' as it is reserved for the root CA.")
-        return False
-
-    cert_dir      = os.path.dirname(cert_path)
-    cert_basename = os.path.basename(cert_path)
-    cert_name     = cert_basename[:-len("_cert.pem")] if cert_basename.endswith("_cert.pem") else cert_basename
-    key_path      = os.path.join(cert_dir, f"{cert_name}_key.pem")
-
-    if not cert_dir or not os.path.isdir(cert_dir):
-        _err(f"Certificate directory {cert_dir} does not exist.")
-        return False
-
-    if not ca_dir or not os.path.isdir(ca_dir):
-        _err(f"CA directory {ca_dir} does not exist.")
-        return False
-
-    if not os.path.isfile(cert_path) or not os.path.isfile(key_path):
-        _err("Server certificate or key not found.")
-        return False
-
-    root_ca_cert_path = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    root_ca_key_path  = os.path.join(ca_dir, "ca_key.pem")
-    if not os.path.isfile(root_ca_cert_path) or not os.path.isfile(root_ca_key_path):
-        _err(f"CA certificate or key not found in {ca_dir}.")
-        return False
-
-    if issuing_ca:
-        issuing_ca_cert_path = os.path.join(ca_dir, issuing_ca, "ca_cert.pem")
-        if not os.path.isfile(issuing_ca_cert_path):
-            _err(f"Issuing CA certificate not found: {issuing_ca_cert_path}.")
-            return False
-
-    if not password:
-        password = "changeit"
-
-    pfx_path = os.path.join(cert_dir, f"{cert_name}.pfx")
-    if os.path.isfile(pfx_path):
-        print("PKCS#12 (PFX) file already exists, aborting generation.")
-        return False
-
-    print("Generating PKCS#12 (PFX) file...", end="")
-
-    chain_bytes = b""
-    with open(root_ca_cert_path, "rb") as f:
-        chain_bytes += f.read()
-    if issuing_ca:
-        with open(issuing_ca_cert_path, "rb") as f:
-            chain_bytes += f.read()
-
-    chain_fd, chain_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
-    try:
-        with os.fdopen(chain_fd, "wb") as f:
-            f.write(chain_bytes)
-        cmd = [
-            "/usr/bin/openssl" if apple_openssl else OPENSSL, "pkcs12",
-            "-export", "-out", pfx_path,
-            "-inkey", key_path,
-            "-in", cert_path,
-            "-certfile", chain_file,
-            "-password", f"pass:{password}",
-        ]
-        if subprocess.run(cmd).returncode != 0:
-            _err("Failed to generate PKCS#12 (PFX) file.")
-            return False
-    finally:
-        if os.path.exists(chain_file):
-            os.remove(chain_file)
-
-    print("done.")
-    return True
-
-
-def make_crl(ca_dir, issuing_ca=None, days=30):
-    signing_dir = os.path.join(ca_dir, issuing_ca) if issuing_ca else ca_dir
-    ca_cert     = os.path.join(signing_dir, "ca_cert.pem")
-    ca_key      = os.path.join(signing_dir, "ca_key.pem")
-
-    if not os.path.isfile(ca_cert) or not os.path.isfile(ca_key):
-        _err(f"CA certificate or key not found in {signing_dir}.")
-        return False
-
-    crl_path = os.path.join(signing_dir, "crl.pem")
-
-    history_key = issuing_ca or "ca"
-    revoked_entries = [
-        e for e in _config.get("history", {}).get(history_key, [])
-        if "revoked" in e and "expires" in e
-    ]
-
-    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
-        index_txt = os.path.join(tmp, "index.txt")
-        crlnumber = os.path.join(tmp, "crlnumber")
-        cnf_path  = os.path.join(tmp, "openssl.cnf")
-
-        with open(index_txt, "w") as f:
-            for e in revoked_entries:
-                expires_asn1 = _iso_to_asn1(e["expires"])
-                revoked_asn1 = _iso_to_asn1(e["revoked"])
-                f.write(f"R\t{expires_asn1}\t{revoked_asn1}\t{e['serial']}\tunknown\t/CN={e['name']}\n")
-        with open(crlnumber, "w") as f:
-            f.write("01\n")
-        with open(cnf_path, "w") as f:
-            f.write(
-                "[ ca ]\ndefault_ca = CA_default\n\n"
-                "[ CA_default ]\n"
-                f"database         = {index_txt}\n"
-                f"crlnumber        = {crlnumber}\n"
-                f"certificate      = {ca_cert}\n"
-                f"private_key      = {ca_key}\n"
-                f"default_crl_days = {days}\n"
-                "default_md       = sha256\n\n"
-                "[ crl_ext ]\n"
-                "authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always\n"
-            )
-
-        if subprocess.run([OPENSSL, "ca", "-gencrl", "-config", cnf_path, "-out", crl_path]).returncode != 0:
-            _err("Failed to generate CRL.")
-            return False
-
-    print(f"CRL written to {crl_path}")
-    return True
-
-
-def revoke_cert(cert_path, ca_dir, issuing_ca=None):
-    if not os.path.isfile(cert_path):
-        _err(f"Certificate not found: {cert_path}")
-        return False
-
-    signing_dir = os.path.join(ca_dir, issuing_ca) if issuing_ca else ca_dir
-    if not os.path.isdir(signing_dir):
-        _err(f"CA directory not found: {signing_dir}")
-        return False
-
-    ca_key = issuing_ca or "ca"
-    serial = _read_serial(cert_path)
-    result = _config.revoke_in_history(ca_key, serial, _now())
-
-    if result is None:
-        _err(f"Certificate with serial {serial} not found in history for CA '{ca_key}'.")
-        return False
-    if result is False:
-        print(f"Certificate {cert_path} (serial {serial}) is already revoked.")
-        return True
-
-    print(f"Certificate {cert_path} (serial {serial}) marked as revoked.")
-    return True
-
-
-def _build_parser():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Simple CA for creating and managing test certificates."
-    )
-    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", required=True)
-
-    p_ca = sub.add_parser("make-ca", help="Create a root or issuing CA.")
-    p_ca.add_argument("--days", type=int, default=None, help="Validity period in days (default: 3650)")
-    p_ca.add_argument("--issuing-ca", default=None, help="Specify the issuing CA")
-    p_ca.add_argument("--ca-publish-base-url", default=None,
-                      help="Base URL for AIA and CRL distribution point extensions")
-    p_ca.add_argument("--ca-dir", help="Directory to store the CA files")
-    p_ca.add_argument("--openssl", default=None, metavar="PATH",
-                      help=f"Path to the openssl binary (default: {OPENSSL})")
-    p_ca.add_argument("ca_name", help="Name of the CA")
-
-    p_cert = sub.add_parser("make-cert", help="Create a server/client certificate.")
-    p_cert.add_argument("--ca-dir", help="Directory of the CA")
-    p_cert.add_argument("--issuing-ca", default=None, help="Specify the issuing CA")
-    p_cert.add_argument("--days", type=int, default=None, help="Validity period in days (default: 365)")
-    p_cert.add_argument("--cert-dir", help="Directory to store the certificate files")
-    p_cert.add_argument("--openssl", default=None, metavar="PATH",
-                        help=f"Path to the openssl binary (default: {OPENSSL})")
-    p_cert.add_argument("subject_name", help="Subject name for the certificate")
-    p_cert.add_argument("sans", nargs="*", help="Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the certificate")
-
-    p_pfx = sub.add_parser("make-pfx", help="Create a PKCS#12 (PFX) bundle.")
-    p_pfx.add_argument("--issuing-ca", default=None, help="Specify the issuing CA")
-    p_pfx.add_argument("--ca-dir", help="Directory of the CA")
-    p_pfx.add_argument("--password", help="Password for the PFX file")
-    p_pfx.add_argument("--apple-openssl", action="store_true", default=False,
-                       help="Use Apple's bundled /usr/bin/openssl for PKCS12 generation")
-    p_pfx.add_argument("path", help="Path to the certificate file")
-
-    p_crl = sub.add_parser("make-crl", help="Generate a CRL for a CA.")
-    p_crl.add_argument("--ca-dir", help="Directory of the CA")
-    p_crl.add_argument("--issuing-ca", default=None, help="Generate CRL for this issuing CA")
-    p_crl.add_argument("--days", type=int, default=None, help="CRL validity in days (default: 30)")
-
-    p_rev = sub.add_parser("revoke-cert", help="Revoke a certificate.")
-    p_rev.add_argument("--ca-dir", help="Directory of the CA")
-    p_rev.add_argument("--issuing-ca", default=None, help="Issuing CA that signed the certificate")
-    p_rev.add_argument("cert_path", help="Path to the certificate file to revoke")
-
-    return parser
-
-
-def main(argv=None):
-    global OPENSSL, _config
-
-    parser = _build_parser()
-    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
-    ca_dir = args.ca_dir or os.environ.get("SIMPLE_CA_DIR") or os.getcwd()
-
-    _config = Config(ca_dir)
-
-    OPENSSL             = getattr(args, "openssl", None) or _config.get("openssl", OPENSSL)
-    issuing_ca          = args.issuing_ca or _config.get("issuing_ca")
-    ca_publish_base_url = getattr(args, "ca_publish_base_url", None) or _config.get("ca_publish_base_url")
-
-    days_cfg = _config.get("days", {})
-
-    if args.command == "make-ca":
-        days = args.days or days_cfg.get("ca", 3650)
-        ok = make_ca(
-            ca_dir, args.ca_name,
-            days=days,
-            issuing_ca=issuing_ca,
-            ca_publish_base_url=ca_publish_base_url,
-        )
-    elif args.command == "make-cert":
-        days = args.days or days_cfg.get("cert", 365)
-        ok = make_cert(
-            args.subject_name,
-            sans=args.sans,
-            ca_dir=ca_dir,
-            cert_dir=getattr(args, "cert_dir", None),
-            issuing_ca=issuing_ca,
-            days=days,
-            ca_publish_base_url=ca_publish_base_url,
-        )
-    elif args.command == "make-pfx":
-        ok = make_pfx(
-            args.path, ca_dir,
-            issuing_ca=issuing_ca,
-            password=args.password,
-            apple_openssl=args.apple_openssl,
-        )
-    elif args.command == "make-crl":
-        days = args.days or days_cfg.get("crl", 30)
-        ok = make_crl(ca_dir, issuing_ca=issuing_ca, days=days)
-    elif args.command == "revoke-cert":
-        ok = revoke_cert(args.cert_path, ca_dir, issuing_ca=issuing_ca)
-    else:
-        parser.error(f"Unknown command: {args.command}")
-        ok = False
-
-    return 0 if ok else 1
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+"""The tokens of the router's web service, for the web service and vpn-router-token.
+
+Tokens are HS256 JWTs signed with WEB_KEY, a key the web service makes on its first run on the
+router and that never leaves it. /auth issues an access token naming the user in sub, valid ACCESS_SECONDS, and
+a refresh token valid REFRESH_SECONDS; vpn-router-token issues tokens with the admin claim and
+any lifetime. A token without the admin claim must expire within MAX_LIFETIME seconds.
+
+Every failure of the database raises DatabaseError, the only database exception callers see.
+
+Refresh tokens are random strings kept in PostgreSQL as their SHA-256, in the database of
+web.database, by default the vpn-router database on this host that provision() creates on the
+web service's first run, with the password in DATABASE_SECRET. A refresh token is used once: refreshing replaces it.
+The same database holds the state of the OpenID Provider (vpnrouter_oidc), whose tables and procedures OIDC_SQL
+defines; the first connection of a process loads it. revoke() removes a user's refresh tokens and OpenID Provider
+codes, tokens and sessions.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import json
+import pathlib
+import secrets
+import subprocess
+import time
+
+import psycopg
+
+WEB_KEY = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/web.key')
+DATABASE_SECRET = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/database.secret')
+OIDC_SQL = pathlib.Path('/usr/share/vpn-router/sql/oidc.sql')
+
+#: The role and the database provision() creates when web.database is not set.
+DATABASE = 'vpn-router'
+
+#: The user operations of vpnrouter_users after which the user's refresh tokens are revoked.
+REVOKING = ('passwd', 'disable', 'unlock', 'remove')
+
+#: Seconds an access token of /auth and a refresh token are valid.
+ACCESS_SECONDS = 300
+REFRESH_SECONDS = 8 * 3600
+
+#: The longest a token without the admin claim may be valid, from now, in seconds.
+MAX_LIFETIME = 600
+
+#: Seconds of clock difference accepted between a token and this router.
+LEEWAY = 60
+
+SCHEMA = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS refresh_tokens (hash text PRIMARY KEY, name text NOT NULL, expires timestamptz NOT NULL)'
+
+#: Whether this process has loaded OIDC_SQL.
+_oidc_loaded = False
+
+
+class DatabaseError(Exception):
+    """The database of the refresh tokens failed."""
+
+
+def key():
+    """The signing key, or '' while the web service has not made it."""
+    try:
+        return WEB_KEY.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+    except OSError:
+        return ''
+
+
+def ensure_key():
+    """Make the signing key when it is missing."""
+    if not key():
+        WEB_KEY.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        WEB_KEY.touch(mode=0o600)
+        WEB_KEY.chmod(0o600)
+        WEB_KEY.write_text(secrets.token_urlsafe(36) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def b64encode(data):
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode()
+
+
+def b64decode(part):
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(part + '=' * (-len(part) % 4))
+
+
+def sign(claims, secret):
+    head = b64encode(json.dumps({'alg': 'HS256', 'typ': 'JWT'}).encode())
+    body = b64encode(json.dumps(claims).encode())
+    signature = hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{head}.{body}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+    return f'{head}.{body}.{b64encode(signature)}'
+
+
+def verify(token, secret):
+    """The claims of a token signed with HS256 by the secret, or None when it is not acceptable.
+
+    Only HS256 is accepted, so a token cannot choose a weaker algorithm. The token must expire
+    (exp); without the admin claim not later than MAX_LIFETIME seconds from now, so that a stolen
+    token is of little use. LEEWAY seconds of clock difference are allowed.
+    """
+    try:
+        header, payload, signature = token.split('.')
+        if json.loads(b64decode(header)).get('alg') != 'HS256':
+            return None
+        expected = hmac.new(secret.encode(), f'{header}.{payload}'.encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+        if not hmac.compare_digest(expected, b64decode(signature)):
+            return None
+        claims = json.loads(b64decode(payload))
+        now = time.time()
+        expires = claims['exp']
+        if isinstance(expires, bool) or not isinstance(expires, (int, float)) or expires < now - LEEWAY:
+            return None
+        if claims.get('admin') is not True and expires > now + MAX_LIFETIME + LEEWAY:
+            return None
+        not_before = claims.get('nbf')
+        if not_before is not None and (isinstance(not_before, bool) or not isinstance(not_before, (int, float)) or not_before > now + LEEWAY):
+            return None
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, AttributeError):
+        return None
+    return claims
+
+
+def admin_token(seconds):
+    """A token with the admin claim, valid for the seconds given."""
+    secret = key()
+    if not secret:
+        raise OSError(f'{WEB_KEY} does not exist; vpn-router-web makes it when it starts')
+    now = int(time.time())
+    return {'token': sign({'admin': True, 'iat': now, 'exp': now + seconds}, secret), 'expires': now + seconds}
+
+
+def local_connection(name, secret):
+    """The connection string of a database provision_database() created; its password, of URL-safe characters, is
+    written unquoted."""
+    password = secret.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+    return f'host=localhost dbname={name} user={name} password={password}'
+
+
+def connection_string(cfg):
+    """web.database, or the database provision() creates."""
+    configured = cfg['web']['database'].strip()
+    if configured:
+        return configured
+    return local_connection(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def database(cfg):
+    """A connection to the database of the refresh tokens, with their table and the OpenID Provider's, closed at the end;
+    DatabaseError on any failure."""
+    global _oidc_loaded
+    try:
+        oidc = None if _oidc_loaded else OIDC_SQL.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'{OIDC_SQL} cannot be read: {exc}') from exc
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(connection_string(cfg), autocommit=True) as connection:
+            connection.execute(SCHEMA)
+            if oidc is not None:
+                connection.execute(oidc)
+                _oidc_loaded = True
+            yield connection
+    except psycopg.Error as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the token database failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+def digest(token):
+    return hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def issue(cfg, name):
+    """An access token and a refresh token for the user, as /auth answers them."""
+    secret = key()
+    now = int(time.time())
+    refresh = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE expires < now()')
+        connection.execute("INSERT INTO refresh_tokens VALUES (%s, %s, now() + make_interval(secs => %s))",
+                           (digest(refresh), name, REFRESH_SECONDS))
+    return {
+        'access_token': sign({'sub': name, 'iat': now, 'exp': now + ACCESS_SECONDS}, secret),
+        'token_type': 'Bearer',
+        'expires_in': ACCESS_SECONDS,
+        'refresh_token': refresh,
+        'refresh_expires_in': REFRESH_SECONDS,
+    }
+
+
+def take(cfg, token):
+    """Remove an unexpired refresh token and return the user it was issued to, or None."""
+    if not isinstance(token, str) or not token:
+        return None
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        row = connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE hash = %s RETURNING name, expires > now()',
+                                 (digest(token),)).fetchone()
+    return row[0] if row and row[1] else None
+
+
+def revoke(cfg, name):
+    """Remove all refresh tokens of the user, and its codes, tokens and sessions of the OpenID Provider."""
+    with database(cfg) as connection:
+        connection.execute('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE name = %s', (name,))
+        connection.execute('CALL oidc_revoke(%s)', (name,))
+
+
+def psql(sql, name):
+    """The output of an SQL statement, read from standard input, run by psql as postgres with name as the variable v1."""
+    args = ['runuser', '-u', 'postgres', '--', 'psql', '-X', '-q', '-t', '-A', '-v', 'ON_ERROR_STOP=1', '-v', f'v1={name}']
+    result = subprocess.run(args, input=sql, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise OSError(f'psql failed: {result.stderr.strip()}')
+    return result.stdout.strip()
+
+
+def provision_database(name, secret):
+    """Create the role of the name, its password file secret and its database of the same name when they are missing.
+
+    The password, of URL-safe characters, reaches psql on standard input, not on its command line.
+    """
+    if not psql("SELECT 1 FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = :'v1'", name):
+        secret.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        psql("CREATE ROLE :\"v1\" LOGIN", name)
+    if not secret.is_file():
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+        psql(f"ALTER ROLE :\"v1\" PASSWORD '{password}'", name)
+        secret.touch(mode=0o600)
+        secret.chmod(0o600)
+        secret.write_text(password + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+    if not psql("SELECT 1 FROM pg_database WHERE datname = :'v1'", name):
+        psql("CREATE DATABASE :\"v1\" OWNER :\"v1\"", name)
+
+
+def reset_password(name, secret):
+    """Give the role of the name the password of its file secret, when both exist, as after a restore."""
+    if secret.is_file() and psql("SELECT 1 FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = :'v1'", name):
+        password = secret.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+        psql(f"ALTER ROLE :\"v1\" PASSWORD '{password}'", name)
+
+
+def provision(cfg):
+    """Create the role, its password file and the database of the refresh tokens when web.database is not set and they
+    are missing."""
+    if not cfg['web']['database'].strip():
+        provision_database(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+"""The backups of the router, for vpn-router-backup and the web service.
+
+A backup is a consistent copy of the state that setup cannot make again, staged in STAGING: the
+trees of TREES, the folders of the web sites among them, the files of site_to_site psk_file outside them under files/,
+the directory as slapcat writes it (ldap/vpn-router.ldif), with backup.metrics the database as pg_dump writes it
+(postgresql/vpn-router.dump), the databases of the web sites and of the name server (DUMPS) once they exist, and
+manifest.json. The trees and the directory are copied while
+the configuration lock and the users lock are held, so the configuration, the PKI and the users
+match; pg_dump reads a snapshot of its own.
+
+backup.target local writes the staging directory as a tar archive compressed with zstd,
+ARCHIVE, to backup.path, removes the archives of this host that the retention settings of the
+schedule no longer keep, and with backup.rclone_remote syncs or copies the archives of this host
+to the remote of RCLONE_CONFIG. backup.target pbs sends the staging directory to a Proxmox Backup
+Server as the archive router.pxar of the snapshot host/<host>/<time>; the server keeps them.
+
+A run holds RUN_LOCK and records itself in STATE: result running, ok, warning (the backup is
+made, the cloud copy failed) or failed, with the times, the target, the archive or snapshot,
+its size, the error and the cloud copy. restore() puts a backup back and runs setup.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import fcntl
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_dns
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+import vpnrouter_sites
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+STATE = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/vpn-router/backup.json')
+WORK_DIR = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/vpn-router/backup')
+STAGING = WORK_DIR / 'staging'
+RESTORE_DIR = WORK_DIR / 'restore'
+#: What a restore replaces is kept here, in a directory named after the time of the restore.
+BEFORE_RESTORE = WORK_DIR / 'before-restore'
+RUN_LOCK = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/backup.lock')
+RCLONE_CONFIG = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/rclone.conf')
+PBS_CLIENT = pathlib.Path('/usr/bin/proxmox-backup-client')
+UNIT = 'vpn-router-backup.service'
+TIMER = 'vpn-router-backup.timer'
+
+#: The state a backup copies: directories and files, each where it is on the system.
+TREES = ('/etc/vpn-router', '/etc/wireguard', '/etc/ufw', '/etc/default/ufw', '/etc/vpn-router-manager',
+         str(vpnrouter_sites.SITES_DIR))
+
+#: The databases a backup always dumps, each while it exists: the dump -> the database and its password file.
+DUMPS = {'postgresql/vpn-router-sites.dump': (vpnrouter_sites.DATABASE, vpnrouter_sites.DATABASE_SECRET),
+         'postgresql/vpn-router-dns.dump': (vpnrouter_dns.DATABASE, vpnrouter_dns.DATABASE_SECRET)}
+
+#: The name of a local archive: the host and the UTC time of the backup.
+ARCHIVE = re.compile(r'^vpn-router-(?P<host>[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9.-]*)-(?P<stamp>\d{8}T\d{6}Z)\.tar\.zst$')
+STAMP = '%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZ'
+
+LDIF = 'ldap/vpn-router.ldif'
+DUMP = 'postgresql/vpn-router.dump'
+PBS_ARCHIVE = 'router.pxar'
+
+#: The period of each retention setting, as strftime formats of local time; weeks are ISO weeks.
+PERIODS = {'keep_hourly': '%Y-%m-%d %H', 'keep_daily': '%Y-%m-%d', 'keep_weekly': '%G-%V', 'keep_monthly': '%Y-%m',
+           'keep_yearly': '%Y'}
+
+#: The units a restore stops while it replaces the directory and the database, and the ones it restarts after setup.
+RESTORE_STOPS = ('vpn-router-web.service', 'vpn-router-metrics.service', 'vpn-router-webdav.service', 'pdns.service',
+                 'slapd.service')
+RESTORE_RESTARTS = ('wg-quick@wg0.service', 'openvpn-server@vpn-router.service', 'strongswan.service',
+                    'vpn-router-manager.service')
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A backup or a restore that cannot be done."""
+
+
+def now():
+    """The local time in ISO 8601, to the second, with its offset."""
+    return datetime.datetime.now().astimezone().isoformat(timespec='seconds')
+
+
+def host():
+    """The name of this host, which names its archives and its PBS backup group."""
+    return socket.gethostname().split('.')[0]
+
+
+def command(args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a command; Failure with its standard error when it fails."""
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, text=True, **kwargs)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise Failure(f'{args[0]}: {exc.strerror}')
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise Failure(f'{" ".join(args[:2])} failed: {result.stderr.strip() or result.stdout.strip()}')
+    return result.stdout
+
+
+def write_state(state):
+    """Write STATE in one step."""
+    STATE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    descriptor, name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=STATE.parent, prefix='.backup.json.')
+    with os.fdopen(descriptor, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+        handle.write(json.dumps(state, indent=2) + '\n')
+    os.chmod(name, 0o600)
+    os.replace(name, STATE)
+
+
+def running():
+    """Whether a run holds RUN_LOCK."""
+    try:
+        with open(RUN_LOCK, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            fcntl.flock(handle, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return False
+    except BlockingIOError:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def state():
+    """The state of the last run, {} when there was none; a run that ended without recording it is interrupted."""
+    try:
+        recorded = json.loads(STATE.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        return {}
+    if recorded.get('result') == 'running' and not running():
+        recorded['result'] = 'interrupted'
+    return recorded
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def run_lock():
+    """Hold RUN_LOCK; Failure when another run holds it."""
+    RUN_LOCK.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(RUN_LOCK, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+        try:
+            fcntl.flock(handle, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
+        except BlockingIOError:
+            raise Failure('another backup or restore is running')
+        yield
+
+
+def archives(path):
+    """The archives of this host in path, newest first, as [{name, time, size}]; time is the UTC time of the backup."""
+    found = []
+    try:
+        entries = list(os.scandir(path))
+    except OSError:
+        return found
+    for entry in entries:
+        match = ARCHIVE.match(entry.name)
+        if match and match['host'] == host() and entry.is_file():
+            when = datetime.datetime.strptime(match['stamp'], STAMP).replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+            found.append({'name': entry.name, 'time': when.isoformat(), 'size': entry.stat().st_size})
+    return sorted(found, key=lambda item: item['time'], reverse=True)
+
+
+def kept(found, keeps):
+    """The names of the archives the retention settings keep, by the rules of Proxmox Backup Server's prune.
+
+    found is newest first. The settings apply in the order of PERIODS: each keeps the newest archive of each of its
+    last N periods that have archives and no archive a former setting kept, and the older archives of those periods
+    are removed, so no later setting keeps them.
+    """
+    marks = {}
+    for option, period in PERIODS.items():
+        count = keeps.get(option, 0)
+        if not count:
+            continue
+        periods = {moment(item).strftime(period) for item in found if marks.get(item['name']) == 'keep'}
+        included = set()
+        for item in found:
+            if item['name'] in marks:
+                continue
+            key = moment(item).strftime(period)
+            if key in periods:
+                continue
+            if key not in included:
+                if len(included) >= count:
+                    break
+                included.add(key)
+                marks[item['name']] = 'keep'
+            else:
+                marks[item['name']] = 'remove'
+    return {name for name, mark in marks.items() if mark == 'keep'}
+
+
+def moment(item):
+    """The local time of an archive of archives()."""
+    return datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(item['time']).astimezone()
+
+
+def psk_files(cfg):
+    """The psk_file of each site_to_site connection outside the trees of TREES."""
+    files = []
+    for connection in cfg['site_to_site'].values():
+        name = connection['psk_file'].strip()
+        if name and not any(name == tree or name.startswith(tree + '/') for tree in TREES) and os.path.isfile(name):
+            files.append(name)
+    return files
+
+
+def database_args(cfg):
+    """The command prefix and the database argument of pg_dump and pg_restore: postgres and vpn-router, or web.database."""
+    configured = cfg['web']['database'].strip()
+    if configured:
+        return [], [f'--dbname={configured}']
+    return ['runuser', '-u', 'postgres', '--'], [f'--dbname={vpnrouter_auth.DATABASE}']
+
+
+def stage(cfg):
+    """Copy what a backup holds to STAGING, emptied first, and return the manifest."""
+    shutil.rmtree(STAGING, ignore_errors=True)
+    STAGING.mkdir(parents=True, mode=0o700)
+    trees = [tree for tree in TREES if os.path.exists(tree)]
+    files = psk_files(cfg)
+    vpnrouter_users.LOCK_FILE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with vpnrouter.config_lock(), open(vpnrouter_users.LOCK_FILE, 'w') as users:
+        fcntl.flock(users, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+        command(['cp', '-a', '--parents', *trees, str(STAGING)])
+        if files:
+            (STAGING / 'files').mkdir()
+            command(['cp', '-a', '--parents', *files, str(STAGING / 'files')])
+        (STAGING / LDIF).parent.mkdir()
+        command(['slapcat', '-b', vpnrouter_ldap.BASE, '-l', str(STAGING / LDIF)])
+    items = trees + [f'files{name}' for name in files] + [LDIF]
+    dumps = {**({DUMP: database_args(cfg)} if cfg['backup']['metrics'] else {}),
+             **{item: (['runuser', '-u', 'postgres', '--'], [f'--dbname={name}'])
+                for item, (name, secret) in DUMPS.items() if secret.is_file()}}
+    for item, (prefix, database) in dumps.items():
+        (STAGING / item).parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+        with open(STAGING / item, 'wb') as dump:
+            result = subprocess.run([*prefix, 'pg_dump', '-Fc', *database], stdout=dump, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise Failure(f'pg_dump for {item} failed: {result.stderr.decode(errors="replace").strip()}')
+        items.append(item)
+    version = subprocess.run(['dpkg-query', '-W', '-f=${Version}', 'vpn-router'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    manifest = {'host': host(), 'time': now(), 'version': version.stdout.strip() or None,
+                'schedule': cfg['backup']['schedule'], 'items': items}
+    (STAGING / 'manifest.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
+    return manifest
+
+
+def pbs_environment(cfg):
+    """The environment of proxmox-backup-client: the repository, the token secret and the fingerprint of backup."""
+    if not PBS_CLIENT.exists():
+        raise Failure(f'{PBS_CLIENT} does not exist; install proxmox-backup-client-static')
+    backup = cfg['backup']
+    environment = dict(os.environ, PBS_REPOSITORY=backup['pbs_repository'], PBS_PASSWORD=backup['pbs_password'])
+    if backup['pbs_fingerprint']:
+        environment['PBS_FINGERPRINT'] = backup['pbs_fingerprint']
+    return environment
+
+
+def pbs_options(cfg):
+    """The namespace and key file options of proxmox-backup-client from backup."""
+    options = []
+    if cfg['backup']['pbs_namespace']:
+        options += ['--ns', cfg['backup']['pbs_namespace']]
+    if cfg['backup']['pbs_keyfile']:
+        options += ['--keyfile', cfg['backup']['pbs_keyfile']]
+    return options
+
+
+def cloud(cfg):
+    """Sync or copy the archives of this host in backup.path to backup.rclone_remote; Failure when it fails."""
+    backup = cfg['backup']
+    rclone = shutil.which('rclone')
+    if not rclone:
+        raise Failure('rclone is not installed')
+    if not RCLONE_CONFIG.is_file():
+        raise Failure(f'{RCLONE_CONFIG} does not exist; make the remote with rclone config --config {RCLONE_CONFIG}')
+    command([rclone, backup['rclone_mode'], backup['path'], backup['rclone_remote'], '--config', str(RCLONE_CONFIG),
+             '--include', f'vpn-router-{host()}-*.tar.zst'])
+
+
+def run():
+    """Make a backup to backup.target as the configuration says, recording it in STATE; the recorded state."""
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    backup = cfg['backup']
+    started = time.time()
+    record = {'result': 'running', 'started': now(), 'finished': None, 'target': backup['target'], 'archive': None,
+              'snapshot': None, 'size': None, 'removed': [], 'error': None, 'cloud': None}
+    with run_lock():
+        write_state(record)
+        try:
+            stage(cfg)
+            if backup['target'] == 'pbs':
+                epoch = int(started)
+                command([str(PBS_CLIENT), 'backup', f'{PBS_ARCHIVE}:{STAGING}', '--backup-type', 'host',
+                         '--backup-id', host(), '--backup-time', str(epoch), *pbs_options(cfg)],
+                        env=pbs_environment(cfg))
+                stamp = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(epoch, datetime.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
+                record['snapshot'] = f'host/{host()}/{stamp}'
+                record['size'] = sum(path.stat().st_size for path in STAGING.rglob('*') if path.is_file())
+            else:
+                path = pathlib.Path(backup['path'])
+                path.mkdir(parents=True, mode=0o700, exist_ok=True)
+                name = f'vpn-router-{host()}-{time.strftime(STAMP, time.gmtime(started))}.tar.zst'
+                partial = path / f'{name}.partial'
+                command(['tar', '--zstd', '-cf', str(partial), '-C', str(STAGING), '.'])
+                partial.chmod(0o600)
+                partial.rename(path / name)
+                record['archive'] = name
+                record['size'] = (path / name).stat().st_size
+                found = archives(path)
+                keep = kept(found, {option: backup[option] for option in vpnrouter.backup_keeps(backup['schedule'])})
+                for item in found:
+                    if item['name'] not in keep:
+                        (path / item['name']).unlink()
+                        record['removed'].append(item['name'])
+                if backup['rclone_remote']:
+                    record['cloud'] = {'remote': backup['rclone_remote'], 'mode': backup['rclone_mode'],
+                                       'result': 'ok', 'error': None}
+                    try:
+                        cloud(cfg)
+                    except Failure as exc:
+                        record['cloud'].update(result='failed', error=str(exc))
+            record['result'] = 'warning' if record['cloud'] and record['cloud']['result'] != 'ok' else 'ok'
+        except (Failure, OSError) as exc:
+            record['result'] = 'failed'
+            record['error'] = str(exc)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(STAGING, ignore_errors=True)
+            record['finished'] = now()
+            write_state(record)
+    return record
+
+
+def snapshots(cfg):
+    """The PBS snapshots of this host, as proxmox-backup-client lists them."""
+    namespace = cfg['backup']['pbs_namespace']
+    return command([str(PBS_CLIENT), 'snapshot', 'list', f'host/{host()}', *(['--ns', namespace] if namespace else [])],
+                   env=pbs_environment(cfg))
+
+
+def extract(cfg, source, pbs):
+    """Unpack a local archive, or with pbs fetch a snapshot, to RESTORE_DIR, emptied first; the manifest."""
+    shutil.rmtree(RESTORE_DIR, ignore_errors=True)
+    RESTORE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, mode=0o700)
+    if pbs:
+        command([str(PBS_CLIENT), 'restore', source, PBS_ARCHIVE, str(RESTORE_DIR), *pbs_options(cfg)],
+                env=pbs_environment(cfg))
+    else:
+        command(['tar', '--zstd', '-xf', source, '-C', str(RESTORE_DIR)])
+    try:
+        return json.loads((RESTORE_DIR / 'manifest.json').read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        raise Failure(f'{source} is not a backup of vpn-router-backup: it has no manifest.json')
+
+
+def put_back(relative, target, saved):
+    """Move target to saved, keeping its path, and copy the staged relative path of RESTORE_DIR in its place."""
+    target = pathlib.Path(target)
+    if target.exists() or target.is_symlink():
+        keep = saved / target.relative_to('/')
+        keep.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        shutil.move(target, keep)
+    target.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    command(['cp', '-a', str(RESTORE_DIR / relative), str(target)])
+
+
+def restore(source, pbs, confirm):
+    """Put the backup back: a local archive, or with pbs a snapshot; confirm(manifest) is asked before any change.
+
+    What is replaced is kept in BEFORE_RESTORE. The services of the directory and the database are stopped while they
+    are replaced, and setup applies the configuration afterwards. Returns the directory of what was replaced, or None
+    when confirm declined.
+    """
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    with run_lock():
+        try:
+            manifest = extract(cfg, source, pbs)
+            if not confirm(manifest):
+                return None
+            saved = BEFORE_RESTORE / time.strftime(STAMP, time.gmtime())
+            saved.mkdir(parents=True, mode=0o700)
+            for unit in RESTORE_STOPS:
+                subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'stop', unit], capture_output=True)
+            for item in manifest['items']:
+                if item.startswith('/'):
+                    put_back(item.lstrip('/'), item, saved)
+                elif item.startswith('files/'):
+                    put_back(item, item[len('files'):], saved)
+            if LDIF in manifest['items']:
+                directory = vpnrouter_ldap.DB_DIRECTORY
+                if directory.exists():
+                    shutil.move(directory, saved / 'ldap')
+                directory.mkdir(mode=0o700)
+                command(['slapadd', '-b', vpnrouter_ldap.BASE, '-l', str(RESTORE_DIR / LDIF)])
+                command(['chown', '-R', 'openldap:openldap', str(directory)])
+            subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'start', 'slapd.service'], capture_output=True)
+            restored = vpnrouter.load_config()
+            if not restored['web']['database'].strip():
+                vpnrouter_auth.reset_password(vpnrouter_auth.DATABASE, vpnrouter_auth.DATABASE_SECRET)
+                vpnrouter_auth.provision(restored)
+            dumps = {DUMP: database_args(restored)}
+            for item, (name, secret) in DUMPS.items():
+                if item in manifest['items']:
+                    vpnrouter_auth.reset_password(name, secret)
+                    vpnrouter_auth.provision_database(name, secret)
+                    dumps[item] = (['runuser', '-u', 'postgres', '--'], [f'--dbname={name}'])
+            for item, (prefix, database) in dumps.items():
+                if item not in manifest['items']:
+                    continue
+                with open(RESTORE_DIR / item, 'rb') as dump:
+                    result = subprocess.run([*prefix, 'pg_restore', '--clean', '--if-exists', *database], stdin=dump,
+                                            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+                if result.returncode != 0:
+                    raise Failure(f'pg_restore of {item} failed: {result.stderr.decode(errors="replace").strip()}')
+            subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'start', 'vpn-router-web.service'], capture_output=True)
+            command(['systemctl', 'restart', 'vpn-router-setup.service'])
+            for unit in RESTORE_RESTARTS:
+                subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'try-restart', unit], capture_output=True)
+            subprocess.run(['ufw', 'reload'], capture_output=True)
+            return saved
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(RESTORE_DIR, ignore_errors=True)
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+"""The router's authoritative name server, PowerDNS with its gpgsql backend, for vpn-router-setup and the web service.
+
+The name server is the primary of its domains and answers on the addresses of the interfaces of dns.listen. The
+domains, their secondary name servers and the records an administrator added (manual records) are in the
+vpn-router-dns database, which provision() creates with its role and the password in DATABASE_SECRET, and fills with
+the schema of pdns-backend-pgsql, PDNS_SCHEMA; DNS_SQL defines the router's own tables and procedures, and the first
+connection of a process loads it.
+
+apply() writes every domain as a primary zone: its SOA with dns.nameserver, its NS, dns.nameserver and the name
+servers of its secondaries, the NS of the domains directly below it, A and AAAA records of dns.addresses for its apex,
+for those name servers inside it that are the router, and, when the domain has site records, for every host name of an
+enabled site whose closest domain it is, and the manual records, but those of a name and type the records before them
+have. A secondary's address is notified of every change (ALSO-NOTIFY) and may transfer the zone (ALLOW-AXFR-FROM); the
+serial of the SOA grows only when the records change.
+
+Every failure of the database raises DatabaseError; a request that cannot be done raises Failure.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import ipaddress
+import pathlib
+import re
+
+import psycopg
+from psycopg.rows import dict_row
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+
+DATABASE = 'vpn-router-dns'
+DATABASE_SECRET = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/dns-database.secret')
+DNS_SQL = pathlib.Path('/usr/share/vpn-router/sql/dns.sql')
+
+#: The schema of PowerDNS's gpgsql backend, which pdns-backend-pgsql installs.
+PDNS_SCHEMA = pathlib.Path('/usr/share/pdns-backend-pgsql/schema/schema.pgsql.sql')
+
+#: The settings of PowerDNS that vpn-router-setup writes, read after /etc/powerdns/pdns.conf; the server, its unit and
+#: the group it runs as.
+PDNS_CONF = pathlib.Path('/etc/powerdns/pdns.d/vpn-router.conf')
+PDNS_SERVER = pathlib.Path('/usr/sbin/pdns_server')
+UNIT = 'pdns.service'
+GROUP = 'pdns'
+
+#: The types of the manual records.
+TYPES = ('A', 'AAAA', 'CNAME', 'TXT', 'MX', 'SRV', 'CAA')
+
+#: The most domains, secondaries of a domain, and manual records of a domain.
+DOMAINS_MAX = 100
+SECONDARIES_MAX = 8
+MANUAL_MAX = 1000
+
+#: The refresh, retry and expire times of the SOA, in seconds.
+SOA_TIMES = '10800 3600 604800'
+
+#: A label of a record's name: letters, digits, hyphens and underscores, or * as the first label.
+LABEL = re.compile(r'^[a-z0-9_]([a-z0-9_-]{0,61}[a-z0-9_])?$')
+
+#: The content of an MX, SRV and CAA record, and a DNS name a record points to.
+MX = re.compile(r'^(\d{1,5}) (\S+)$')
+SRV = re.compile(r'^(\d{1,5}) (\d{1,5}) (\d{1,5}) (\S+)$')
+CAA = re.compile(r'^(0|128) (issue|issuewild|iodef) "[^"\\]*"$')
+TARGET = re.compile(r'^[a-z0-9_]([a-z0-9_-]{0,61}[a-z0-9_])?(\.[a-z0-9_]([a-z0-9_-]{0,61}[a-z0-9_])?)*$')
+
+#: The longest content of a TXT record, in characters.
+TXT_MAX = 2048
+
+#: Whether this process has loaded DNS_SQL.
+_loaded = False
+
+
+class DatabaseError(Exception):
+    """The database of the name server failed."""
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 3 no such domain, secondary or record, 4 the domain
+    exists."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=2):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+def provision():
+    """Create the role, its password file and the database of the name server when they are missing, and PowerDNS's
+    tables in it; DatabaseError while pdns-backend-pgsql is not installed."""
+    vpnrouter_auth.provision_database(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(vpnrouter_auth.local_connection(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET), autocommit=True) as connection:
+            if connection.execute("SELECT to_regclass('public.domains')").fetchone()[0] is None:
+                connection.execute(PDNS_SCHEMA.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the schema of PowerDNS cannot be read: {exc}') from exc
+    except psycopg.Error as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the database of the name server failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def database():
+    """A connection to the database of the name server, with the router's tables and procedures, closed at the end;
+    DatabaseError on any failure, also before provision() made it."""
+    global _loaded
+    try:
+        schema = None if _loaded else DNS_SQL.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        target = vpnrouter_auth.local_connection(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the database of the name server is not ready: {exc}') from exc
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(target, autocommit=True, row_factory=dict_row) as connection:
+            if schema is not None:
+                connection.execute(schema)
+                _loaded = True
+            yield connection
+    except psycopg.Error as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the database of the name server failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+def in_zone(zone, name):
+    return name == zone or name.endswith(f'.{zone}')
+
+
+def absolute(zone, name):
+    """The record name in the zone: @ or '' is the zone itself, a name ending in a dot is taken as it is, any other is
+    relative to the zone; Failure for a name outside the zone or not a DNS name."""
+    if not isinstance(name, str):
+        raise Failure('name must be a string')
+    name = name.strip().lower()
+    if name in ('', '@'):
+        return zone
+    full = name[:-1] if name.endswith('.') else f'{name}.{zone}'
+    labels = full.split('.')
+    if not in_zone(zone, full) or not all(LABEL.match(label) or (index == 0 and label == '*')
+                                          for index, label in enumerate(labels)):
+        raise Failure(f'{name!r} is not a name in {zone}')
+    return full
+
+
+def check_record(zone, record):
+    """The manual record {name, type, content, ttl?} with its name made absolute and its content checked; Failure when
+    it is not valid. A TXT content not in quotes is quoted."""
+    if not isinstance(record, dict):
+        raise Failure('a record is an object of name, type, content and ttl')
+    name = absolute(zone, record.get('name'))
+    kind = record.get('type')
+    content = record.get('content')
+    ttl = record.get('ttl')
+    if kind not in TYPES:
+        raise Failure(f'type must be one of {", ".join(TYPES)}')
+    if not isinstance(content, str) or not content.strip():
+        raise Failure('content must be a string')
+    if ttl is not None and (isinstance(ttl, bool) or not isinstance(ttl, int) or not 60 <= ttl <= 86400):
+        raise Failure('ttl must be 60 to 86400 seconds')
+    content = content.strip()
+    if kind in ('A', 'AAAA'):
+        try:
+            address = ipaddress.ip_address(content)
+        except ValueError:
+            address = None
+        if address is None or address.version != (4 if kind == 'A' else 6):
+            raise Failure(f'{content!r} is not an IPv{4 if kind == "A" else 6} address')
+        content = str(address)
+    elif kind == 'CNAME':
+        if name == zone:
+            raise Failure('the zone itself cannot have a CNAME record')
+        content = content.lower().rstrip('.')
+        if not TARGET.match(content):
+            raise Failure(f'{content!r} is not a DNS name')
+    elif kind == 'TXT':
+        if not (content.startswith('"') and content.endswith('"') and len(content) > 1):
+            content = '"' + content.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', '\\"') + '"'
+        if len(content) > TXT_MAX or not content.isprintable():
+            raise Failure(f'the text must have at most {TXT_MAX} printable characters')
+    elif kind in ('MX', 'SRV'):
+        match = (MX if kind == 'MX' else SRV).match(content.lower())
+        if not match or any(int(value) > 65535 for value in match.groups()[:-1]) or \
+                not TARGET.match(match.groups()[-1].rstrip('.')):
+            raise Failure(f'{kind} content is ' + ('"<preference> <host>"' if kind == 'MX'
+                                                    else '"<priority> <weight> <port> <host>"'))
+        content = ' '.join([*match.groups()[:-1], match.groups()[-1].rstrip('.')])
+    elif not CAA.match(content):
+        raise Failure('CAA content is "<0 or 128> <issue, issuewild or iodef> \\"<value>\\""')
+    return {'name': name, 'type': kind, 'content': content, 'ttl': ttl}
+
+
+def closest(zones, name):
+    """The longest of the zones the name is in, None when it is in none."""
+    return max((zone for zone in zones if in_zone(zone, name)), key=len, default=None)
+
+
+def check_domain(name):
+    """The domain name in lowercase without a final dot; Failure when it is not a DNS name."""
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not vpnrouter.ZONE_NAME.match(name.strip().lower().rstrip('.')):
+        raise Failure(f'{name!r} is not a domain name')
+    return name.strip().lower().rstrip('.')
+
+
+def check_ttl(ttl):
+    if ttl is not None and (isinstance(ttl, bool) or not isinstance(ttl, int) or
+                            not vpnrouter.DNS_TTL_RANGE[0] <= ttl <= vpnrouter.DNS_TTL_RANGE[1]):
+        raise Failure(f'ttl must be {vpnrouter.DNS_TTL_RANGE[0]} to {vpnrouter.DNS_TTL_RANGE[1]} seconds')
+    return ttl
+
+
+def domain(connection, name):
+    """The domain; Failure with status 3 when there is none."""
+    row = next((row for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_domains_list()').fetchall()
+                if row['name'] == name), None)
+    if row is None:
+        raise Failure(f'no domain {name}', 3)
+    return row
+
+
+def listing():
+    """Every domain with its secondaries, its manual records and the records the name server answers for it."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        secondaries = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_secondaries_list()').fetchall()
+        manual = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_records_list()').fetchall()
+        return [{**row,
+                 'secondaries': [{key: item[key] for key in ('nameserver', 'address')}
+                                 for item in secondaries if item['domain'] == row['name']],
+                 'manual': [{key: item[key] for key in ('name', 'type', 'content', 'ttl')}
+                            for item in manual if item['domain'] == row['name']],
+                 'records': connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_served(%s)', (row['name'],)).fetchall()}
+                for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_domains_list()').fetchall()]
+
+
+def domain_add(body):
+    """Add the domain {name, sites, ttl?}; the domain."""
+    if not isinstance(body, dict) or not isinstance(body.get('sites', False), bool):
+        raise Failure('a domain is an object of name, sites and ttl')
+    name, sites, ttl = check_domain(body.get('name')), body.get('sites', False), check_ttl(body.get('ttl'))
+    with database() as connection:
+        names = [row['name'] for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_domains_list()').fetchall()]
+        if name in names:
+            raise Failure(f'the domain {name} exists', 4)
+        if len(names) >= DOMAINS_MAX:
+            raise Failure(f'the name server has {DOMAINS_MAX} domains')
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_domain_put(%s, %s, %s)', (name, sites, ttl))
+    return {'name': name, 'sites': sites, 'ttl': ttl}
+
+
+def domain_change(name, body):
+    """Change the sites and ttl of the domain; the domain."""
+    if not isinstance(body, dict) or not set(body) <= {'sites', 'ttl'} or \
+            not isinstance(body.get('sites', False), bool):
+        raise Failure('a change of a domain is an object of sites and ttl')
+    with database() as connection:
+        row = domain(connection, name)
+        sites, ttl = body.get('sites', row['sites']), check_ttl(body.get('ttl', row['ttl']))
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_domain_put(%s, %s, %s)', (name, sites, ttl))
+    return {'name': name, 'sites': sites, 'ttl': ttl}
+
+
+def domain_remove(name):
+    """Remove the domain with its secondaries and manual records."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        domain(connection, name)
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_domain_remove(%s)', (name,))
+    return {'name': name}
+
+
+def secondary_add(name, body):
+    """Add the secondary name server {nameserver, address} of the domain, or set its address; the secondary."""
+    if not isinstance(body, dict):
+        raise Failure('a secondary is an object of nameserver and address')
+    nameserver = body.get('nameserver')
+    if not isinstance(nameserver, str) or not vpnrouter.ZONE_NAME.match(nameserver.strip().lower().rstrip('.')):
+        raise Failure(f'{nameserver!r} is not a name server name')
+    nameserver = nameserver.strip().lower().rstrip('.')
+    try:
+        address = str(ipaddress.ip_address(str(body.get('address', '')).strip()))
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise Failure(f'{body.get("address")!r} is not an IP address') from exc
+    with database() as connection:
+        domain(connection, name)
+        others = [row for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_secondaries_list()').fetchall()
+                  if row['domain'] == name and row['nameserver'] != nameserver]
+        if len(others) >= SECONDARIES_MAX:
+            raise Failure(f'the domain {name} has {SECONDARIES_MAX} secondaries')
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_secondary_put(%s, %s, %s)', (name, nameserver, address))
+    return {'domain': name, 'nameserver': nameserver, 'address': address}
+
+
+def secondary_remove(name, nameserver):
+    """Remove the secondary name server of the domain."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        domain(connection, name)
+        if not any(row['domain'] == name and row['nameserver'] == nameserver
+                   for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_secondaries_list()').fetchall()):
+            raise Failure(f'no secondary {nameserver} of {name}', 3)
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_secondary_remove(%s, %s)', (name, nameserver))
+    return {'domain': name, 'nameserver': nameserver}
+
+
+def add(cfg, name, record):
+    """Add the manual record to the domain, or set the TTL of the same one; the record. A name in a domain below it
+    belongs to that domain."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        row = domain(connection, name)
+        record = check_record(name, record)
+        record['ttl'] = record['ttl'] or row['ttl'] or cfg['dns']['ttl']
+        zones = [item['name'] for item in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_domains_list()').fetchall()]
+        owner = closest(zones, record['name'])
+        if owner != name:
+            raise Failure(f'{record["name"]} is in the domain {owner}')
+        records = [item for item in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_records_list()').fetchall()
+                   if item['domain'] == name]
+        same = [item for item in records if (item['name'], item['type']) == (record['name'], record['type'])]
+        others = [item for item in records if item['name'] == record['name'] and item['type'] != record['type']]
+        if len(records) >= MANUAL_MAX and not same:
+            raise Failure(f'the domain {name} has {MANUAL_MAX} manual records')
+        if record['type'] == 'CNAME' and (others or [item for item in same if item['content'] != record['content']]):
+            raise Failure(f'{record["name"]} has other records; a CNAME record must be its only record')
+        if any(item['type'] == 'CNAME' for item in others):
+            raise Failure(f'{record["name"]} has a CNAME record, which must be its only record')
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_record_put(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',
+                           (name, record['name'], record['type'], record['content'], record['ttl']))
+    return record
+
+
+def remove(name, record_name, kind, content):
+    """Remove the manual records of the name and type in the domain, only the one of the content when it is given."""
+    full = absolute(name, record_name)
+    with database() as connection:
+        domain(connection, name)
+        found = [row for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_records_list()').fetchall()
+                 if (row['domain'], row['name'], row['type']) == (name, full, kind)
+                 and content in (None, row['content'])]
+        if not found:
+            raise Failure(f'no {kind} record of {full}', 3)
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_record_remove(%s, %s, %s, %s)', (name, full, kind, content))
+    return {'name': full, 'type': kind, 'removed': len(found)}
+
+
+def records(cfg, row, zones, secondaries, hosts, manual_records):
+    """The records of the domain row besides its SOA, as (name, type, content, ttl): the NS of the domain and of the
+    domains directly below it, the A and AAAA records of dns.addresses for its apex, dns.nameserver when it is inside
+    and, with site records, each host name whose closest domain it is, the glue of the secondaries inside it, and its
+    manual records. secondaries maps a domain to its secondaries."""
+    dns = cfg['dns']
+    zone, nameserver, ttl = row['name'], dns['nameserver'].strip(), row['ttl'] or dns['ttl']
+    addresses = [ipaddress.ip_address(item.strip()) for item in dns['addresses'] if item.strip()]
+    children = [name for name in zones
+                if name != zone and closest([item for item in zones if item != name], name) == zone]
+    found = [(name, 'NS', server, ttl) for name in [zone, *children]
+             for server in [nameserver, *(item['nameserver'] for item in secondaries.get(name, []))]]
+    for name in dict.fromkeys([zone, *([nameserver] if in_zone(zone, nameserver) else []),
+                               *(host for host in hosts if row['sites'] and closest(zones, host) == zone)]):
+        found += [(name, 'A' if address.version == 4 else 'AAAA', str(address), ttl) for address in addresses]
+    for item in (item for name in [zone, *children] for item in secondaries.get(name, [])):
+        if in_zone(zone, item['nameserver']) and item['nameserver'] != nameserver:
+            address = ipaddress.ip_address(item['address'])
+            found.append((item['nameserver'], 'A' if address.version == 4 else 'AAAA', str(address), ttl))
+    taken = {(name, kind) for name, kind, _, _ in found}
+    found += [(item['name'], item['type'], item['content'], item['ttl']) for item in manual_records
+              if (item['name'], item['type']) not in taken]
+    return list(dict.fromkeys(found))
+
+
+def apply(cfg, hosts):
+    """Make the name server the primary of every domain with records(), and of none while dns.enabled is false."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        if not cfg['dns']['enabled']:
+            connection.execute('CALL dns_retain(%s::text[])', ([],))
+            return
+        dns = cfg['dns']
+        domains = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_domains_list()').fetchall()
+        zones = [row['name'] for row in domains]
+        secondaries, manual = {}, {}
+        for item in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_secondaries_list()').fetchall():
+            secondaries.setdefault(item['domain'], []).append(item)
+        for item in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM dns_records_list()').fetchall():
+            manual.setdefault(item['domain'], []).append(item)
+        for row in domains:
+            zone, ttl = row['name'], row['ttl'] or dns['ttl']
+            rows = records(cfg, row, zones, secondaries, hosts, manual.get(zone, []))
+            soa = f'{dns["nameserver"].strip()} hostmaster.{zone} {{serial}} {SOA_TIMES} {ttl}'
+            connection.execute('CALL dns_apply(%s, %s, %s, %s::text[], %s::text[], %s::text[], %s::integer[], '
+                               '%s::text[])',
+                               (zone, soa, ttl, [item[0] for item in rows], [item[1] for item in rows],
+                                [item[2] for item in rows], [item[3] for item in rows],
+                                [item['address'] for item in secondaries.get(zone, [])]))
+        connection.execute('CALL dns_retain(%s::text[])', (zones,))
+
+
+def config_text(addresses):
+    """The settings of PowerDNS: the gpgsql backend on the database of the name server, primary operation, and the
+    addresses it answers on."""
+    password = DATABASE_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
+    return '\n'.join([
+        '# Written by vpn-router-setup from /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json; edits are overwritten.',
+        'launch=gpgsql',
+        'gpgsql-host=localhost',
+        f'gpgsql-dbname={DATABASE}',
+        f'gpgsql-user={DATABASE}',
+        f'gpgsql-password={password}',
+        'primary=yes',
+        f'local-address={", ".join(addresses)}',
+        'local-port=53',
+        '',
+    ])
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+"""The router's user directory in the local slapd.
+
+The package keeps its own database, dc=vpn-router,dc=local in /var/lib/ldap/vpn-router,
+next to the one slapd's installation creates. Root manages it through the local socket
+with SASL EXTERNAL: the database's root DN is root's peer-credential DN, so there is no
+administrator password. Users and groups are changed by the user-manager service account,
+which the ACLs allow to write ou=users and ou=groups and to set, never read, passwords and
+TOTP secrets.
+
+The password policy locks an account for LOCKOUT_SECONDS after LOCKOUT_FAILURES failed binds;
+a successful bind clears the count. slapd's otp overlay is configured on the database, so a
+bind of a user with a TOTP token takes the password followed by a current code.
+cn=totp,ou=policies holds the TOTP parameters the token of every user points to.
+
+A user with console login on its own account is also a posixAccount, with a uidNumber from
+CONSOLE_UID_MIN and the gidNumber of the local group CONSOLE_GROUP; nslcd serves those with
+vpnRouterConsoleLogin TRUE to the system over the local socket.
+
+ou=pki holds the router's PKI (vpnrouter_pki): an entry per CA, and under it an entry per
+certificate the CA issued. Private keys are readable by root alone, the database's root DN.
+"""
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pwd
+import re
+import secrets
+
+import ldap
+import ldap.modlist
+import ldap.sasl
+
+URI = 'ldapi:///'
+#: The local socket ldapi:/// names, which slapd listens on.
+SLAPD_SOCKET = '/var/run/slapd/ldapi'
+BASE = 'dc=vpn-router,dc=local'
+USERS = f'ou=users,{BASE}'
+GROUPS = f'ou=groups,{BASE}'
+SERVICES = f'ou=services,{BASE}'
+POLICIES = f'ou=policies,{BASE}'
+PKI = f'ou=pki,{BASE}'
+DEFAULT_POLICY = f'cn=default,{POLICIES}'
+TOTP_PARAMS = f'cn=totp,{POLICIES}'
+MANAGER = f'cn=user-manager,{SERVICES}'
+ROOT = 'gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth'
+
+DB_DIRECTORY = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router')
+SECRET_DIR = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/ldap')
+MANAGER_SECRET = SECRET_DIR / 'user-manager.secret'
+SLAPD_DEFAULTS = pathlib.Path('/etc/default/slapd')
+SLAPD_SERVICES = 'SLAPD_SERVICES="ldapi:///"'
+
+MODULES = ('argon2', 'ppolicy', 'otp')
+PASSWORD_HASH = '{ARGON2}'
+
+#: Failed binds that lock an account, within LOCKOUT_SECONDS, and the seconds it stays locked.
+LOCKOUT_FAILURES = 5
+LOCKOUT_SECONDS = 900
+
+#: The overlays of the database, in the order they are configured.
+OVERLAYS = ('ppolicy', 'otp')
+
+#: The package's own schema, under an OID of the UUID arc 2.25 (ITU-T X.667): attribute types
+#: under .1 and object classes under .2. vpnRouterAccount, auxiliary, adds properties of the
+#: package to a user of either kind: mail, for a Manager-only account, vpnRouterScope,
+#: authorization scopes, of which service marks a service account, displayName and
+#: description, the labels of a service account, and vpnRouterConsoleLogin and
+#: vpnRouterConsoleAccount, whether the user may use a console and the local account it runs as,
+#: without which it runs as the user's own posixAccount, and vpnRouterWireGuardPeer, each a
+#: WireGuard peer of the user as "<public key> <IP>[,<IP>...]", and vpnRouterPasskey, each a
+#: passkey of the user as JSON (vpnrouter_passkeys). A service account with vpnRouterRedirectUri
+#: is a client of the OpenID Provider (vpnrouter_oidc): the URIs it is sent back to after a sign-in
+#: and, vpnRouterPostLogoutRedirectUri, after a sign-out, and vpnRouterAllowedGroup, the DNs of the
+#: groups whose members may sign in to it. vpnRouterAuthority is a CA of the PKI: its
+#: certificate and CRL (cACertificate and certificateRevocationList of RFC 4523), its key, the
+#: CSR it waits with for the offline root, the number of its last CRL, where the CRL came from,
+#: and when it was retired. vpnRouterCertificate is a certificate a CA issued, named by its
+#: serial number: the certificate, the key the router keeps for its own and the users'
+#: certificates, its kind, template, names and expiry, and its revocation.
+SCHEMA_OID = '2.25.98477352595735834532404256531620013001'
+SCHEMA_NAME = 'vpn-router'
+_STRING = 'EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{256} SINGLE-VALUE'
+_TIME = 'EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE'
+_OCTETS = 'EQUALITY octetStringMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40 SINGLE-VALUE'
+SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES = (
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.1 NAME 'vpnRouterScope' DESC 'VPN router: an authorization scope of the account' "
+    "EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{256} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.2 NAME 'vpnRouterPrivateKey' DESC 'VPN router: a private key, PEM' {_OCTETS} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.3 NAME 'vpnRouterCertificateRequest' DESC 'VPN router: the CSR of a CA, PEM' {_OCTETS} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.4 NAME 'vpnRouterCRLNumber' DESC 'VPN router: the number of the last CRL of a CA' "
+    "EQUALITY integerMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.5 NAME 'vpnRouterCRLSource' DESC 'VPN router: signed or uploaded, where the CRL of a CA came from' {_STRING} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.6 NAME 'vpnRouterRetired' DESC 'VPN router: when a CA was retired' {_TIME} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.7 NAME 'vpnRouterKind' DESC 'VPN router: ca, router, user or external, the kind of a certificate' {_STRING} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.8 NAME 'vpnRouterTemplate' DESC 'VPN router: the template of a certificate' {_STRING} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.9 NAME 'vpnRouterSubjectAltName' DESC 'VPN router: a subject alternative name of a certificate' "
+    "EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{256} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.10 NAME 'vpnRouterNotAfter' DESC 'VPN router: when a certificate expires' {_TIME} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.11 NAME 'vpnRouterRevoked' DESC 'VPN router: when a certificate was revoked' {_TIME} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.12 NAME 'vpnRouterRevocationReason' DESC 'VPN router: why a certificate was revoked' {_STRING} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.13 NAME 'vpnRouterConsoleLogin' DESC 'VPN router: whether the user may use a console' "
+    "EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.14 NAME 'vpnRouterConsoleAccount' DESC 'VPN router: the local account the console of the user runs as' "
+    f"{_STRING} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.15 NAME 'vpnRouterWireGuardPeer' DESC 'VPN router: a WireGuard peer of the user, its public key and IPs' "
+    "EQUALITY caseExactMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{1024} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.16 NAME 'vpnRouterPasskey' DESC 'VPN router: a passkey of the user, its credential as JSON' "
+    "EQUALITY caseExactMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{4096} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.17 NAME 'vpnRouterRedirectUri' DESC 'VPN router: a redirect URI of an OpenID Connect client' "
+    "EQUALITY caseExactMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{1024} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.18 NAME 'vpnRouterPostLogoutRedirectUri' DESC 'VPN router: a post-logout redirect URI of an "
+    "OpenID Connect client' EQUALITY caseExactMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{1024} )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.1.19 NAME 'vpnRouterAllowedGroup' DESC 'VPN router: a group whose members may sign in to an "
+    "OpenID Connect client' EQUALITY distinguishedNameMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.12 )",
+)
+SCHEMA_OBJECT_CLASSES = (
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.2.1 NAME 'vpnRouterAccount' DESC 'VPN router: properties of a user or a Manager-only account' "
+    "SUP top AUXILIARY MAY ( mail $ vpnRouterScope $ displayName $ description $ vpnRouterConsoleLogin $ "
+    "vpnRouterConsoleAccount $ vpnRouterWireGuardPeer $ vpnRouterPasskey $ vpnRouterRedirectUri $ "
+    "vpnRouterPostLogoutRedirectUri $ vpnRouterAllowedGroup ) )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.2.2 NAME 'vpnRouterAuthority' DESC 'VPN router: a CA of the PKI' SUP top STRUCTURAL MUST cn "
+    "MAY ( cACertificate $ certificateRevocationList $ vpnRouterPrivateKey $ vpnRouterCertificateRequest $ "
+    "vpnRouterCRLNumber $ vpnRouterCRLSource $ vpnRouterRetired ) )",
+    f"( {SCHEMA_OID}.2.3 NAME 'vpnRouterCertificate' DESC 'VPN router: a certificate a CA of the PKI issued' SUP top "
+    "STRUCTURAL MUST serialNumber MAY ( cn $ userCertificate $ vpnRouterPrivateKey $ vpnRouterKind $ vpnRouterTemplate $ "
+    "vpnRouterSubjectAltName $ vpnRouterNotAfter $ vpnRouterRevoked $ vpnRouterRevocationReason ) )",
+)
+
+#: The TOTP parameters: digits, the OID of HMAC-SHA1, seconds per time step, and the time steps accepted before and after now.
+TOTP_DIGITS = 6
+TOTP_ALGORITHM = '1.2.840.113549.2.7'
+TOTP_PERIOD = 30
+TOTP_WINDOW = 1
+
+#: The value of pwdAccountLockedTime that disables a user until it is enabled again.
+DISABLED = '000001010000Z'
+
+#: The indexes of the database.
+INDEXES = ('objectClass eq', 'uid eq', 'uidNumber eq', 'vpnRouterConsoleLogin eq')
+
+#: The POSIX accounts of console login (vpnrouter_users.console): the lowest uidNumber, which nslcd's nss_min_uid
+#: matches, the local group that is their primary group and grants sudo, the shell and the parent of their homes.
+CONSOLE_UID_MIN = 20000
+CONSOLE_GROUP = 'vpn-router-console'
+CONSOLE_SHELL = '/bin/bash'
+CONSOLE_HOMES = '/home'
+
+#: The ACLs of the database, in order.
+ACCESS = (
+    'to attrs=vpnRouterPrivateKey by * none',
+    f'to attrs=userPassword by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" =wx by self =wx by anonymous auth by * none',
+    f'to attrs=oathSecret by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" =w by * none',
+    f'to dn.subtree="{USERS}" by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" manage by * read',
+    f'to dn.subtree="{GROUPS}" by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" manage by * read',
+    'to * by * read',
+)
+
+#: The index of an ordered cn=config value: {0}, {1}, ...
+ORDER = re.compile(rb'^\{\d+\}')
+
+
+def unordered(values):
+    """Values of an ordered cn=config attribute without their {n} prefixes."""
+    return [ORDER.sub(b'', value).decode() for value in values]
+
+
+def root():
+    """A connection to slapd as root, through the local socket."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.sasl_interactive_bind_s('', ldap.sasl.external())
+    return connection
+
+
+def manager():
+    """A connection to slapd as the user-manager service account."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.simple_bind_s(MANAGER, MANAGER_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    return connection
+
+
+def ensure_services():
+    """Make slapd listen on the local socket only. Returns True when the setting changed."""
+    text = SLAPD_DEFAULTS.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    lines = text.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    updated = ''.join(SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n' if line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') else line for line in lines)
+    if not any(line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') for line in lines):
+        updated = text.rstrip('\n') + '\n' + SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n'
+    if updated == text:
+        return False
+    SLAPD_DEFAULTS.write_text(updated, encoding='utf-8')
+    return True
+
+
+def _ensure_modules(connection):
+    dn, attributes = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcModuleList)', ['olcModuleLoad'])[0]
+    loaded = unordered(attributes.get('olcModuleLoad', []))
+    missing = [name for name in MODULES if name not in loaded and f'{name}.la' not in loaded]
+    if missing:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'olcModuleLoad', [name.encode() for name in missing])])
+
+
+def _ensure_schema(connection):
+    """Add the package's schema to cn=config when missing, else add the definitions it lacks; a definition that differs
+    from the one of the same OID replaces the whole list of its kind."""
+    found = connection.search_s('cn=schema,cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(cn=*{SCHEMA_NAME})',
+                                ['olcAttributeTypes', 'olcObjectClasses'])
+    attributes = {'olcAttributeTypes': list(SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES), 'olcObjectClasses': list(SCHEMA_OBJECT_CLASSES)}
+    if not found:
+        connection.add_s(f'cn={SCHEMA_NAME},cn=schema,cn=config', ldap.modlist.addModlist(
+            dict({name: [value.encode() for value in values] for name, values in attributes.items()},
+                 objectClass=[b'olcSchemaConfig'], cn=[SCHEMA_NAME.encode()])))
+        return
+    dn, current = found[0]
+    for name, wanted in attributes.items():
+        present = unordered(current.get(name, []))
+        oids = {value.split()[1] for value in present}
+        missing = [value for value in wanted if value not in present]
+        if not missing:
+            continue
+        if any(value.split()[1] in oids for value in missing):
+            connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, name, [value.encode() for value in wanted])])
+        else:
+            connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_ADD, name, [value.encode() for value in missing])])
+
+
+def _ensure_password_hash(connection):
+    dn = 'olcDatabase={-1}frontend,cn=config'
+    current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['olcPasswordHash'])[0][1].get('olcPasswordHash', [])
+    if current != [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()]:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcPasswordHash', [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()])])
+
+
+def _ensure_database(connection):
+    """The DN of the package's database in cn=config, created when missing; its ACLs are kept as ACCESS, and the
+    indexes of INDEXES it lacks are added, which slapd builds online."""
+    found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess', 'olcDbIndex'])
+    if not found:
+        DB_DIRECTORY.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        openldap = pwd.getpwnam('openldap')
+        os.chown(DB_DIRECTORY, openldap.pw_uid, openldap.pw_gid)
+        connection.add_s('olcDatabase=mdb,cn=config', ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'olcDatabaseConfig', b'olcMdbConfig'],
+            'olcDatabase': [b'mdb'],
+            'olcSuffix': [BASE.encode()],
+            'olcDbDirectory': [str(DB_DIRECTORY).encode()],
+            'olcRootDN': [ROOT.encode()],
+            'olcDbIndex': [index.encode() for index in INDEXES],
+            'olcAccess': [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)],
+        }))
+        found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess', 'olcDbIndex'])
+    dn, attributes = found[0]
+    if unordered(attributes.get('olcAccess', [])) != list(ACCESS):
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcAccess', [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)])])
+    present = [value.decode() for value in attributes.get('olcDbIndex', [])]
+    missing = [index for index in INDEXES if index not in present]
+    if missing:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'olcDbIndex', [index.encode() for index in missing])])
+    return dn
+
+
+def _ensure_overlays(connection, database):
+    """Add the overlays of OVERLAYS the database lacks; the otp overlay has no settings of its own."""
+    found = connection.search_s(database, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcOverlayConfig)', ['olcOverlay'])
+    present = {ORDER.sub(b'', attributes['olcOverlay'][0]).decode() for _, attributes in found}
+    for name in OVERLAYS:
+        if name in present:
+            continue
+        record = {'objectClass': [b'olcOverlayConfig'], 'olcOverlay': [name.encode()]}
+        if name == 'ppolicy':
+            record = {'objectClass': [b'olcOverlayConfig', b'olcPPolicyConfig'], 'olcOverlay': [b'ppolicy'],
+                      'olcPPolicyDefault': [DEFAULT_POLICY.encode()]}
+        connection.add_s(f'olcOverlay={name},{database}', ldap.modlist.addModlist(record))
+
+
+def _ensure_entry(connection, dn, attributes):
+    """Add the entry when it is missing, else set the given attributes that differ."""
+    try:
+        current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=list(attributes))[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(dn, ldap.modlist.addModlist(attributes))
+        return
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, name, values) for name, values in attributes.items()
+               if name != 'objectClass' and sorted(current.get(name, [])) != sorted(values)]
+    if changes:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, changes)
+
+
+def _ensure_manager(connection):
+    SECRET_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    os.chmod(SECRET_DIR, 0o700)
+    created = False
+    try:
+        connection.search_s(MANAGER, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['1.1'])
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(MANAGER, ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'simpleSecurityObject'],
+            'cn': [b'user-manager'],
+            'userPassword': [b'{CRYPT}!'],
+        }))
+        created = True
+    if created or not MANAGER_SECRET.is_file():
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+        connection.passwd_s(MANAGER, None, password)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.touch(mode=0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.chmod(0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.write_text(password, encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def wireguard_peers():
+    """The WireGuard peers of the users who are not disabled, read as root: [(user, public key, [IP, ...])], sorted."""
+    connection = root()
+    try:
+        found = connection.search_s(USERS, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL,
+                                    f'(&(vpnRouterWireGuardPeer=*)(!(pwdAccountLockedTime={DISABLED})))',
+                                    ['uid', 'vpnRouterWireGuardPeer'])
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
+    peers = []
+    for _, attributes in found:
+        for value in attributes['vpnRouterWireGuardPeer']:
+            key, _, ips = value.decode().partition(' ')
+            peers.append((attributes['uid'][0].decode(), key, ips.split(',')))
+    return sorted(peers)
+
+
+def provision():
+    """Create or bring up to date the modules, the package's schema, database, ACLs, password policy, entries and service account."""
+    connection = root()
+    try:
+        _ensure_modules(connection)
+        _ensure_schema(connection)
+        _ensure_password_hash(connection)
+        database = _ensure_database(connection)
+        _ensure_overlays(connection, database)
+        _ensure_entry(connection, BASE, {'objectClass': [b'dcObject', b'organization'], 'dc': [b'vpn-router'], 'o': [b'vpn-router']})
+        for unit in (USERS, GROUPS, SERVICES, POLICIES, PKI):
+            _ensure_entry(connection, unit, {'objectClass': [b'organizationalUnit'], 'ou': [unit.split(',')[0][3:].encode()]})
+        _ensure_entry(connection, DEFAULT_POLICY, {
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'pwdPolicy'],
+            'cn': [b'default'],
+            'pwdAttribute': [b'userPassword'],
+            'pwdLockout': [b'TRUE'],
+            'pwdMaxFailure': [str(LOCKOUT_FAILURES).encode()],
+            'pwdLockoutDuration': [str(LOCKOUT_SECONDS).encode()],
+            'pwdFailureCountInterval': [str(LOCKOUT_SECONDS).encode()],
+        })
+        _ensure_entry(connection, TOTP_PARAMS, {
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'oathTOTPParams'],
+            'cn': [b'totp'],
+            'oathOTPLength': [str(TOTP_DIGITS).encode()],
+            'oathHMACAlgorithm': [TOTP_ALGORITHM.encode()],
+            'oathTOTPTimeStepPeriod': [str(TOTP_PERIOD).encode()],
+            'oathTOTPTimeStepWindow': [str(TOTP_WINDOW).encode()],
+        })
+        _ensure_manager(connection)
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+"""The metrics of the router in PostgreSQL, for the metrics service and the web service.
+
+The metrics service writes one detail row per minute to the four detail tables, of TABLES:
+metrics_system (CPU, memory, disk and load averages), metrics_network (bytes per second
+received and sent per interface), metrics_vpn (clients per kind) and metrics_site_to_site (per
+site-to-site connection: up, 1 or 0, bytes and packets per second received and sent, and the
+seconds its IKE SA has been up). Each detail table has four
+summary tables, of LEVELS: <table>_hourly from the details, <table>_daily from the hourly,
+<table>_monthly from the daily and <table>_yearly from the monthly rows. A summary row has the
+start of its period, in UTC, and the average and the maximum of each value over the period: of
+the details for the hourly rows, else the average of the averages and the maximum of the maxima
+below. A period is summarized once it is complete; summarize() catches up every complete period
+after the last summarized one, so a stopped service loses no summary of what was written.
+
+collect_garbage() deletes the rows older than the retention of their level, metrics.keep_*;
+the service runs it on start and once a day. history() answers the views of the Metrics tab.
+
+The tables are in the database of the refresh tokens (vpnrouter_auth.connection_string) and are
+created when missing. Every failure of the database raises DatabaseError.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+
+import psycopg
+
+import vpnrouter_auth
+
+#: The detail tables: their key columns besides time, and their value columns.
+TABLES = {
+    'metrics_system': ((), ('cpu', 'memory_used', 'memory_total', 'disk_free', 'disk_total', 'load1', 'load5', 'load15')),
+    'metrics_network': (('interface',), ('rx', 'tx')),
+    'metrics_vpn': (('kind',), ('clients',)),
+    'metrics_site_to_site': (('connection',), ('up', 'rx', 'tx', 'packets_rx', 'packets_tx', 'uptime')),
+}
+
+#: The summary levels, from the finest: the suffix of the tables, the period of date_trunc and the retention setting.
+LEVELS = (
+    ('hourly', 'hour', 'keep_hourly'),
+    ('daily', 'day', 'keep_daily'),
+    ('monthly', 'month', 'keep_monthly'),
+    ('yearly', 'year', 'keep_yearly'),
+)
+
+#: The kinds of VPN clients of metrics_vpn.
+VPN_KINDS = ('p2s', 'openvpn', 'wireguard')
+
+#: The time slots of the site-to-site availability of each view of history(): the summary level read (None: the
+#: details), the slot as PostgreSQL starts it from time, and its length.
+UP_SLOTS = {
+    'hour': (None, "date_bin('5 minutes', time, timestamptz '2000-01-01 00:00:00+00')", '5 minutes'),
+    'day': (None, "date_trunc('hour', time, 'UTC')", '1 hour'),
+    'month': ('hourly', "date_trunc('day', time, 'UTC')", '1 day'),
+    'year': ('monthly', "date_trunc('month', time, 'UTC')", '1 month'),
+}
+
+#: The views of history(): the summary level read (None: the details), the bucket and the span.
+RANGES = {
+    'hour': (None, '1 minute', '1 hour'),
+    'day': (None, '10 minutes', '1 day'),
+    'month': ('hourly', '6 hours', '1 month'),
+    'year': ('monthly', '1 month', '1 year'),
+}
+
+
+class DatabaseError(Exception):
+    """The metrics database failed."""
+
+
+def schema():
+    """The statements that create the detail and the summary tables."""
+    statements = []
+    for table, (keys, values) in TABLES.items():
+        key_columns = ''.join(f', {key} text NOT NULL' for key in keys)
+        primary = ', '.join(('time', *keys))
+        detail = ''.join(f', {value} double precision' for value in values)
+        statements.append(f'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table} (time timestamptz NOT NULL{key_columns}{detail}, '
+                          f'PRIMARY KEY ({primary}))')
+        summary = ''.join(f', {value}_avg double precision, {value}_max double precision' for value in values)
+        for suffix, _, _ in LEVELS:
+            statements.append(f'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table}_{suffix} (time timestamptz NOT NULL{key_columns}{summary}, '
+                              f'PRIMARY KEY ({primary}))')
+    return statements
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def database(cfg):
+    """A connection to the metrics database, with its tables, closed at the end; DatabaseError on any failure."""
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(vpnrouter_auth.connection_string(cfg), autocommit=True) as connection:
+            for statement in schema():
+                connection.execute(statement)
+            yield connection
+    except (psycopg.Error, OSError) as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the metrics database failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+def write(connection, system, network, vpn, site_to_site):
+    """Write a sample as the detail rows of the current minute.
+
+    system maps the values of metrics_system to numbers; network maps an interface to its rx and
+    tx; vpn maps a kind of VPN_KINDS to its clients; site_to_site maps a connection to the values
+    of metrics_site_to_site. A value that is None is written as NULL.
+    """
+    with connection.transaction():
+        minute = connection.execute("SELECT date_trunc('minute', now(), 'UTC')").fetchone()[0]
+        names = TABLES['metrics_system'][1]
+        connection.execute(f"INSERT INTO metrics_system (time, {', '.join(names)}) "
+                           f"VALUES (%s{', %s' * len(names)}) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING",
+                           (minute, *(system.get(name) for name in names)))
+        for interface, (rx, tx) in network.items():
+            connection.execute('INSERT INTO metrics_network (time, interface, rx, tx) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s) '
+                               'ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING', (minute, interface, rx, tx))
+        for kind, clients in vpn.items():
+            connection.execute('INSERT INTO metrics_vpn (time, kind, clients) VALUES (%s, %s, %s) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING',
+                               (minute, kind, clients))
+        names = TABLES['metrics_site_to_site'][1]
+        for name, values in site_to_site.items():
+            connection.execute(f"INSERT INTO metrics_site_to_site (time, connection, {', '.join(names)}) "
+                               f"VALUES (%s, %s{', %s' * len(names)}) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING",
+                               (minute, name, *(values.get(value) for value in names)))
+
+
+def summarize(connection, level):
+    """Summarize the complete periods of a level of LEVELS that are not summarized yet, for every detail table."""
+    index = [suffix for suffix, _, _ in LEVELS].index(level)
+    _, period, _ = LEVELS[index]
+    for table, (keys, values) in TABLES.items():
+        target = f'{table}_{level}'
+        source = table if index == 0 else f'{table}_{LEVELS[index - 1][0]}'
+        if index == 0:
+            aggregates = ', '.join(f'avg({value}), max({value})' for value in values)
+        else:
+            aggregates = ', '.join(f'avg({value}_avg), max({value}_max)' for value in values)
+        columns = ', '.join(('time', *keys, *(f'{value}_{kind}' for value in values for kind in ('avg', 'max'))))
+        groups = ''.join(f', {key}' for key in keys)
+        connection.execute(
+            f"INSERT INTO {target} ({columns}) "
+            f"SELECT date_trunc('{period}', time, 'UTC') AS period{groups}, {aggregates} FROM {source} "
+            f"WHERE time < date_trunc('{period}', now(), 'UTC') "
+            f"AND time >= coalesce((SELECT max(time) FROM {target}) + interval '1 {period}', '-infinity') "
+            f"GROUP BY period{groups} ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING")
+
+
+def collect_garbage(connection, cfg):
+    """Delete the rows older than the retention of their level: metrics.keep_details, keep_hourly and so on."""
+    metrics = cfg['metrics']
+    for table in TABLES:
+        connection.execute(f'DELETE FROM {table} WHERE time < now() - %s::interval', (metrics['keep_details'],))
+        for suffix, _, keep in LEVELS:
+            connection.execute(f'DELETE FROM {table}_{suffix} WHERE time < now() - %s::interval', (metrics[keep],))
+
+
+def history(connection, view):
+    """The points of a view of RANGES, oldest first, each with the start of its bucket in Unix seconds.
+
+    A point has the average and the maximum of each value of metrics_system, network, which maps
+    each interface to its rx and tx, clients, which maps each kind of VPN client to its clients,
+    and site_to_site, which maps each site-to-site connection to the values of
+    metrics_site_to_site; a value without data is None.
+
+    site_to_site_up is the availability of each site-to-site connection in the time slots of UP_SLOTS, oldest first:
+    for each slot its start in Unix seconds and, per connection, the percentage of its samples in which the connection
+    was up, 0 to 100; the summaries' averages of up give it for the month and the year.
+    """
+    level, bucket, span = RANGES[view]
+    up_level, up_start, up_slot = UP_SLOTS[view]
+
+    def rows(table):
+        keys, values = TABLES[table]
+        source = table if level is None else f'{table}_{level}'
+        if level is None:
+            aggregates = ', '.join(f'avg({value}), max({value})' for value in values)
+        else:
+            aggregates = ', '.join(f'avg({value}_avg), max({value}_max)' for value in values)
+        start = (f"date_bin('{bucket}', time, timestamptz '2000-01-01 00:00:00+00')" if view != 'year'
+                 else "date_trunc('month', time, 'UTC')")
+        groups = ''.join(f', {key}' for key in keys)
+        return connection.execute(
+            f"SELECT extract(epoch FROM {start})::bigint AS bucket{groups}, {aggregates} FROM {source} "
+            f"WHERE time >= now() - interval '{span}' GROUP BY bucket{groups} ORDER BY bucket").fetchall()
+
+    def pairs(row, values):
+        return {value: {'avg': row[2 * index], 'max': row[2 * index + 1]} for index, value in enumerate(values)}
+
+    points = {}
+
+    def point(start):
+        return points.setdefault(start, {'time': start, 'network': {}, 'clients': {}, 'site_to_site': {}})
+
+    for row in rows('metrics_system'):
+        point(row[0]).update(pairs(row[1:], TABLES['metrics_system'][1]))
+    for row in rows('metrics_network'):
+        point(row[0])['network'][row[1]] = pairs(row[2:], TABLES['metrics_network'][1])
+    for row in rows('metrics_vpn'):
+        point(row[0])['clients'][row[1]] = pairs(row[2:], TABLES['metrics_vpn'][1])['clients']
+    for row in rows('metrics_site_to_site'):
+        point(row[0])['site_to_site'][row[1]] = pairs(row[2:], TABLES['metrics_site_to_site'][1])
+    empty = {value: {'avg': None, 'max': None} for value in TABLES['metrics_system'][1]}
+
+    slots = {}
+    for start, name, percent in connection.execute(
+            f"SELECT extract(epoch FROM {up_start})::bigint AS slot, connection, avg({'up' if up_level is None else 'up_avg'}) * 100 "
+            f"FROM {'metrics_site_to_site' if up_level is None else f'metrics_site_to_site_{up_level}'} "
+            f"WHERE time >= now() - interval '{span}' GROUP BY slot, connection ORDER BY slot").fetchall():
+        slots.setdefault(start, {'time': start, 'connections': {}})['connections'][name] = percent
+    return {'range': view, 'bucket': bucket, 'points': [{**empty, **points[start]} for start in sorted(points)],
+            'site_to_site_up': {'slot': up_slot, 'points': [slots[start] for start in sorted(slots)]}}
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""Interfaces and addresses of the router, read from the system.
+
+Only the Python standard library is used, so the web service and its bootstrap server can use
+this module too.
+"""
+
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+
+#: The values of web.listen and of the Router Manager's listen: the interfaces a service listens on.
+LISTEN_CHOICES = ('internal', 'external', 'both')
+
+#: The interfaces a service listens on when it is not set.
+DEFAULT_LISTEN = 'both'
+
+#: The address every service also listens on, where the HTTPS proxy calls it.
+LOOPBACK = '127.0.0.1'
+
+
+class ConfigError(Exception):
+    """A setting is present but malformed."""
+
+
+def ip_output(*args):
+    """The output of an ip command, or '' when it fails."""
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(['ip', *args], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    except OSError:
+        return ''
+    return result.stdout if result.returncode == 0 else ''
+
+
+def detect_interfaces():
+    """Work out the external and internal interface names.
+
+    Only reached in auto mode, where the operator has accepted that a wrong
+    guess is possible. The external interface is whichever one carries the
+    default route; the internal one is the only other addressed interface.
+    """
+    tokens = ip_output('route', 'get', '1.1.1.1').split()
+    external = ''
+    for index, token in enumerate(tokens):
+        if token == 'dev' and index + 1 < len(tokens):
+            external = tokens[index + 1]
+            break
+    if not external:
+        raise ConfigError('auto mode: cannot determine the external interface')
+
+    candidates = [name for name in _addressed_interfaces() if name != external]
+    if len(candidates) != 1:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'auto mode: expected one internal interface, found {len(candidates)}; '
+            'use mode = interfaces and name them')
+    return external, candidates[0]
+
+
+def _is_virtual(name):
+    """True for an interface the kernel creates without a device behind it.
+
+    Loopback, bridges, veth pairs and tunnels live under /sys/devices/virtual,
+    which is where the Docker bridge is; a NIC of the virtual machine does not.
+    """
+    link = pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name
+    return '/devices/virtual/' in str(link.resolve())
+
+
+def _addressed_interfaces():
+    """Names of the NICs holding at least one IPv4 address; virtual interfaces are left out."""
+    names = []
+    for line in ip_output('-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show').splitlines():
+        fields = line.split()
+        if len(fields) >= 4 and fields[1] not in names and not _is_virtual(fields[1]):
+            names.append(fields[1])
+    return names
+
+
+def interface_addresses(name, setting):
+    """IPv4 addresses configured on an interface.
+
+    The interface name is configuration; its addresses are read from the
+    system. Looking up the addresses of a named interface is deterministic -
+    unlike working out which interface to use, which is a guess the package
+    deliberately does not make.
+    """
+    if not name:
+        return []
+    if not (pathlib.Path('/sys/class/net') / name).exists():
+        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: interface {name!r} does not exist')
+
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ['ip', '-o', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'dev', name],
+        capture_output=True, text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise ConfigError(f'{setting}: cannot read addresses of {name!r}')
+
+    addresses = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        fields = line.split()
+        if len(fields) >= 4:
+            addresses.append(fields[3].split('/')[0])
+    return addresses
+
+
+def internal_address(mode, internal, int_addr):
+    """The router's address on the internal network, as general.mode directs, or '' when it is not known yet.
+
+    manual takes local.int_addr; interfaces reads the address of interfaces.internal; auto also
+    works out which interface that is.
+    """
+    if mode == 'manual':
+        return int_addr
+    try:
+        if mode == 'auto':
+            internal = detect_interfaces()[1]
+        addresses = interface_addresses(internal, 'interfaces.internal')
+    except ConfigError:
+        return ''
+    return addresses[0] if addresses else ''
+
+
+def external_address(mode, external):
+    """The router's address on the external interface, as general.mode directs, or '' when it is not known yet.
+
+    auto works out which interface that is; the other modes read the address of interfaces.external.
+    """
+    try:
+        if mode == 'auto':
+            external = detect_interfaces()[0]
+        addresses = interface_addresses(external, 'interfaces.external')
+    except ConfigError:
+        return ''
+    return addresses[0] if addresses else ''
+
+
+def _section(configuration, name):
+    """A section of a configuration, or {} when it is missing or not an object."""
+    value = configuration.get(name)
+    return value if isinstance(value, dict) else {}
+
+
+def listen_addresses(configuration, choice):
+    """The addresses a service listens on for choice of LISTEN_CHOICES, from vpn-router.json read as configuration.
+
+    The internal address comes first; an address not known yet is left out. A choice that is not
+    one of LISTEN_CHOICES is DEFAULT_LISTEN. LOOPBACK is not among them; web_listen adds it.
+    """
+    if choice not in LISTEN_CHOICES:
+        choice = DEFAULT_LISTEN
+    general, interfaces, local = (_section(configuration, name) for name in ('general', 'interfaces', 'local'))
+    mode = str(general.get('mode') or 'manual')
+    addresses = []
+    if choice in ('internal', 'both'):
+        addresses.append(internal_address(mode, str(interfaces.get('internal') or ''), str(local.get('int_addr') or '')))
+    if choice in ('external', 'both'):
+        addresses.append(external_address(mode, str(interfaces.get('external') or '')))
+    return [address for address in addresses if address]
+
+
+def web_listen(configuration, default_port):
+    """Where the web service listens, from vpn-router.json read as configuration, as ([(address, port), ...], '').
+
+    The addresses are those of the interfaces web.listen names (listen_addresses), then
+    LOOPBACK, the port web.port, else default_port. While web.enabled is false or no address of
+    an interface is known, the answer is ([], the reason).
+    """
+    web = _section(configuration, 'web')
+    if web.get('enabled', True) is False:
+        return [], 'the web service is disabled in the configuration'
+    port = web.get('port', default_port)
+    if isinstance(port, bool) or not isinstance(port, int) or not 1 <= port <= 65535:
+        port = default_port
+    addresses = listen_addresses(configuration, web.get('listen', DEFAULT_LISTEN))
+    if not addresses:
+        return [], 'the addresses to listen on are not known yet'
+    return [(address, port) for address in [*addresses, LOOPBACK]], ''
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+"""The router's OpenID Provider, for the web service, with python3-oauthlib and python3-jwt.
+
+While oidc.enabled is true, the web service answers OpenID Connect at the issuer vpnrouter.oidc_issuer, its HTTPS site
+that Caddy serves; the web service answers it only on the loopback address, where Caddy passes the requests. The users
+of the router's directory sign in, with the password and the TOTP code or with a passkey (vpnrouter_passkeys), to its
+clients, the service accounts with redirect URIs (vpnrouter_users.client_settings): a client's ID is its name and its
+secret its password, sent with HTTP Basic authentication or in the body of the token request. A client with allowed
+groups admits only their members; a service account never signs in as a user.
+
+  GET  /.well-known/openid-configuration   the discovery document
+  GET  /oidc/jwks                         the public key the ID tokens are signed with
+  GET, POST /oidc/authorize               the authorization code flow, PKCE with S256 required; the sign-in page while
+                                          the browser has no session, or with prompt=login or an older one than max_age
+  POST /oidc/login                        the sign-in page's form: the name, the password and the code, or a passkey
+  POST /oidc/passkey                      begin a sign-in with a passkey: {"id", "options"}
+  POST /oidc/token                        exchange a code or a refresh token for tokens
+  GET, POST /oidc/userinfo                the claims of the user an access token was issued for
+  GET  /oidc/logout                       end the session, then go to a post-logout redirect URI of the client
+
+ID tokens are RS256 JWTs signed with KEY, an RSA key the web service makes on its first run on the router, named by
+the RFC 7638 thumbprint of its public key. sub is the entryUUID of the user's entry, so a user added again under the
+same name is another subject. The scopes: openid, required; profile, preferred_username and the names; email; groups,
+the names of the user's groups; their claims are in the ID token and the userinfo answer. A code is valid
+CODE_SECONDS, an access token and an ID token ACCESS_SECONDS, a refresh token REFRESH_SECONDS, used once. A session,
+the cookie COOKIE of the issuer's /oidc/ path, lasts SESSION_SECONDS. Codes, tokens and sessions are kept in the
+database of vpnrouter_auth as their SHA-256 (vpnrouter_auth.OIDC_SQL); vpnrouter_auth.revoke removes a user's. A
+client is registered by an administrator, so a user is not asked for consent.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import hashlib
+import http.cookies
+import json
+import pathlib
+import secrets
+import time
+import types
+import urllib.parse
+
+import jinja2
+import jwt
+import ldap
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
+from oauthlib.common import add_params_to_uri
+from oauthlib.oauth2 import AccessDeniedError, FatalClientError, InvalidRequestError, OAuth2Error
+from oauthlib.openid import RequestValidator, Server
+from oauthlib.openid.connect.core.exceptions import LoginRequired
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+import vpnrouter_passkeys
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+KEY = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/oidc.key')
+KEY_BITS = 3072
+
+CODE_SECONDS = 60
+ACCESS_SECONDS = 300
+REFRESH_SECONDS = 8 * 3600
+SESSION_SECONDS = 8 * 3600
+
+COOKIE = 'vpn_router_oidc'
+
+#: The claims of each scope but openid, which gives sub.
+SCOPE_CLAIMS = {
+    'profile': ('preferred_username', 'name', 'given_name', 'family_name'),
+    'email': ('email',),
+    'groups': ('groups',),
+}
+SCOPES = ('openid', *SCOPE_CLAIMS)
+
+#: The authentication methods (RFC 8176) of a sign-in with a password, with a password and a TOTP code, and with a
+#: passkey, which verifies the user.
+PASSWORD_AMR = ['pwd']
+OTP_AMR = ['pwd', 'otp']
+PASSKEY_AMR = ['hwk', 'user']
+
+TEMPLATE = 'oidc-page.html.j2'
+
+#: The headers of the pages: no framing, and nothing loaded but from the page itself and the router.
+PAGE_HEADERS = [('Content-Security-Policy', "default-src 'none'; script-src 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'unsafe-inline'; "
+                                            "connect-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'")]
+
+#: The headers of oauthlib's answers that the web service sets itself.
+OWN_HEADERS = ('content-type', 'cache-control', 'content-length')
+
+#: A user's sign-in at the OpenID Provider: the user name, when, a datetime, and how (amr).
+Session = collections.namedtuple('Session', 'name auth_time amr')
+
+_pages = jinja2.Environment(loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(str(vpnrouter.TEMPLATE_DIR)), autoescape=True,
+                            undefined=jinja2.StrictUndefined)
+
+
+def ensure_key():
+    """Make the signing key when it is missing."""
+    if KEY.is_file() and KEY.stat().st_size:
+        return
+    key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=KEY_BITS)
+    KEY.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    KEY.touch(mode=0o600)
+    KEY.chmod(0o600)
+    KEY.write_bytes(key.private_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM, serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
+                                      serialization.NoEncryption()))
+
+
+def private_key():
+    return serialization.load_pem_private_key(KEY.read_bytes(), None)
+
+
+def public_jwk(key):
+    """The JWK of the key's public key, its kid the RFC 7638 thumbprint."""
+    numbers = key.public_key().public_numbers()
+    jwk = {'e': numbers.e, 'kty': 'RSA', 'n': numbers.n}
+    jwk = {name: vpnrouter_auth.b64encode(value.to_bytes((value.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big')) if isinstance(value, int)
+           else value for name, value in jwk.items()}
+    thumbprint = hashlib.sha256(json.dumps(jwk, sort_keys=True, separators=(',', ':')).encode()).digest()
+    return {**jwk, 'kid': vpnrouter_auth.b64encode(thumbprint), 'use': 'sig', 'alg': 'RS256'}
+
+
+def sign(claims):
+    key = private_key()
+    return jwt.encode(claims, key, algorithm='RS256', headers={'kid': public_jwk(key)['kid']})
+
+
+def discovery(issuer):
+    """The discovery document of OpenID Connect Discovery 1.0."""
+    return {
+        'issuer': issuer,
+        'authorization_endpoint': f'{issuer}/oidc/authorize',
+        'token_endpoint': f'{issuer}/oidc/token',
+        'userinfo_endpoint': f'{issuer}/oidc/userinfo',
+        'jwks_uri': f'{issuer}/oidc/jwks',
+        'end_session_endpoint': f'{issuer}/oidc/logout',
+        'scopes_supported': list(SCOPES),
+        'response_types_supported': ['code'],
+        'response_modes_supported': ['query'],
+        'grant_types_supported': ['authorization_code', 'refresh_token'],
+        'subject_types_supported': ['public'],
+        'id_token_signing_alg_values_supported': ['RS256'],
+        'token_endpoint_auth_methods_supported': ['client_secret_basic', 'client_secret_post'],
+        'code_challenge_methods_supported': ['S256'],
+        'claims_supported': ['iss', 'sub', 'aud', 'exp', 'iat', 'auth_time', 'nonce', 'amr', 'at_hash',
+                             *(claim for claims in SCOPE_CLAIMS.values() for claim in claims)],
+    }
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def directory():
+    """A connection to the router's directory as the user manager account, for reading."""
+    connection = vpnrouter_ldap.manager()
+    try:
+        yield connection
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
+
+
+def client_of(client_id):
+    """The client of the ID, a namespace of its vpnrouter_users.summary with client_id, when it is an enabled service
+    account with redirect URIs; else None."""
+    if not isinstance(client_id, str):
+        return None
+    with directory() as connection:
+        try:
+            user = vpnrouter_users.summary(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, client_id))
+        except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+            return None
+    if not user['service'] or not user['enabled'] or not user['redirect_uris']:
+        return None
+    return types.SimpleNamespace(client_id=client_id, **user)
+
+
+def subject(name, client):
+    """The claims of every scope of the user, with sub, when the user may sign in to the client: an enabled, unlocked
+    user who is not a service account, a member of one of the client's allowed groups when it has any; else None."""
+    with directory() as connection:
+        try:
+            attributes = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+        except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+            return None
+        user = vpnrouter_users.summary(attributes)
+        groups = sorted(vpnrouter_users.groups_of(connection, name))
+        uuid = connection.search_s(vpnrouter_users.dn_of(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['entryUUID'])[0][1]['entryUUID']
+    if user['service'] or not user['enabled'] or user['locked']:
+        return None
+    if client.allowed_groups and not set(client.allowed_groups) & set(groups):
+        return None
+    full = ' '.join(part for part in (user['first_name'], user['last_name']) if part)
+    claims = {'sub': uuid[0].decode(), 'preferred_username': name, 'name': full or None, 'given_name': user['first_name'],
+              'family_name': user['last_name'], 'email': user['email'], 'groups': groups}
+    return {claim: value for claim, value in claims.items() if value is not None}
+
+
+def claims_of(person, scopes):
+    """The claims of the scopes of a subject's claims (subject)."""
+    return {'sub': person['sub'], **{claim: person[claim] for scope in scopes for claim in SCOPE_CLAIMS.get(scope, ())
+                                     if claim in person}}
+
+
+def cookie_value(cookies):
+    """The value of the session cookie in a Cookie header, or ''."""
+    try:
+        morsel = http.cookies.SimpleCookie(cookies or '').get(COOKIE)
+    except http.cookies.CookieError:
+        return ''
+    return morsel.value if morsel is not None else ''
+
+
+def session_of(cfg, cookies):
+    """The unexpired Session the session cookie in a Cookie header names, or None."""
+    value = cookie_value(cookies)
+    if not value:
+        return None
+    with vpnrouter_auth.database(cfg) as connection:
+        row = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM oidc_session_get(%s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(value),)).fetchone()
+    return Session(*row) if row else None
+
+
+class Validator(RequestValidator):
+    """The checks and the storage of oauthlib's server for the router's clients, users and database.
+
+    Only the authorization code grant with PKCE S256 and the refresh token grant are allowed. The values of a code, a
+    token or a session found are kept on the request as oidc_code, oidc_scopes and oidc_person.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cfg):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.cfg = cfg
+
+    def fetch(self, sql, values):
+        with vpnrouter_auth.database(self.cfg) as connection:
+            return connection.execute(sql, values).fetchone()
+
+    def call(self, *statements):
+        with vpnrouter_auth.database(self.cfg) as connection:
+            for sql, values in statements:
+                connection.execute(sql, values)
+
+    def session(self, request):
+        return session_of(self.cfg, request.headers.get('Cookie'))
+
+    # Clients.
+
+    def validate_client_id(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        request.client = client_of(client_id)
+        return request.client is not None
+
+    def validate_redirect_uri(self, client_id, redirect_uri, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return redirect_uri in request.client.redirect_uris
+
+    def get_default_redirect_uri(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return None
+
+    def validate_response_type(self, client_id, response_type, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return response_type == 'code'
+
+    def validate_scopes(self, client_id, scopes, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return 'openid' in scopes and set(scopes) <= set(SCOPES)
+
+    def get_default_scopes(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return ['openid']
+
+    def is_pkce_required(self, client_id, request):
+        return True
+
+    def authenticate_client(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Check the client's secret, the password of its service account, given with HTTP Basic authentication, its
+        ID and secret form-encoded (RFC 6749 2.3.1), or in the body."""
+        name, secret = request.client_id, request.client_secret
+        header = request.headers.get('Authorization', '')
+        if header[:6].lower() == 'basic ':
+            try:
+                name, _, secret = base64.b64decode(header[6:].strip(), validate=True).decode().partition(':')
+            except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+                return False
+            name, secret = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(name), urllib.parse.unquote_plus(secret)
+        client = client_of(name)
+        if client is None:
+            return False
+        try:
+            vpnrouter_users.login(name, secret, None)
+        except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+            return False
+        request.client = client
+        return True
+
+    def authenticate_client_id(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return False
+
+    def validate_grant_type(self, client_id, grant_type, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return grant_type in ('authorization_code', 'refresh_token')
+
+    def validate_user(self, username, password, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return False
+
+    # Codes.
+
+    def save_authorization_code(self, client_id, code, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.call(('CALL oidc_code_save(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',
+                   (vpnrouter_auth.digest(code['code']), client_id, request.user, request.redirect_uri, request.scopes,
+                    request.nonce, request.code_challenge, request.code_challenge_method, request.auth_time, request.amr,
+                    CODE_SECONDS)))
+
+    def code(self, code):
+        row = self.fetch('SELECT * FROM oidc_code_get(%s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(code),)) if isinstance(code, str) else None
+        return dict(zip(('client_id', 'name', 'redirect_uri', 'scopes', 'nonce', 'code_challenge', 'code_challenge_method',
+                         'auth_time', 'amr'), row)) if row else None
+
+    def get_authorization_code_scopes(self, client_id, code, redirect_uri, request):
+        found = self.code(code)
+        return found['scopes'] if found else []
+
+    def validate_code(self, client_id, code, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        found = self.code(code)
+        if found is None or found['client_id'] != client_id:
+            return False
+        person = subject(found['name'], client)
+        if person is None:
+            return False
+        request.user, request.scopes, request.auth_time, request.amr = found['name'], found['scopes'], found['auth_time'], found['amr']
+        request.oidc_code, request.oidc_person = found, person
+        return True
+
+    def get_code_challenge(self, code, request):
+        return request.oidc_code['code_challenge']
+
+    def get_code_challenge_method(self, code, request):
+        return request.oidc_code['code_challenge_method']
+
+    def confirm_redirect_uri(self, client_id, code, redirect_uri, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return redirect_uri == request.oidc_code['redirect_uri']
+
+    def get_authorization_code_nonce(self, client_id, code, redirect_uri, request):
+        return request.oidc_code['nonce']
+
+    def invalidate_authorization_code(self, client_id, code, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.call(('CALL oidc_code_delete(%s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(code),)))
+
+    # Tokens.
+
+    def token(self, token, kind):
+        row = self.fetch('SELECT * FROM oidc_token_get(%s, %s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(token), kind)) \
+            if isinstance(token, str) and token else None
+        return dict(zip(('client_id', 'name', 'scopes', 'auth_time', 'amr'), row)) if row else None
+
+    def save_bearer_token(self, token, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Keep the access token and the refresh token; a refresh token that was exchanged is used up."""
+        values = (request.client.client_id, request.user, request.scopes, request.auth_time, request.amr)
+        statements = [('CALL oidc_token_save(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',
+                       (vpnrouter_auth.digest(token['access_token']), 'access', *values, ACCESS_SECONDS))]
+        if token.get('refresh_token'):
+            statements.append(('CALL oidc_token_save(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',
+                               (vpnrouter_auth.digest(token['refresh_token']), 'refresh', *values, REFRESH_SECONDS)))
+        if request.grant_type == 'refresh_token':
+            statements.append(('CALL oidc_token_delete(%s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(request.refresh_token),)))
+        self.call(*statements)
+
+    def validate_refresh_token(self, refresh_token, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        found = self.token(refresh_token, 'refresh')
+        if found is None or found['client_id'] != client.client_id:
+            return False
+        person = subject(found['name'], client)
+        if person is None:
+            return False
+        request.user, request.auth_time, request.amr = found['name'], found['auth_time'], found['amr']
+        request.oidc_scopes, request.oidc_person = found['scopes'], person
+        return True
+
+    def get_original_scopes(self, refresh_token, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        return request.oidc_scopes
+
+    def validate_bearer_token(self, token, scopes, request):
+        found = self.token(token, 'access')
+        if found is None or not set(scopes) <= set(found['scopes']):
+            return False
+        client = client_of(found['client_id'])
+        person = subject(found['name'], client) if client else None
+        if person is None:
+            return False
+        request.client, request.user, request.oidc_scopes, request.oidc_person = client, found['name'], found['scopes'], person
+        return True
+
+    def get_userinfo_claims(self, request):
+        return claims_of(request.oidc_person, request.oidc_scopes)
+
+    # OpenID Connect.
+
+    def finalize_id_token(self, id_token, token, token_handler, request):
+        now = int(time.time())
+        id_token.update(claims_of(request.oidc_person, request.scopes))
+        id_token.update({'iss': vpnrouter.oidc_issuer(self.cfg), 'exp': now + ACCESS_SECONDS,
+                         'auth_time': int(request.auth_time.timestamp()), 'amr': request.amr})
+        return sign(id_token)
+
+    def validate_silent_login(self, request):
+        session = self.session(request)
+        return session is not None and subject(session.name, request.client) is not None
+
+    def validate_silent_authorization(self, request):
+        return True
+
+    def validate_user_match(self, id_token_hint, scopes, claims, request):
+        """Whether the user of the session, when there is one, is the subject of an ID token the router signed."""
+        session = self.session(request) if id_token_hint else None
+        if session is None:
+            return True
+        try:
+            hint = jwt.decode(id_token_hint, private_key().public_key(), algorithms=['RS256'],
+                              options={'verify_exp': False, 'verify_aud': False})
+        except jwt.InvalidTokenError:
+            return False
+        person = subject(session.name, request.client)
+        return person is not None and hint.get('sub') == person['sub']
+
+
+def page(status, cfg, title, message='', error='', form=False, request='', name='', headers=()):
+    """An HTML page of TEMPLATE: a message, an error, and with form the sign-in form for the authorization request."""
+    body = _pages.get_template(TEMPLATE).render(title=title, message=message, error=error, form=form, request=request,
+                                                name=name, issuer=vpnrouter.oidc_issuer(cfg))
+    return status, 'text/html; charset=utf-8', body.encode(), [*PAGE_HEADERS, *headers]
+
+
+def document(status, value, headers=()):
+    return status, 'application/json', json.dumps(value, indent=2).encode() + b'\n', list(headers)
+
+
+def relayed(headers, body, status):
+    """An answer of oauthlib's server, without the headers the web service sets."""
+    kind = next((value for name, value in headers.items() if name.lower() == 'content-type'), 'application/json')
+    return status, kind, (body or '').encode(), [(name, value) for name, value in headers.items()
+                                                 if name.lower() not in OWN_HEADERS]
+
+
+def redirect(location, headers=()):
+    return 302, 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', b'', [('Location', location), *headers]
+
+
+def cookie(value, seconds):
+    return 'Set-Cookie', f'{COOKIE}={value}; Path=/oidc/; Max-Age={seconds}; Secure; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax'
+
+
+def authorize(server, cfg, params, headers, fresh=None, name='', error=''):
+    """Answer an authorization request, the query or the form params: the sign-in page while the browser has no
+    session, or with prompt=login or max_age older than the session, else a redirect to the client with a code.
+
+    fresh is the session of a sign-in just made, which counts whatever prompt and max_age say; the redirect then sets
+    its cookie, fresh.cookie. error is why a sign-in failed: the sign-in page shows it, filled with the name.
+    """
+    uri = f'{vpnrouter.oidc_issuer(cfg)}/oidc/authorize?{params}'
+    try:
+        scopes, info = server.validate_authorization_request(uri, 'GET', None, headers)
+    except FatalClientError as error:
+        return page(error.status_code, cfg, 'The sign-in request is refused', error=error.description or error.error)
+    except OAuth2Error as error:
+        if not error.redirect_uri:
+            return page(error.status_code, cfg, 'The sign-in request is refused', error=error.description or error.error)
+        return redirect(error.in_uri(error.redirect_uri))
+    request = info['request']
+    title = f'Sign in to {request.client.display_name or request.client.client_id}'
+    if info.get('code_challenge_method') != 'S256':
+        return redirect(InvalidRequestError(description='PKCE with code_challenge_method S256 is required',
+                                            request=request).in_uri(request.redirect_uri))
+    if error:
+        return page(401, cfg, title, error=error, form=True, request=params, name=name)
+    session = fresh.session if fresh else session_of(cfg, headers.get('Cookie'))
+    max_age = getattr(request, 'max_age', None)
+    stale = session is not None and isinstance(max_age, str) and max_age.isdigit() and \
+        time.time() - session.auth_time.timestamp() > int(max_age)
+    prompt = info.get('prompt') or set()
+    if session is None or (not fresh and ('login' in prompt or stale)):
+        if 'none' in prompt:
+            return redirect(LoginRequired(request=request).in_uri(request.redirect_uri))
+        return page(200, cfg, title, form=True, request=params, name=name)
+    if subject(session.name, request.client) is None:
+        if fresh:
+            return redirect(AccessDeniedError(description=f'{session.name} may not sign in to this client',
+                                              request=request).in_uri(request.redirect_uri), [fresh.cookie])
+        return page(403, cfg, title, error=f'{session.name} may not sign in here; sign in as another user.', form=True,
+                    request=params)
+    answer, _, _ = server.create_authorization_response(uri, 'GET', None, headers, scopes, credentials={
+        'user': session.name, 'auth_time': session.auth_time, 'amr': session.amr})
+    return redirect(answer['Location'], [fresh.cookie] if fresh else [])
+
+
+def login(server, cfg, form, headers):
+    """Sign a user in with the sign-in page's form, start the session and go on with its authorization request."""
+    params = form.get('request', '')
+    name = form.get('name', '').strip()
+    try:
+        if form.get('passkey_id'):
+            with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+                name = vpnrouter_passkeys.login_complete(connection, form['passkey_id'], json.loads(form.get('credential', '')))
+            amr = PASSKEY_AMR
+        else:
+            code = form.get('code', '').strip()
+            vpnrouter_users.login(name, form.get('password', ''), code or None)
+            with directory() as connection:
+                if vpnrouter_users.service(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)):
+                    raise vpnrouter_users.Failure('the name, the password or the code is wrong', 5)
+            amr = OTP_AMR if code else PASSWORD_AMR
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        return authorize(server, cfg, params, headers, name=name, error=str(failure))
+    except ValueError:
+        return authorize(server, cfg, params, headers, name=name, error='the passkey is not accepted')
+    value = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+    with vpnrouter_auth.database(cfg) as connection:
+        connection.execute('CALL oidc_session_save(%s, %s, %s, %s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(value), name, amr, SESSION_SECONDS))
+    fresh = types.SimpleNamespace(session=Session(name, datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc), amr),
+                                  cookie=cookie(value, SESSION_SECONDS))
+    return authorize(server, cfg, params, headers, fresh=fresh)
+
+
+def logout(cfg, query, headers):
+    """End the session the cookie names, then go to post_logout_redirect_uri, with state, when it is a post-logout
+    redirect URI of the client that client_id or the audience of id_token_hint names; else show that the user is
+    signed out."""
+    values = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(query))
+    value = cookie_value(headers.get('Cookie'))
+    if value:
+        with vpnrouter_auth.database(cfg) as connection:
+            connection.execute('CALL oidc_session_delete(%s)', (vpnrouter_auth.digest(value),))
+    client_id = values.get('client_id')
+    if not client_id and values.get('id_token_hint'):
+        try:
+            audience = jwt.decode(values['id_token_hint'], private_key().public_key(), algorithms=['RS256'],
+                                  options={'verify_exp': False, 'verify_aud': False}).get('aud')
+        except jwt.InvalidTokenError:
+            audience = None
+        client_id = audience[0] if isinstance(audience, list) and audience else audience
+    client = client_of(client_id)
+    target = values.get('post_logout_redirect_uri')
+    expired = cookie('', 0)
+    if client is not None and target in client.post_logout_redirect_uris:
+        return redirect(add_params_to_uri(target, [('state', values['state'])]) if values.get('state') else target, [expired])
+    return page(200, cfg, 'Signed out', message='You are signed out of the router.', headers=[expired])
+
+
+def answer(method, target, headers, body):
+    """Answer a request of the OpenID Provider: the HTTP status, the content type, the body and [(header, value)]; 404
+    while oidc.enabled is false. target is the path with the query, headers a mapping of the request's headers and
+    body its bytes; HEAD is answered as GET."""
+    path, _, query = target.partition('?')
+    method = 'GET' if method == 'HEAD' else method
+    try:
+        cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+        if not cfg['oidc']['enabled']:
+            return 404, 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', b'Not found\n', []
+        issuer = vpnrouter.oidc_issuer(cfg)
+        headers = dict(headers.items())
+        text = body.decode('utf-8', 'replace') if body else ''
+        server = Server(Validator(cfg), token_expires_in=ACCESS_SECONDS)
+        if (method, path) == ('GET', '/.well-known/openid-configuration'):
+            return document(200, discovery(issuer))
+        if (method, path) == ('GET', '/oidc/jwks'):
+            return document(200, {'keys': [public_jwk(private_key())]})
+        if path == '/oidc/authorize' and method in ('GET', 'POST'):
+            return authorize(server, cfg, query if method == 'GET' else text, headers)
+        if (method, path) == ('POST', '/oidc/login'):
+            return login(server, cfg, dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(text)), headers)
+        if (method, path) == ('POST', '/oidc/passkey'):
+            return document(200, vpnrouter_passkeys.login_begin())
+        if (method, path) == ('POST', '/oidc/token'):
+            return relayed(*server.create_token_response(f'{issuer}{path}', 'POST', text, headers))
+        if path == '/oidc/userinfo' and method in ('GET', 'POST'):
+            return relayed(*server.create_userinfo_response(f'{issuer}{target}', method, text or None, headers))
+        if (method, path) == ('GET', '/oidc/logout'):
+            return logout(cfg, query, headers)
+        return 404, 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', b'Not found\n', []
+    except OAuth2Error as error:
+        return error.status_code, 'application/json', error.json.encode(), list(error.headers.items())
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure as failure:
+        return document(400 if failure.status == 2 else 500, {'error': str(failure)})
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        return document(500, {'error': f'the OpenID Provider failed: {exc}'})
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        return document(500, {'error': str(exc)})
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        return document(500, {'error': str(exc.code)})
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        return document(400, {'error': 'invalid_request', 'error_description': str(exc)})
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+"""The passkeys of the router's users, for signing in to the Router Manager and the OpenID Provider (vpnrouter_oidc),
+with python3-fido2.
+
+A passkey is a discoverable WebAuthn credential with user verification, of the relying party
+wan.local_fqdn, so the browser offers it at the HTTPS addresses on that name.
+Its user handle is the user name. Each passkey of a user is a value of vpnRouterPasskey on the
+user entry: a JSON object {"id", "credential", "label", "created"}, id the credential ID and
+credential the attested credential data (with the public key), both base64url. A user has at
+most PASSKEYS_MAX passkeys; service accounts have none.
+
+Registration and sign-in are two steps each: begin answers the options for the browser and a
+pending id, whose state the web service keeps in memory for PENDING_SECONDS; complete takes the
+id and the browser's answer. A request that cannot be done raises vpnrouter_users.Failure, with
+the statuses of that module; a sign-in that fails gives status 5 whatever the reason.
+"""
+
+import json
+import secrets
+import threading
+import time
+
+import fido2.features
+import ldap
+from fido2.server import Fido2Server
+from fido2.utils import websafe_decode, websafe_encode
+from fido2.webauthn import (AttestedCredentialData, PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity, PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity,
+                            ResidentKeyRequirement, UserVerificationRequirement)
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+# The options and the browser's answers are in the JSON mapping of WebAuthn Level 3; python3-fido2 2.0 always uses it.
+_json_mapping = getattr(fido2.features, 'webauthn_json_mapping', None)
+if _json_mapping is not None:
+    _json_mapping.enabled = True
+
+#: The most passkeys of one user.
+PASSKEYS_MAX = 10
+#: The longest label of a passkey, in characters.
+LABEL_MAX = 64
+#: Seconds a begun registration or sign-in may be completed.
+PENDING_SECONDS = 120
+#: The most begun registrations and sign-ins kept at once.
+PENDING_MAX = 1000
+
+#: The begun registrations and sign-ins: pending id -> (kind, user name or None, state, monotonic time of expiry).
+_pending = {}
+_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def server():
+    """The Fido2Server of the relying party wan.local_fqdn; passkeys need the name."""
+    fqdn = vpnrouter.load_config()['wan']['local_fqdn'].strip()
+    if not fqdn:
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure('passkeys need wan.local_fqdn, the name the Router Manager is reached at', 2)
+    return Fido2Server(rp=PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity(name=fqdn, id=fqdn))
+
+
+def keep(kind, name, state):
+    """Keep the state of a begun step and answer its pending id."""
+    pending = secrets.token_urlsafe(24)
+    now = time.monotonic()
+    with _lock:
+        for old in [key for key, (*_, expires) in _pending.items() if expires <= now]:
+            del _pending[old]
+        if len(_pending) >= PENDING_MAX:
+            raise vpnrouter_users.Failure('too many passkey requests at once; retry in a moment')
+        _pending[pending] = (kind, name, state, now + PENDING_SECONDS)
+    return pending
+
+
+def take(kind, name, pending):
+    """The state of a begun step of the kind and user, used up; None when it is unknown or expired."""
+    with _lock:
+        found = _pending.pop(pending, None) if isinstance(pending, str) else None
+    if found is None or found[0] != kind or found[1] != name or found[3] <= time.monotonic():
+        return None
+    return found[2]
+
+
+def credentials(attributes):
+    """The attested credential data of the passkeys of an entry."""
+    return [AttestedCredentialData(websafe_decode(passkey['credential']))
+            for _, passkey in vpnrouter_users.passkeys_of(attributes)]
+
+
+def register_begin(connection, name):
+    """Begin the registration of a passkey of the user: {"id", "options"}, options those of navigator.credentials.create."""
+    current = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+    if vpnrouter_users.service(current):
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure(f'{name} is a service account, which has no passkeys', 2)
+    if len(vpnrouter_users.passkeys_of(current)) >= PASSKEYS_MAX:
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure(f'user {name} has {PASSKEYS_MAX} passkeys, the most; remove one first', 2)
+    options, state = server().register_begin(
+        PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity(id=name.encode(), name=name, display_name=name),
+        credentials(current),
+        resident_key_requirement=ResidentKeyRequirement.REQUIRED,
+        user_verification=UserVerificationRequirement.REQUIRED,
+    )
+    return {'id': keep('register', name, state), 'options': dict(options)}
+
+
+def register_complete(connection, name, pending, response, label):
+    """Store the passkey the browser created for a begun registration, with its label; the user (vpnrouter_users.summary)."""
+    state = take('register', name, pending)
+    if state is None:
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure('the registration is unknown or expired; begin it again', 2)
+    if label is None or (isinstance(label, str) and not label.strip()):
+        label = 'Passkey'
+    if not isinstance(label, str) or len(label.strip()) > LABEL_MAX:
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure(f'the label must be text of at most {LABEL_MAX} characters', 2)
+    if not isinstance(response, dict):
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure('credential must be the answer of navigator.credentials.create as JSON', 2)
+    try:
+        data = server().register_complete(state, response).credential_data
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError) as exc:
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure(f'the passkey is refused: {exc}', 2)
+    current = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+    value = json.dumps({
+        'id': websafe_encode(data.credential_id),
+        'credential': websafe_encode(bytes(data)),
+        'label': label.strip(),
+        'created': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', time.gmtime()),
+    }, separators=(',', ':'))
+    changes = [] if 'vpnrouteraccount' in vpnrouter_users.classes(current) else [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'objectClass', [b'vpnRouterAccount'])]
+    changes.append((ldap.MOD_ADD, 'vpnRouterPasskey', [value.encode()]))
+    connection.modify_s(vpnrouter_users.dn_of(name), changes)
+    return vpnrouter_users.summary(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def remove(connection, name, passkey_id=None):
+    """Remove the user's passkey of the id, or all its passkeys without one; the user (vpnrouter_users.summary)."""
+    current = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+    values = current.get('vpnRouterPasskey', [])
+    kept = [value for value, passkey in vpnrouter_users.passkeys_of(current)
+            if passkey_id is not None and passkey['id'] != passkey_id]
+    if passkey_id is not None and len(kept) == len(vpnrouter_users.passkeys_of(current)):
+        raise vpnrouter_users.Failure(f'user {name} has no passkey {passkey_id}', 3)
+    if len(kept) != len(values):
+        connection.modify_s(vpnrouter_users.dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'vpnRouterPasskey', kept)])
+    return vpnrouter_users.summary(vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def login_begin():
+    """Begin a sign-in with a passkey: {"id", "options"}, options those of navigator.credentials.get, for any user."""
+    options, state = server().authenticate_begin(user_verification=UserVerificationRequirement.REQUIRED)
+    return {'id': keep('login', None, state), 'options': dict(options)}
+
+
+def login_complete(connection, pending, response):
+    """The name of the user whose passkey signed a begun sign-in, when the user is enabled, not locked and not a
+    service account."""
+    refused = vpnrouter_users.Failure('the passkey is not accepted', 5)
+    state = take('login', None, pending)
+    if state is None or not isinstance(response, dict):
+        raise refused
+    try:
+        name = websafe_decode(response['response']['userHandle']).decode()
+    except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise refused
+    if not vpnrouter_users.NAME.match(name):
+        raise refused
+    try:
+        current = vpnrouter_users.entry(connection, name)
+    except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+        raise refused
+    user = vpnrouter_users.summary(current)
+    if user['service'] or not user['enabled'] or user['locked']:
+        raise refused
+    try:
+        server().authenticate_complete(state, credentials(current), response)
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+        raise refused
+    return name
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ adding one file here. Nothing in the core has to be edited.

 A module may define any of:

-    EXTRA_P2S_DNS   str, added to the road-warrior pool 'dns' list
+    EXTRA_P2S_DNS   str, added to the 'dns' list of the IKEv2 address pool
    EXTRA_LOCAL_TS  str, added to 'local_ts' on both connections
    apply(ctx)      called once the system has been configured, to apply
                    platform-specific state. Must be idempotent. ctx is the
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 No platform-specific configuration is currently required.

 The Azure platform resolver 168.63.129.16 is deliberately *not* advertised to
-road-warrior clients and *not* added to the traffic selectors. Clients are
-given the router itself as their DNS server, and the router forwards through
-its own systemd-resolved via the p2s-forwarder drop-in. That resolves
+IKEv2 clients and *not* added to the traffic selectors. Clients are
+given the router's addresses of p2s.dns_listen as their DNS servers, where dnsmasq
+forwards to the router's own systemd-resolved. That resolves
 Azure-internal names without routing the wireserver address through the tunnel
 and without a second resolver in the pool.
 """
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 No platform-specific configuration is currently required.

-As on Azure, road-warrior clients are given the router itself as their DNS
+As on Azure, IKEv2 clients are given the router itself as their DNS
 server and the router forwards through its own systemd-resolved, so the
 metadata resolver does not belong in the pool or in the traffic selectors.
 """
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""The listening loop of the web service and of its bootstrap server.
+
+Only the Python standard library is used, so the bootstrap server, which must run whatever else
+is broken, can use it.
+"""
+
+import threading
+import time
+from http.server import ThreadingHTTPServer
+
+
+def serve(wanted, handler, log, interval):
+    """Work out where to listen every interval seconds with wanted, and run an HTTP server of handler at each place.
+
+    wanted answers ([(address, port), ...], '') or ([], the reason not to listen). A server whose
+    place is no longer wanted is stopped, and a new one listens at each new place; a place that
+    cannot be bound is tried again the next round. Every new message is logged with log. Does
+    not return.
+    """
+    servers, reported = {}, None
+    while True:
+        targets, reason = wanted()
+        for target in [target for target in servers if target not in targets]:
+            server, thread = servers.pop(target)
+            server.shutdown()
+            server.server_close()
+            thread.join()
+        messages = [reason] if reason else []
+        for target in targets:
+            if target in servers:
+                continue
+            try:
+                server = ThreadingHTTPServer(target, handler)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                messages.append(f'cannot listen on {target[0]}:{target[1]}: {exc}')
+                continue
+            thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever, name=f'server {target[0]}', daemon=True)
+            thread.start()
+            servers[target] = (server, thread)
+        if servers:
+            messages.append('serving on ' + ', '.join(f'http://{address}:{port}' for address, port in servers))
+        message = '; '.join(messages)
+        if message and message != reported:
+            log(message)
+            reported = message
+        time.sleep(interval)
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+"""The static web sites Caddy serves, for the web service, vpn-router-site, vpn-router-setup and webdav-auth.
+
+A site is a row of the sites table in the vpn-router-sites database, which the web service creates on its first run
+(provision) with its role and the password in DATABASE_SECRET; SITES_SQL defines the table and its procedures, and the
+first connection of a process loads it. A site has a name, which also names its folder SITES_DIR/<name>, the host names
+Caddy answers on its port (hosts, the names TLS clients send as SNI; none answers any name), the interfaces whose
+firewall opens the port (listen), and TLS: none (plain HTTP), acme (a certificate of Let's Encrypt), ca (certificates
+Caddy issues with one of pki.issuing_cas) or file (a certificate and key given with the site). Caddy serves the files of
+the folder, index_file for a folder, and with spa index_file of the site for any path without a file. editors names
+the group whose members change the site's files besides the admins, through the web service and WebDAV.
+
+The sites are served while sites.enabled is true; vpn-router-setup writes Caddy's configuration and opens the ports. A
+site is changed only through this module, which checks it (check), and its callers then restart vpn-router-setup.
+
+The files of a site are read and written by path relative to its folder; resolve() refuses a path that leaves it.
+receive() writes a file from a stream, extract() a zip archive into a folder; both stop at sites.upload_max_mb.
+
+Every failure of the database raises DatabaseError; a request that cannot be done raises Failure, whose status says
+why: 2 invalid, 3 no such site, 4 the site exists, 1 anything else.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import shutil
+import stat
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+
+import psycopg
+from psycopg.rows import dict_row
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_pki
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+DATABASE = 'vpn-router-sites'
+DATABASE_SECRET = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/sites-database.secret')
+SITES_SQL = pathlib.Path('/usr/share/vpn-router/sql/sites.sql')
+
+#: The folders of the sites, SITES_DIR/<name>.
+SITES_DIR = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/vpn-router/sites')
+
+#: The name of a site, which also names its folder.
+NAME = re.compile(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,30}$')
+
+#: A file name of index_file.
+INDEX = re.compile(r'^[A-Za-z0-9_-][A-Za-z0-9._-]{0,63}$')
+
+LISTEN = vpnrouter.LISTEN_CHOICES
+TLS = ('none', 'acme', 'ca', 'file')
+
+#: The most host names of one site.
+HOSTS_MAX = 16
+
+#: The most members a zip archive extract() takes.
+ARCHIVE_MEMBERS_MAX = 10000
+
+#: The bytes copied at once from a stream.
+CHUNK = 65536
+
+#: The settings of a site and their defaults; the type of a default is the required type.
+SETTINGS = {'enabled': True, 'hosts': [], 'port': 443, 'listen': 'external', 'tls': 'acme', 'ca': '', 'certificate': '',
+            'private_key': '', 'index_file': 'index.html', 'spa': False, 'editors': ''}
+
+#: Whether this process has loaded SITES_SQL.
+_loaded = False
+
+
+class DatabaseError(Exception):
+    """The database of the sites failed."""
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 3 no such site, 4 the site exists, 1 other."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+def provision():
+    """Create the role, its password file and the database of the sites when they are missing."""
+    vpnrouter_auth.provision_database(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def database():
+    """A connection to the database of the sites, with its table and procedures, closed at the end; DatabaseError on any
+    failure, also before the web service has created the database."""
+    global _loaded
+    try:
+        schema = None if _loaded else SITES_SQL.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        target = vpnrouter_auth.local_connection(DATABASE, DATABASE_SECRET)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the database of the sites is not ready: {exc}') from exc
+    try:
+        with psycopg.connect(target, autocommit=True, row_factory=dict_row) as connection:
+            if schema is not None:
+                connection.execute(schema)
+                _loaded = True
+            yield connection
+    except psycopg.Error as exc:
+        raise DatabaseError(f'the database of the sites failed: {exc}') from exc
+
+
+def shown(row):
+    """A site as the answers show it: its settings without the private key, with private_key_set and its folder."""
+    site = {key: value for key, value in row.items() if key != 'private_key'}
+    site['private_key_set'] = bool(row.get('private_key'))
+    site['modified'] = row['modified'].isoformat(timespec='seconds')
+    site['directory'] = str(SITES_DIR / row['name'])
+    return site
+
+
+def listing():
+    """Every site, as shown()."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        return [shown(row) for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM sites_list()').fetchall()]
+
+
+def served():
+    """The enabled sites with their private keys."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        return connection.execute('SELECT * FROM sites_served()').fetchall()
+
+
+def get(connection, name):
+    """The site with its private key; Failure with status 3 when there is none."""
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name):
+        raise Failure(f'no site {name}', 3)
+    row = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM site_get(%s)', (name,)).fetchone()
+    if row is None:
+        raise Failure(f'no site {name}', 3)
+    return row
+
+
+def editable(groups):
+    """The names of the sites whose files the members of the groups may change."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        return [row['name'] for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM sites_editable(%s)', (list(groups),))]
+
+
+def sites_of_group(group):
+    """The names of the sites whose editors are the group; [] before the web service has created the database."""
+    if not DATABASE_SECRET.is_file():
+        return []
+    with database() as connection:
+        return [row['name'] for row in connection.execute('SELECT * FROM sites_of_group(%s)', (group,))]
+
+
+def rename_group(old, new):
+    """Give the sites whose editors are the group old its new name."""
+    if DATABASE_SECRET.is_file():
+        with database() as connection:
+            connection.execute('CALL sites_rename_group(%s, %s)', (old, new))
+
+
+def taken_ports(cfg):
+    """The TCP ports of the router's own services, port -> what has it, which no site may take."""
+    taken = {22: 'SSH', cfg['web']['port']: 'web.port', cfg['https']['web_port']: 'https.web_port',
+             cfg['https']['manager_port']: 'https.manager_port', cfg['metrics']['port']: 'metrics.port',
+             cfg['metrics']['https_port']: 'metrics.https_port', vpnrouter.manager_port(): 'the Router Manager',
+             cfg['sites']['webdav_port']: 'sites.webdav_port', vpnrouter.WEBDAV_LOOPBACK_PORT: 'rclone\'s WebDAV',
+             53: 'DNS'}
+    for port in vpnrouter.BOOTSTRAP_PORTS:
+        taken[port] = 'the bootstrap services'
+    if cfg['openvpn']['protocol'] == 'tcp':
+        taken[cfg['openvpn']['port']] = 'openvpn.port'
+    for item in cfg['docker']['exposed_ports']:
+        first, _, last = item.strip().partition(':')
+        if first.isdigit() and (not last or last.isdigit()):
+            for port in range(int(first), int(last or first) + 1):
+                taken[port] = 'docker.exposed_ports'
+    return taken
+
+
+def check_certificate(certificate, private_key, hosts):
+    """Refuse a PEM certificate chain whose first certificate is not the key's or names none of the hosts."""
+    try:
+        chain = x509.load_pem_x509_certificates(certificate.encode())
+    except ValueError:
+        raise Failure('certificate must be PEM certificates, the site\'s first', 2)
+    try:
+        key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(private_key.encode(), password=None)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        raise Failure('private_key must be an unencrypted PEM private key', 2)
+    if not vpnrouter_pki.same_key(chain[0].public_key(), key.public_key()):
+        raise Failure('private_key is not the key of the certificate', 2)
+    names = {value.partition(':')[2] for value in vpnrouter_pki.san_values(chain[0]) if not value.startswith('email:')}
+    missing = [host for host in hosts if host not in names and f'*.{host.partition(".")[2]}' not in names]
+    if missing:
+        raise Failure(f'the certificate does not name {", ".join(missing)}', 2)
+
+
+def check(cfg, sites, site):
+    """Refuse a site, a dict of SETTINGS with its name, that is invalid or collides with the other sites (sites, rows of
+    the table) or with the router's own ports."""
+    name = site['name']
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name):
+        raise Failure('a site name starts with a lowercase letter and has at most 31 lowercase letters, digits and '
+                      'hyphens', 2)
+    for option, default in SETTINGS.items():
+        value = site[option]
+        if type(value) is not type(default) or (isinstance(value, list) and not all(isinstance(item, str) for item in value)):
+            raise Failure(f'{option} must be {vpnrouter.TYPE_NAMES[type(default)]}', 2)
+    hosts = site['hosts']
+    if len(hosts) > HOSTS_MAX or len(set(hosts)) != len(hosts):
+        raise Failure(f'hosts must be at most {HOSTS_MAX} different host names', 2)
+    for host in hosts:
+        if not (vpnrouter_pki.DNS_NAME.match(host) or vpnrouter_pki.is_address(host)):
+            raise Failure(f'hosts: {host!r} is not a host name in lowercase or an IP address', 2)
+        if host == cfg['wan']['local_fqdn'].strip():
+            raise Failure(f'hosts: {host} is wan.local_fqdn, the name of the router\'s own services', 2)
+    port = site['port']
+    if not 1 <= port <= 65535:
+        raise Failure(f'port: {port} is not a port', 2)
+    taken = taken_ports(cfg)
+    if port in taken:
+        raise Failure(f'port: {port} is the port of {taken[port]}', 2)
+    if site['listen'] not in LISTEN:
+        raise Failure(f'listen: {site["listen"]!r} is not one of {", ".join(LISTEN)}', 2)
+    tls = site['tls']
+    if tls not in TLS:
+        raise Failure(f'tls: {tls!r} is not one of {", ".join(TLS)}', 2)
+    if tls != 'none' and not hosts:
+        raise Failure(f'tls {tls} needs hosts, the names of the certificate', 2)
+    if tls == 'acme' and any(host.startswith('*.') or vpnrouter_pki.is_address(host) for host in hosts):
+        raise Failure('tls acme takes host names only, without wildcards', 2)
+    if tls == 'ca':
+        authorities = {key: value for key, value in vpnrouter.issuing_cas(cfg).items() if not value['builtin']}
+        if site['ca'] not in authorities:
+            raise Failure(f'ca: {site["ca"]!r} is not one of pki.issuing_cas', 2)
+    if tls == 'file':
+        check_certificate(site['certificate'], site['private_key'], hosts)
+    if not INDEX.match(site['index_file']):
+        raise Failure('index_file must be a file name', 2)
+    if site['editors']:
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            try:
+                vpnrouter_users.group_entry(connection, site['editors'])
+            except vpnrouter_users.Failure:
+                raise Failure(f'editors: group {site["editors"]} does not exist', 2)
+    if not site['enabled']:
+        return
+    for other in sites:
+        if other['name'] == name or not other['enabled'] or other['port'] != port:
+            continue
+        prefix = f'port {port} is also the port of site {other["name"]}'
+        if (other['tls'] == 'none') != (tls == 'none'):
+            raise Failure(f'{prefix}, which is {"plain HTTP" if other["tls"] == "none" else "HTTPS"}', 2)
+        if other['listen'] != site['listen']:
+            raise Failure(f'{prefix}, which listens on {other["listen"]}', 2)
+        if not hosts or not other['hosts']:
+            raise Failure(f'{prefix}; sites sharing a port need host names', 2)
+        common = sorted(set(hosts) & set(other['hosts']))
+        if common:
+            raise Failure(f'{prefix}, which has {", ".join(common)} too', 2)
+
+
+def save(cfg, name, values, create):
+    """Add the site with values, a dict of some of SETTINGS (create), or change those of an existing one; the site as
+    shown(). An absent or empty private_key keeps the current one."""
+    unknown = sorted(set(values) - set(SETTINGS))
+    if unknown:
+        raise Failure(f'unknown settings: {", ".join(unknown)}', 2)
+    with database() as connection:
+        rows = connection.execute('SELECT * FROM sites_list()').fetchall()
+        current = next((row for row in rows if row['name'] == name), None)
+        if create and current is not None:
+            raise Failure(f'site {name} exists', 4)
+        if not create:
+            current = get(connection, name)
+        site = {**SETTINGS, **({key: current[key] for key in SETTINGS} if current else {}), 'name': name}
+        site.update({key: value for key, value in values.items() if key != 'private_key' or value})
+        if isinstance(site['hosts'], list):
+            site['hosts'] = [host.strip().lower() for host in site['hosts'] if isinstance(host, str) and host.strip()]
+        if site['tls'] != 'file':
+            site['certificate'] = site['private_key'] = ''
+        if site['tls'] != 'ca':
+            site['ca'] = ''
+        check(cfg, rows, site)
+        connection.execute('CALL site_put(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',
+                           tuple(site[key] for key in ('name', *SETTINGS)))
+        ensure_folders([name])
+        return shown(get(connection, name))
+
+
+def remove(name, content):
+    """Remove the site, and with content its folder."""
+    with database() as connection:
+        get(connection, name)
+        connection.execute('CALL site_remove(%s)', (name,))
+    if content:
+        shutil.rmtree(SITES_DIR / name, ignore_errors=True)
+    return {'name': name, 'removed': True}
+
+
+def ensure_folders(names):
+    """Create the folders of the sites that miss one, readable by all."""
+    SITES_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    for name in names:
+        (SITES_DIR / name).mkdir(mode=0o755, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def resolve(name, relative):
+    """The path of the site's file or folder relative to its folder; Failure with status 2 for a path that leaves it,
+    status 3 when the site has no folder."""
+    if not isinstance(name, str) or not NAME.match(name):
+        raise Failure(f'no site {name}', 3)
+    base = SITES_DIR / name
+    if not base.is_dir():
+        raise Failure(f'site {name} has no folder', 3)
+    if '\0' in relative or any(part in ('.', '..') for part in relative.split('/')):
+        raise Failure(f'{relative!r} is not a path in the site\'s folder', 2)
+    target = pathlib.Path(os.path.realpath(base / relative.strip('/')))
+    if target != base and base not in target.parents:
+        raise Failure(f'{relative!r} is not a path in the site\'s folder', 2)
+    return target
+
+
+def relative_of(name, path):
+    return str(path.relative_to(SITES_DIR / name))
+
+
+def entries(name, folder):
+    """The entries of a folder of the site: [{name, folder, size, modified}], folders first, then by name."""
+    found = []
+    for item in os.scandir(folder):
+        try:
+            info = item.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+        found.append({'name': item.name, 'folder': stat.S_ISDIR(info.st_mode),
+                      'size': info.st_size if stat.S_ISREG(info.st_mode) else 0,
+                      'modified': datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(info.st_mtime, datetime.timezone.utc)
+                      .isoformat(timespec='seconds')})
+    return {'path': relative_of(name, folder) if folder != SITES_DIR / name else '',
+            'entries': sorted(found, key=lambda entry: (not entry['folder'], entry['name']))}
+
+
+def receive(stream, length, target, limit):
+    """Write length bytes of the stream to the file target, replacing it in one step; Failure with status 2 over limit
+    bytes. Its folders are created."""
+    if length > limit:
+        raise Failure(f'the file has {length} bytes, more than sites.upload_max_mb allows', 2)
+    if target.is_dir():
+        raise Failure(f'{target.name} is a folder', 2)
+    target.parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    descriptor, name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=target.parent, prefix=f'.{target.name}.')
+    try:
+        with os.fdopen(descriptor, 'wb') as handle:
+            left = length
+            while left:
+                data = stream.read(min(CHUNK, left))
+                if not data:
+                    raise Failure('the client sent less than its Content-Length', 2)
+                handle.write(data)
+                left -= len(data)
+        os.chmod(name, 0o644)
+        os.replace(name, target)
+    except BaseException:
+        os.unlink(name)
+        raise
+
+
+def extract(stream, length, folder, limit):
+    """Extract the zip archive of length bytes of the stream into the folder, created when missing; the number of files.
+
+    A member with an absolute path, a .. or a link, more than ARCHIVE_MEMBERS_MAX members or more than limit bytes
+    unpacked refuse the whole archive, before anything is written.
+    """
+    if length > limit:
+        raise Failure(f'the archive has {length} bytes, more than sites.upload_max_mb allows', 2)
+    folder.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with tempfile.TemporaryFile(dir=folder) as spool:
+        left = length
+        while left:
+            data = stream.read(min(CHUNK, left))
+            if not data:
+                raise Failure('the client sent less than its Content-Length', 2)
+            spool.write(data)
+            left -= len(data)
+        spool.seek(0)
+        try:
+            archive = zipfile.ZipFile(spool)
+        except zipfile.BadZipFile:
+            raise Failure('the file is not a zip archive', 2)
+        with archive:
+            members = archive.infolist()
+            if len(members) > ARCHIVE_MEMBERS_MAX:
+                raise Failure(f'the archive has more than {ARCHIVE_MEMBERS_MAX} members', 2)
+            if sum(member.file_size for member in members) > limit:
+                raise Failure('the archive unpacks to more than sites.upload_max_mb allows', 2)
+            for member in members:
+                parts = member.filename.replace('\\', '/').split('/')
+                if member.filename.startswith('/') or '..' in parts or '\0' in member.filename or \
+                        stat.S_ISLNK(member.external_attr >> 16):
+                    raise Failure(f'the archive member {member.filename!r} is a link or leaves the folder', 2)
+            count = 0
+            for member in members:
+                target = folder / member.filename.replace('\\', '/').strip('/')
+                if member.is_dir():
+                    target.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                    continue
+                target.parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                with archive.open(member) as source:
+                    receive(source, member.file_size, target, limit)
+                count += 1
+    return count
+
+
+def make_folder(target):
+    target.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def rename(name, source, relative):
+    """Move the file or folder source of the site to the path relative to its folder; Failure when that exists."""
+    target = resolve(name, relative)
+    if target.exists():
+        raise Failure(f'{relative} exists', 4)
+    target.parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    os.replace(source, target)
+    return target
+
+
+def delete(name, target):
+    """Remove the file or folder of the site, but not its folder."""
+    if target == SITES_DIR / name:
+        raise Failure('the site\'s folder itself cannot be removed', 2)
+    if target.is_dir() and not target.is_symlink():
+        shutil.rmtree(target)
+    else:
+        target.unlink()
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+"""What the router's VPN systems report, for the web service and the metrics service.
+
+Each reader asks the running system once and answers None when it cannot be asked: swanctl for
+the IKE SAs and the state and traffic of the site-to-site connections, wg for the WireGuard
+peers and the OpenVPN server's status file for its clients.
+"""
+
+import subprocess
+import time
+
+COMMAND_TIMEOUT = 5
+
+OPENVPN_STATUS = '/run/openvpn-server/status-vpn-router.log'
+
+#: Seconds between two writes of OPENVPN_STATUS by the OpenVPN server, whose configuration sets it (OpenVPN's default is 60).
+OPENVPN_STATUS_SECONDS = 5
+
+#: Seconds since its last handshake within which a WireGuard peer counts as connected.
+WIREGUARD_CONNECTED_SECONDS = 180
+
+
+def run(*args):
+    """The finished process of a command, or None when it cannot be run."""
+    try:
+        return subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=COMMAND_TIMEOUT)
+    except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+        return None
+
+
+def swanctl(command):
+    """The entries of a swanctl list command, or None when swanctl cannot be asked.
+
+    The --pretty output has one item per line: "name {" opens a section, "key = [" a list
+    whose items follow one per line, "}" and "]" close them, and "key = value" is a pair
+    whose value may contain spaces. Every "... event {" section at the top holds one
+    connection or SA; each becomes an entry with its name under "name". The closing
+    "... reply {" section is left out. Values stay strings, as swanctl prints them.
+    Output with more closing than opening lines gives None.
+    """
+    result = run('swanctl', command, '--pretty')
+    if result is None or result.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    events = []
+    stack = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        if line in ('}', ']'):
+            if not stack:
+                return None
+            stack.pop()
+        elif not stack:
+            section = {}
+            if line.endswith(' event {'):
+                events.append(section)
+            stack.append(section)
+        elif isinstance(stack[-1], list):
+            stack[-1].append(line)
+        elif line.endswith(' {'):
+            stack[-1][line[:-2]] = section = {}
+            stack.append(section)
+        elif line.endswith(' = ['):
+            stack[-1][line[:-4]] = items = []
+            stack.append(items)
+        else:
+            key, _, value = line.partition(' = ')
+            stack[-1][key] = value
+    return [dict(body, name=name) for event in events for name, body in event.items()]
+
+
+def established_each(connections):
+    """The number of established IKE SAs of each of the connections by name, None for each when swanctl cannot be asked."""
+    sas = swanctl('--list-sas')
+    return {name: None if sas is None else sum(1 for sa in sas if sa['name'] == name and sa.get('state') == 'ESTABLISHED')
+            for name in connections}
+
+
+def _count(text):
+    """A counter swanctl prints as a string, as an integer; 0 when it is not a whole number."""
+    return int(text) if isinstance(text, str) and text.isdigit() else 0
+
+
+def site_to_site_tunnels(connections):
+    """The state of each of the connections by name, or None when swanctl cannot be asked.
+
+    Each has up, 1 while it has an established IKE SA and 0 otherwise; uptime, the seconds since
+    its oldest established IKE SA was established, None while it is down; and bytes_in,
+    bytes_out, packets_in and packets_out, the sums over the child SAs of its established IKE
+    SAs. The sums start again from zero when a child SA is rekeyed.
+    """
+    sas = swanctl('--list-sas')
+    if sas is None:
+        return None
+    tunnels = {}
+    for name in connections:
+        up = [sa for sa in sas if sa['name'] == name and sa.get('state') == 'ESTABLISHED']
+        children = [child for sa in up for child in (sa.get('child-sas') or {}).values() if isinstance(child, dict)]
+        tunnels[name] = {
+            'up': 1 if up else 0,
+            'uptime': max((_count(sa.get('established')) for sa in up), default=None),
+            **{key.replace('-', '_'): sum(_count(child.get(key)) for child in children)
+               for key in ('bytes-in', 'bytes-out', 'packets-in', 'packets-out')},
+        }
+    return tunnels
+
+
+def established(connection):
+    """The number of established IKE SAs of the connection, or None when swanctl cannot be asked."""
+    return established_each([connection])[connection]
+
+
+def wireguard_peers():
+    """One entry per WireGuard peer, with its handshake age and traffic, or None when wg0 is down."""
+    result = run('wg', 'show', 'wg0', 'dump')
+    if result is None or result.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    now = int(time.time())
+    peers = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines()[1:]:
+        fields = line.split('\t')
+        if len(fields) < 7:
+            continue
+        handshake = int(fields[4])
+        peers.append({
+            'handshake_seconds_ago': now - handshake if handshake else None,
+            'received_bytes': int(fields[5]),
+            'sent_bytes': int(fields[6]),
+        })
+    return peers
+
+
+def wireguard_connected():
+    """The number of WireGuard peers with a handshake in the last WIREGUARD_CONNECTED_SECONDS, or None when wg0 is down."""
+    peers = wireguard_peers()
+    if peers is None:
+        return None
+    return sum(1 for peer in peers
+               if peer['handshake_seconds_ago'] is not None and peer['handshake_seconds_ago'] < WIREGUARD_CONNECTED_SECONDS)
+
+
+def openvpn_clients():
+    """The number of connected OpenVPN clients, from the server's status file, or None when it cannot be read."""
+    try:
+        with open(OPENVPN_STATUS, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            return sum(1 for line in handle if line.startswith('CLIENT_LIST,'))
+    except OSError:
+        return None
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Wait until libpq is in the dynamic linker cache, where psycopg looks it up.
+# ExecStartPre= of vpn-router-setup.service, vpn-router-web.service and vpn-router-metrics.service;
+# TimeoutStartSec= of the unit bounds the wait.
+
+reported=
+until ldconfig -p | grep -q '^[[:space:]]*libpq\.so\.5 '; do
+    if [ -z "$reported" ]; then
+        echo 'waiting for libpq.so.5 in the linker cache'
+        reported=yes
+    fi
+    sleep 2
+done
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""The auth proxy of rclone's WebDAV server of the web sites' folders (vpn-router-webdav.service).
+
+rclone runs it for each new user and password with {"user", "pass"} on standard input. The user signs in with the
+password of the router's directory, followed by the TOTP code for an enrolled user. A member of
+vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP sees the folders of all sites, any other user those of the sites whose editors group
+the user is a member of (vpnrouter_sites.editable), each as a folder named after its site. The answer on standard output
+is rclone's combine backend of those folders; a failed sign-in, a user with no site or any failure is a message on
+standard error and the exit status 1, which rclone refuses the user with.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+import vpnrouter_sites
+import vpnrouter_users
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        request = json.load(sys.stdin)
+        name, password = request['user'], request['pass']
+        vpnrouter_users.login(name, password, None)
+        connection = vpnrouter_ldap.manager()
+        try:
+            groups = vpnrouter_users.groups_of(connection, name)
+        finally:
+            connection.unbind_s()
+        if vpnrouter_users.ADMIN_GROUP in groups:
+            sites = [site['name'] for site in vpnrouter_sites.listing()]
+        else:
+            sites = vpnrouter_sites.editable(groups)
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, OSError, ldap.LDAPError, vpnrouter_users.Failure,
+            vpnrouter_sites.DatabaseError) as exc:
+        sys.exit(f'webdav-auth: refused: {exc}')
+    if not sites:
+        sys.exit(f'webdav-auth: refused: {name} may change no site')
+    vpnrouter_sites.ensure_folders(sites)
+    upstreams = ' '.join(f'{site}={vpnrouter_sites.SITES_DIR / site}' for site in sites)
+    json.dump({'type': 'combine', '_root': '', 'upstreams': upstreams}, sys.stdout)
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Show and change the router's configuration, /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.
+
+show prints the file as indented JSON; the file is not changed. set takes a setting as
+section.option, such as web.port, or as site_to_site.NAME.option for a site-to-site connection,
+which it creates with the defaults (vpnrouter.CONNECTION) when it does not exist, and a value,
+which it converts to the type the package's schema (vpnrouter.SCHEMA) gives the setting: a whole
+number, true or false, a list of strings separated by commas (an empty value is an empty list),
+or a string. remove takes site_to_site.NAME and removes that connection. The configuration with
+the change is checked as vpn-router-setup checks it, and only then written with
+vpnrouter.save_config, holding vpnrouter.config_lock; vpn-router-setup applies it at its next
+run, which set and remove remind of. With --restart they restart vpn-router-setup and wait until
+it has applied the change. A failure is a message on standard error; the exit status is 2 for an
+invalid request and 1 for any other failure, a failed run of vpn-router-setup included. -h or
+--help shows the options.
+
+  vpn-config-edit show
+  vpn-config-edit set [--restart] SECTION.OPTION VALUE
+  vpn-config-edit set [--restart] site_to_site.NAME.OPTION VALUE
+  vpn-config-edit remove [--restart] site_to_site.NAME
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import copy
+import json
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import vpnrouter
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 1 other."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def read():
+    """The settings in the configuration file, without the defaults; {} when the file does not exist."""
+    try:
+        return vpnrouter.read_settings()
+    except vpnrouter.ConfigError as exc:
+        raise Failure(str(exc))
+
+
+def converted(key, text):
+    """The path of the setting key, section.option or site_to_site.NAME.option, and text as the type the schema gives it."""
+    path = key.split('.')
+    if path[0] == 'site_to_site' and len(path) == 3 and path[2] in vpnrouter.CONNECTION:
+        kind = type(vpnrouter.CONNECTION[path[2]])
+    elif path[0] != 'site_to_site' and len(path) == 2 and path[0] in vpnrouter.SCHEMA and path[1] in vpnrouter.SCHEMA[path[0]]:
+        kind = type(vpnrouter.SCHEMA[path[0]][path[1]])
+    else:
+        raise Failure(f'{key}: unknown setting; settings are section.option, such as web.port, '
+                      'or site_to_site.NAME.option', 2)
+    if kind is bool:
+        if text not in ('true', 'false'):
+            raise Failure(f'{key} takes true or false', 2)
+        return path, text == 'true'
+    if kind is int:
+        try:
+            return path, int(text)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise Failure(f'{key} takes a whole number', 2)
+    if kind is list:
+        return path, [item.strip() for item in text.split(',') if item.strip()]
+    return path, text
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    try:
+        parser = Parser(prog='vpn-config-edit', description='Show and change the router configuration.')
+        commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+        commands.add_parser('show', help='print the configuration as indented JSON')
+        setter = commands.add_parser('set', help='set a setting and write the configuration')
+        setter.add_argument('key', metavar='SECTION.OPTION',
+                            help='the setting, such as web.port or site_to_site.NAME.option')
+        setter.add_argument('value', metavar='VALUE', help='its value; a list separated by commas')
+        remover = commands.add_parser('remove', help='remove a site-to-site connection and write the configuration')
+        remover.add_argument('key', metavar='site_to_site.NAME', help='the connection')
+        for changer in (setter, remover):
+            changer.add_argument('--restart', action='store_true',
+                                 help='restart vpn-router-setup and wait until it has applied the change')
+        options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+        if options.command == 'show':
+            print(json.dumps(read(), indent=2))
+            return 0
+
+        with vpnrouter.config_lock():
+            data = read()
+            if options.command == 'set':
+                path, value = converted(options.key, options.value)
+                if path[0] == 'site_to_site':
+                    connections = data.setdefault('site_to_site', {})
+                    connection = connections.setdefault(path[1], copy.deepcopy(vpnrouter.CONNECTION))
+                    if not isinstance(connection, dict):
+                        raise Failure(f'site_to_site.{path[1]} is not an object')
+                    connection[path[2]] = value
+                else:
+                    data.setdefault(path[0], {})[path[1]] = value
+            else:
+                section, _, name = options.key.partition('.')
+                if section != 'site_to_site' or not name or name not in data.get('site_to_site', {}):
+                    raise Failure(f'{options.key}: no such site-to-site connection', 2)
+                del data['site_to_site'][name]
+            try:
+                vpnrouter.validate(vpnrouter.with_defaults(data))
+            except vpnrouter.ConfigError as exc:
+                raise Failure(str(exc), 2)
+            vpnrouter.save_config(data)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        print(f'vpn-config-edit: {failure}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return failure.status
+    except OSError as exc:
+        print(f'vpn-config-edit: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    if options.command == 'set':
+        print(f'{options.key} set to {json.dumps(value)} in {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}.')
+    else:
+        print(f'{options.key} removed from {vpnrouter.CONFIG_FILE}.')
+    if not options.restart:
+        print('Apply it with: systemctl restart vpn-router-setup, or --restart')
+        return 0
+    print('Restarting vpn-router-setup...', flush=True)
+    if subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'vpn-router-setup.service']).returncode != 0:
+        print('vpn-config-edit: vpn-router-setup failed; see journalctl -u vpn-router-setup', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    print('vpn-router-setup applied it.')
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Make, list and restore backups of the router (vpnrouter_backup).
+
+run makes a backup as backup in /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json says, whether or not backups are
+enabled, and prints its result; vpn-router-backup.service runs it on the schedule of its timer.
+list prints the local archives of this host in backup.path, newest first, or with the pbs target
+the snapshots of this host on the Proxmox Backup Server. restore puts back a local archive, or
+with --pbs a snapshot, such as host/router/2026-10-25T03:00:00Z, after showing what it holds and
+asking for yes, which --yes gives; what it replaces is kept in
+/var/lib/vpn-router/backup/before-restore. A failure is a message on standard error; the exit
+status is 2 for an invalid request and 1 for any other failure. -h or --help shows the options.
+
+  vpn-router-backup run
+  vpn-router-backup list
+  vpn-router-backup restore [--yes] ARCHIVE
+  vpn-router-backup restore [--yes] --pbs SNAPSHOT
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_backup
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors end with status 2."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        print(f'{self.prog}: {message}; see {self.prog} --help', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+
+def confirmed(manifest, yes):
+    """Whether to restore the backup of the manifest: yes, or the answer yes to the question."""
+    print(f'Backup of {manifest.get("host")} made {manifest.get("time")} by vpn-router {manifest.get("version")}:')
+    for item in manifest.get('items', []):
+        print(f'  {item}')
+    if yes:
+        return True
+    return input('Replace the router state with it? Type yes: ').strip() == 'yes'
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-backup', description='Make, list and restore backups of the router.')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+    commands.add_parser('run', help='make a backup now')
+    commands.add_parser('list', help='list the backups of this host')
+    restorer = commands.add_parser('restore', help='put a backup back')
+    restorer.add_argument('source', metavar='ARCHIVE|SNAPSHOT', help='a local archive, or with --pbs a snapshot')
+    restorer.add_argument('--pbs', action='store_true', help='restore a snapshot of the Proxmox Backup Server')
+    restorer.add_argument('--yes', action='store_true', help='do not ask before replacing the router state')
+    options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    os.umask(0o077)
+
+    try:
+        if options.command == 'run':
+            record = vpnrouter_backup.run()
+            if record['result'] == 'failed':
+                print(f'vpn-router-backup: {record["error"]}', file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+            print(f'Backup {record["archive"] or record["snapshot"]} made, {record["size"]} bytes.')
+            for name in record['removed']:
+                print(f'Removed {name}.')
+            if record['cloud']:
+                print(f'Cloud copy to {record["cloud"]["remote"]}: {record["cloud"]["error"] or "ok"}.')
+            return 0
+        cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+        if options.command == 'list':
+            if cfg['backup']['target'] == 'pbs':
+                print(vpnrouter_backup.snapshots(cfg), end='')
+            else:
+                for item in vpnrouter_backup.archives(cfg['backup']['path']):
+                    print(f'{item["name"]}  {item["size"]}')
+            return 0
+        if options.pbs and options.source.startswith('/'):
+            print('vpn-router-backup: a snapshot is type/id/time, such as host/router/2026-10-25T03:00:00Z',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+        saved = vpnrouter_backup.restore(options.source, options.pbs, lambda manifest: confirmed(manifest, options.yes))
+    except vpnrouter_backup.Failure as exc:
+        print(f'vpn-router-backup: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    except OSError as exc:
+        print(f'vpn-router-backup: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    if saved is None:
+        print('Nothing restored.')
+        return 1
+    print(f'Restored; what it replaced is in {saved}.')
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the router's PKI, which the router's directory holds, from the command line, with vpnrouter_pki.
+
+status shows the root, the issuing CAs and the warnings; list the certificates the router issued. issue signs a CSR,
+or makes a key and writes a PFX file whose password is read from the first line of standard input. ca csr prints the
+CSR of an issuing CA that waits for the offline root, with the openssl extensions to sign it with, and ca import takes
+the signed certificate. root export-key writes the root key encrypted with the passphrase read from standard input,
+root remove-key removes it from the router, root import-key puts it back, and root import-crl takes a root CRL signed
+offline. maintain signs the stale CRLs again; vpn-router-pki.service runs it daily. A change that needs
+vpn-router-setup restarts it without waiting.
+
+The answer is text for people on standard output, and a failure is a message on standard error. With --json the answer
+is JSON on standard output, and a failure is {"error": ...} there too. The exit status says what failed: 2 the request
+is invalid, 3 something it names does not exist, 4 the state does not allow it, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the
+commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] status
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] list [--ca NAME]
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] issue --ca NAME --template NAME --csr FILE
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] issue --ca NAME --template NAME --subject NAME [--san NAME ...] --pfx FILE   (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] revoke SERIAL [--reason REASON]
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] maintain
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] ca csr NAME
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] ca import NAME FILE
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] root export-key --out FILE   (passphrase on stdin)
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] root remove-key [--yes]
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] root import-key FILE   (passphrase on stdin, an empty line for none)
+  vpn-router-ca [--json] root import-crl FILE
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_pki
+from vpnrouter_pki import Failure
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors end with status 2."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        print(f'{self.prog}: {message}; see {self.prog} --help', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+
+def secret():
+    """The first line of standard input."""
+    return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\r\n')
+
+
+def restart_setup():
+    subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'restart', '--no-block', 'vpn-router-setup.service'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+
+def show_status(document):
+    root = document['root']
+    if root is None:
+        print('Root CA: none; vpn-router-setup creates it once a platform is chosen')
+    else:
+        print(f'Root CA: {root["subject"]}, expires {root["expires"]}, key {"on the router" if root["key"] else "offline"}'
+              f', CRL until {root["crl_next_update"] or "none"}')
+    for authority in document['authorities']:
+        line = f'Issuing CA {authority["name"]}: {authority["common_name"]}, {authority["state"]}'
+        if authority['expires']:
+            line += f', expires {authority["expires"]}, CRL until {authority["crl_next_update"] or "none"}'
+        line += f', templates {", ".join(authority["templates"])}'
+        if authority['acme_url']:
+            line += f', ACME {authority["acme_url"]}'
+        print(line)
+    for retired in document['retired']:
+        print(f'Retired CA {retired["name"]}: {retired["retired"]}')
+    for warning in document['warnings']:
+        print(f'Warning: {warning}')
+
+
+def run(options):
+    """Do the command of the options; the answer as a document, and a text for people."""
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    if options.command == 'status':
+        document = vpnrouter_pki.status(cfg)
+        return document, None
+    if options.command == 'list':
+        found = [entry for entry in vpnrouter_pki.certificates() if options.ca in (None, entry['ca'])]
+        text = '\n'.join(f'{entry["serial"]}  {entry["ca"]}  {entry["kind"]}  {entry["subject"]}  {entry["state"]}  '
+                         f'{entry["expires"]}' for entry in found)
+        return {'certificates': found}, text
+    with vpnrouter_pki.locked():
+        if options.command == 'issue':
+            if options.csr:
+                document = vpnrouter_pki.issue(cfg, options.ca, options.template,
+                                               csr=pathlib.Path(options.csr).read_text(encoding='ascii'))
+                return document, document['certificate'] + document['chain']
+            if not options.subject or not options.pfx:
+                raise Failure('give --csr, or --subject and --pfx', 2)
+            document = vpnrouter_pki.issue(cfg, options.ca, options.template, subject=options.subject,
+                                           sans=options.san or [], password=secret())
+            out = pathlib.Path(options.pfx)
+            with open(out, 'xb') as handle:
+                handle.write(base64.b64decode(document['pfx']))
+            return {'serial': document['serial'], 'pfx': str(out)}, f'Certificate {document["serial"]} written to {out}.'
+        if options.command == 'revoke':
+            document = vpnrouter_pki.revoke(cfg, options.serial, options.reason)
+            if document['reissue']:
+                restart_setup()
+            return document, f'Certificate {document["serial"]} revoked' + \
+                ('; vpn-router-setup issues a new one.' if document['reissue'] else '.')
+        if options.command == 'maintain':
+            due = vpnrouter_pki.maintain(cfg)
+            if due:
+                restart_setup()
+            return {'renewal': due}, 'CRLs checked' + ('; vpn-router-setup renews the router certificates.' if due else '.')
+        if options.command == 'ca' and options.action == 'csr':
+            document = vpnrouter_pki.csr(cfg, options.name)
+            return document, document['csr'] + '\n' + document['extensions']
+        if options.command == 'ca':
+            document = vpnrouter_pki.import_ca(cfg, options.name, pathlib.Path(options.file).read_text(encoding='ascii'))
+            restart_setup()
+            return document, f'Issuing CA {options.name} has its certificate, which expires {document["expires"]}.'
+        if options.action == 'export-key':
+            data = vpnrouter_pki.export_root_key(secret())
+            out = pathlib.Path(options.out)
+            with open(out, 'xb') as handle:
+                handle.write(data)
+            return {'exported': str(out)}, f'Root key written to {out}, encrypted.'
+        if options.action == 'remove-key':
+            if not options.yes:
+                print('Remove the root key from the router? Keep an exported copy first. Type yes: ', end='',
+                      file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
+                if secret().strip() != 'yes':
+                    return {'removed': False}, 'Nothing removed.'
+            vpnrouter_pki.remove_root_key()
+            return {'removed': True}, 'Root key removed; new issuing CAs now wait for an offline signature.'
+        if options.action == 'import-key':
+            vpnrouter_pki.import_root_key(pathlib.Path(options.file).read_bytes(), secret() or None)
+            restart_setup()
+            return {'imported': True}, 'Root key back on the router.'
+        document = vpnrouter_pki.import_root_crl(pathlib.Path(options.file).read_bytes())
+        return document, f'Root CRL taken, valid until {document["next_update"]}.'
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-ca', description="Manage the router's PKI.")
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+    commands.add_parser('status', help='show the root, the issuing CAs and the warnings')
+    lister = commands.add_parser('list', help='list the certificates the router issued')
+    lister.add_argument('--ca', help='only those of this issuing CA')
+    issuer = commands.add_parser('issue', help='issue a certificate from a CSR, or with a new key into a PFX file')
+    issuer.add_argument('--ca', required=True, help='the issuing CA')
+    issuer.add_argument('--template', required=True, help='the certificate template')
+    issuer.add_argument('--csr', help='the PEM CSR to sign')
+    issuer.add_argument('--subject', help='the common name, without --csr')
+    issuer.add_argument('--san', action='append', help='a subject alternative name, without --csr; repeat for more')
+    issuer.add_argument('--pfx', help='the PFX file to write, without --csr; the password is read from standard input')
+    revoker = commands.add_parser('revoke', help='revoke a certificate the router issued')
+    revoker.add_argument('serial', help='the serial number, hexadecimal')
+    revoker.add_argument('--reason', choices=vpnrouter_pki.REASONS, help='the reason, unspecified by default')
+    commands.add_parser('maintain', help='sign the stale CRLs again')
+    authority = commands.add_parser('ca', help='an issuing CA that waits for the offline root')
+    actions = authority.add_subparsers(dest='action', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+    actions.add_parser('csr', help='print its CSR and the openssl extensions').add_argument('name')
+    importer = actions.add_parser('import', help='take its certificate signed by the root')
+    importer.add_argument('name')
+    importer.add_argument('file')
+    root = commands.add_parser('root', help='the root CA')
+    root_actions = root.add_subparsers(dest='action', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+    exporter = root_actions.add_parser('export-key', help='write the root key encrypted with the passphrase from stdin')
+    exporter.add_argument('--out', required=True, help='the file to write')
+    remover = root_actions.add_parser('remove-key', help='remove the root key from the router')
+    remover.add_argument('--yes', action='store_true', help='do not ask')
+    root_actions.add_parser('import-key', help='put the root key back').add_argument('file')
+    root_actions.add_parser('import-crl', help='take a root CRL signed offline').add_argument('file')
+    options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    os.umask(0o077)
+
+    try:
+        document, text = run(options)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        code, message = failure.status, str(failure)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        code, message = 1, str(exc)
+    except ldap.LDAPError as exc:
+        code, message = 1, f'the directory, which holds the PKI, failed: {exc}'
+    except SystemExit as exc:
+        code, message = 1, str(exc.code)
+    else:
+        if options.json:
+            print(json.dumps(document, indent=2))
+        elif text is None:
+            show_status(document)
+        elif text:
+            print(text.rstrip('\n'))
+        return 0
+    if options.json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}, indent=2))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-ca: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return code
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Install Caddy, the router's HTTPS proxy, from the source https.caddy_source names.
+
+status shows the configured source, the source in effect and the installed and candidate versions of Caddy. apply
+installs Caddy when it is missing: from the Ubuntu archive, or with upstream from Caddy's own repository, which it
+configures first (vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE, with the key in vpnrouter.CADDY_KEYRING). When upstream is configured
+and the repository is not, it configures the repository and replaces the installed Caddy with upstream's. It then
+restarts vpn-router-setup without waiting, which serves with the new Caddy; vpn-router-caddy.service runs it for
+vpn-router-setup. use-upstream sets https.caddy_source to upstream and applies it, printing each step.
+
+Once the repository is configured Caddy stays upstream's: apt keeps the higher upstream version, and ubuntu has no
+effect. A failure is a message on standard error and the exit status 1. -h or --help shows the commands.
+
+  vpn-router-caddy [--json] status
+  vpn-router-caddy apply
+  vpn-router-caddy use-upstream
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import vpnrouter
+
+#: apt-get, waiting up to ten minutes for dpkg's lock, which a package installation that runs setup holds.
+APT = ['apt-get', '-o', 'DPkg::Lock::Timeout=600']
+
+#: The options of apt-get install: no questions, and the configuration files of the installed Caddy kept.
+INSTALL = ['-y', '-o', 'Dpkg::Options::=--force-confdef', '-o', 'Dpkg::Options::=--force-confold', 'install']
+
+#: Seconds the key of Caddy's repository may take to download.
+KEY_TIMEOUT = 60
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors end with status 2."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        print(f'{self.prog}: {message}; see {self.prog} --help', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+
+def step(message):
+    print(message, flush=True)
+
+
+def installed():
+    """The installed version of caddy, or None when it is not installed."""
+    result = subprocess.run(['dpkg-query', '-W', '-f=${Status}\t${Version}', 'caddy'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    status, _, version = result.stdout.partition('\t')
+    return version if result.returncode == 0 and status == 'install ok installed' else None
+
+
+def candidate():
+    """The version of caddy apt would install, or None when it knows none."""
+    result = subprocess.run(['apt-cache', 'policy', 'caddy'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        if line.strip().startswith('Candidate:'):
+            value = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
+            return None if value == '(none)' else value
+    return None
+
+
+def effective():
+    """The source Caddy comes from: upstream once its repository is configured, ubuntu otherwise."""
+    return 'upstream' if vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE.is_file() else 'ubuntu'
+
+
+def command(args):
+    """Run a command with its output shown; SystemExit when it fails."""
+    step(f'$ {" ".join(args)}')
+    result = subprocess.run(args, env=dict(os.environ, DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive'))
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        sys.exit(f'vpn-router-caddy: {args[0]} failed with status {result.returncode}')
+
+
+def apply():
+    """Install Caddy, or replace it with upstream's, as https.caddy_source asks (see the module)."""
+    source = vpnrouter.load_config()['https']['caddy_source']
+    repository = source == 'upstream' and not vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE.is_file()
+    if installed() and not repository:
+        if source == 'ubuntu' and effective() == 'upstream':
+            step("https.caddy_source is ubuntu, but Caddy's repository is configured, so Caddy stays upstream's.")
+        else:
+            step(f'Caddy {installed()} is installed from the {source} source.')
+        return
+    if repository:
+        step(f"Downloading the key of Caddy's repository from {vpnrouter.CADDY_KEY_URL}")
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(vpnrouter.CADDY_KEY_URL, timeout=KEY_TIMEOUT) as response:
+            key = response.read()
+        if not key.lstrip().startswith(b'-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----'):
+            sys.exit(f'vpn-router-caddy: {vpnrouter.CADDY_KEY_URL} did not answer with an OpenPGP public key')
+        vpnrouter.CADDY_KEYRING.parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        vpnrouter.CADDY_KEYRING.write_bytes(key)
+        os.chmod(vpnrouter.CADDY_KEYRING, 0o644)
+        vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE.write_text(
+            f'Types: deb\nURIs: {vpnrouter.CADDY_REPOSITORY}\nSuites: any-version\nComponents: main\n'
+            f'Signed-By: {vpnrouter.CADDY_KEYRING}\n', encoding='utf-8')
+        os.chmod(vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE, 0o644)
+        step(f"Caddy's repository is configured in {vpnrouter.CADDY_APT_SOURCE}.")
+    command([*APT, 'update'])
+    command([*APT, *INSTALL, 'caddy'])
+    step(f'Caddy {installed()} is installed from the {effective()} source.')
+    subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'restart', '--no-block', 'vpn-router-setup.service'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    step('vpn-router-setup restarted.')
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-caddy', description='Install Caddy from the source https.caddy_source names.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer status in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, parser_class=Parser)
+    commands.add_parser('status', help='show the sources and the versions of Caddy')
+    commands.add_parser('apply', help='install Caddy, or replace it with upstream\'s, as https.caddy_source asks')
+    commands.add_parser('use-upstream', help="switch to Caddy's own repository and replace Caddy with upstream's")
+    options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    try:
+        if options.command == 'status':
+            document = {'configured': vpnrouter.load_config()['https']['caddy_source'], 'source': effective(),
+                        'installed': installed(), 'candidate': candidate()}
+            if options.json:
+                print(json.dumps(document, indent=2))
+            else:
+                print(f'Configured source: {document["configured"]}\nSource in effect: {document["source"]}\n'
+                      f'Installed: {document["installed"] or "no"}\nCandidate: {document["candidate"] or "none"}')
+            return 0
+        if options.command == 'use-upstream':
+            with vpnrouter.config_lock():
+                data = vpnrouter.read_settings()
+                current = data.get('https')
+                data['https'] = {**(current if isinstance(current, dict) else {}), 'caddy_source': 'upstream'}
+                vpnrouter.validate(vpnrouter.with_defaults(data))
+                vpnrouter.save_config(data)
+            step('https.caddy_source is upstream.')
+        apply()
+    except vpnrouter.ConfigError as exc:
+        print(f'vpn-router-caddy: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    except OSError as exc:
+        print(f'vpn-router-caddy: {exc}', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the groups of the router's directory from the command line, with vpnrouter_users.
+
+A group has a name, an optional description and at least one member, each a user of the
+directory. The answer is text for people on standard output, and a failure is a message on
+standard error. With --json the answer is JSON on standard output, and a failure is
+{"error": ...} there too. The exit status says what failed: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the
+group or the user does not exist, 4 the group exists, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the
+commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-group [--json] list
+  vpn-router-group [--json] add <name> --member U [--member U ...] [--description D]
+  vpn-router-group [--json] update <name> [--name N] [--description D]
+  vpn-router-group [--json] remove <name>
+  vpn-router-group [--json] member-add <name> <user>
+  vpn-router-group [--json] member-remove <name> <user>
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter_users
+from vpnrouter_users import Failure
+
+#: The help line of each command.
+HELP = {
+    'list': 'list the groups with their members',
+    'add': 'add a group with at least one member',
+    'update': 'rename the group or change its description',
+    'remove': 'remove the group; its members are kept',
+    'member-add': 'add a user to the group',
+    'member-remove': 'take a user out of the group; the last member cannot leave',
+}
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def parse(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-group', description='Manage the groups of the router.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, metavar='command', parser_class=Parser)
+    for command, text in HELP.items():
+        sub = commands.add_parser(command, help=text, description=text[0].upper() + text[1:] + '.')
+        if command != 'list':
+            sub.add_argument('name', help='the group name')
+        if command == 'add':
+            sub.add_argument('--member', dest='members', action='append', required=True, metavar='USER',
+                             help='a member; give it once for each member')
+            sub.add_argument('--description', metavar='TEXT', help='the description')
+        if command == 'update':
+            sub.add_argument('--name', dest='new_name', metavar='NAME', help='the new group name')
+            sub.add_argument('--description', metavar='TEXT', help="the description; '' removes it")
+        if command in ('member-add', 'member-remove'):
+            sub.add_argument('user', help='the user name')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def run(connection, options):
+    """The answer of the command the options name."""
+    command = options.command
+    if command == 'list':
+        return vpnrouter_users.list_groups(connection)
+    if command == 'add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_add(connection, options.name, options.description, options.members)
+    if command == 'update':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_update(connection, options.name, options.new_name, options.description)
+    if command == 'remove':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_remove(connection, options.name)
+    if command == 'member-add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.group_member_add(connection, options.name, options.user)
+    return vpnrouter_users.group_member_remove(connection, options.name, options.user)
+
+
+def text_of(answer):
+    """The answer as text for people."""
+    if answer.get('removed'):
+        return f'group {answer["name"]} removed'
+    groups = answer['groups'] if 'groups' in answer else [answer]
+    if not groups:
+        return 'no groups'
+    head = ('GROUP', 'MEMBERS', 'DESCRIPTION')
+    rows = [(group['name'], ', '.join(group['members']), group['description'] or '-') for group in groups]
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in (head, *rows)) for column in range(len(head))]
+    return '\n'.join('  '.join(cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths)).rstrip() for row in (head, *rows))
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        options = parse(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            answer = run(connection, options)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        message, status = f'the user directory failed: {exc}', 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else text_of(answer))
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-group: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the web sites Caddy serves from the command line, with vpnrouter_sites.
+
+A site has a name, which also names its folder in /var/lib/vpn-router/sites, host names, a port, the interfaces whose
+firewall opens it, TLS (none, acme, ca with --ca, or file with --certificate and --key), the file served for a folder,
+whether any path without a file is served that file of the site (--spa), and the group whose members change its files.
+A change is applied by restarting vpn-router-setup without waiting for it. The answer is text for people on standard
+output, and a failure is a message on standard error. With --json the answer is JSON on standard output, and a failure
+is {"error": ...} there too. The exit status says what failed: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the site does not exist, 4
+the site exists, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-site [--json] list
+  vpn-router-site [--json] show <name>
+  vpn-router-site [--json] add <name> [options]
+  vpn-router-site [--json] update <name> [options]
+  vpn-router-site [--json] remove <name> [--content]
+
+  options: [--host H ...] [--no-hosts] [--port P] [--listen internal|external|both] [--tls none|acme|ca|file]
+           [--ca NAME] [--certificate FILE] [--key FILE] [--index FILE] [--spa | --no-spa]
+           [--enabled | --no-enabled] [--editors GROUP]
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_sites
+from vpnrouter_sites import Failure
+
+#: The help line of each command.
+HELP = {
+    'list': 'list the sites',
+    'show': 'show a site',
+    'add': 'add a site',
+    'update': 'change the settings of a site',
+    'remove': 'remove a site; its folder is kept without --content',
+}
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def parse(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-site', description='Manage the web sites of the router.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, metavar='command', parser_class=Parser)
+    for command, text in HELP.items():
+        sub = commands.add_parser(command, help=text, description=text[0].upper() + text[1:] + '.')
+        if command != 'list':
+            sub.add_argument('name', help='the site name')
+        if command in ('add', 'update'):
+            sub.add_argument('--host', dest='hosts', action='append', metavar='HOST',
+                             help='a host name; give it once for each name, replacing the current ones')
+            sub.add_argument('--no-hosts', action='store_true', help='answer any host name')
+            sub.add_argument('--port', type=int, metavar='PORT', help='the TCP port')
+            sub.add_argument('--listen', choices=vpnrouter_sites.LISTEN, help='the interfaces whose firewall opens the port')
+            sub.add_argument('--tls', choices=vpnrouter_sites.TLS, help='where the certificate comes from')
+            sub.add_argument('--ca', metavar='NAME', help='the issuing CA of tls ca')
+            sub.add_argument('--certificate', metavar='FILE', help='the PEM certificate chain of tls file')
+            sub.add_argument('--key', metavar='FILE', help='the PEM private key of tls file')
+            sub.add_argument('--index', metavar='FILE', help='the file served for a folder')
+            sub.add_argument('--spa', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, help='serve the index of the site for any '
+                             'path without a file')
+            sub.add_argument('--enabled', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, help='serve the site')
+            sub.add_argument('--editors', metavar='GROUP', help="the group whose members change the files; '' for none")
+        if command == 'remove':
+            sub.add_argument('--content', action='store_true', help='remove the site\'s folder too')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def values_of(options):
+    """The settings the options give."""
+    values = {key: getattr(options, option) for key, option in (('port', 'port'), ('listen', 'listen'), ('tls', 'tls'),
+                                                               ('ca', 'ca'), ('index_file', 'index'), ('spa', 'spa'),
+                                                               ('enabled', 'enabled'), ('editors', 'editors'))
+              if getattr(options, option) is not None}
+    if options.no_hosts:
+        values['hosts'] = []
+    elif options.hosts:
+        values['hosts'] = options.hosts
+    for key, option in (('certificate', 'certificate'), ('private_key', 'key')):
+        path = getattr(options, option)
+        if path is not None:
+            try:
+                with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+                    values[key] = handle.read()
+            except OSError as exc:
+                raise Failure(f'{path} cannot be read: {exc.strerror}', 2)
+    return values
+
+
+def run(options):
+    """The answer of the command the options name, and whether it changed a site."""
+    command = options.command
+    if command == 'list':
+        return {'sites': vpnrouter_sites.listing()}, False
+    if command == 'show':
+        with vpnrouter_sites.database() as connection:
+            return vpnrouter_sites.shown(vpnrouter_sites.get(connection, options.name)), False
+    if command == 'remove':
+        return vpnrouter_sites.remove(options.name, options.content), True
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    return vpnrouter_sites.save(cfg, options.name, values_of(options), command == 'add'), True
+
+
+def text_of(answer):
+    """The answer as text for people."""
+    if answer.get('removed'):
+        return f'site {answer["name"]} removed'
+    sites = answer['sites'] if 'sites' in answer else [answer]
+    if not sites:
+        return 'no sites'
+    head = ('SITE', 'ENABLED', 'HOSTS', 'PORT', 'LISTEN', 'TLS', 'EDITORS')
+    rows = [(site['name'], 'yes' if site['enabled'] else 'no', ', '.join(site['hosts']) or '*', str(site['port']),
+             site['listen'], site['tls'] + (f' {site["ca"]}' if site['tls'] == 'ca' else ''), site['editors'] or '-')
+            for site in sites]
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in (head, *rows)) for column in range(len(head))]
+    return '\n'.join('  '.join(cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths)).rstrip() for row in (head, *rows))
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        options = parse(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        answer, changed = run(options)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except vpnrouter_sites.DatabaseError as exc:
+        message, status = str(exc), 1
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        message, status = f'the user directory failed: {exc}', 1
+    else:
+        if changed:
+            subprocess.run(['systemctl', 'restart', '--no-block', 'vpn-router-setup.service'])
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else text_of(answer))
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-site: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Make a token with the admin claim for the router's web service, with vpnrouter_auth.
+
+The token is signed with the router's key and is valid for the lifetime given, without a
+maximum. It may call every protected path, and it is the only token that may change the
+admins group. The answer is the token on standard output, and a failure is a message on
+standard error. With --json the answer is {"token", "expires"} on standard output, and a
+failure is {"error": ...} there too. The exit status is 2 for an invalid request and 1 for
+any other failure. -h or --help shows the options.
+
+  vpn-router-token [--json] (--minutes N | --hours N | --days N)
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import vpnrouter_auth
+
+#: The seconds of each unit of the lifetime.
+UNITS = {'minutes': 60, 'hours': 3600, 'days': 86400}
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is 2 invalid, 1 other."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def positive(value):
+    try:
+        number = int(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        number = 0
+    if number < 1:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'{value!r} is not a positive whole number')
+    return number
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-token', description='Make a token with the admin claim for the web service.')
+        parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+        lifetime = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+        for unit in UNITS:
+            lifetime.add_argument(f'--{unit}', type=positive, metavar='N', help=f'valid for N {unit}')
+        options = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        seconds = next(getattr(options, unit) * factor for unit, factor in UNITS.items() if getattr(options, unit))
+        answer = vpnrouter_auth.admin_token(seconds)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except OSError as exc:
+        message, status = str(exc), 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else answer['token'])
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-token: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the users of the router's directory from the command line, with vpnrouter_users.
+
+Passwords and TOTP secrets are read from the first line of standard input, never from the
+command line. The
+answer is text for people on standard output, and a failure is a message on standard error.
+With --json the answer is JSON on standard output, and a failure is {"error": ...} there too.
+The exit status says what failed: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the user does not exist, 4 the
+user exists, 1 anything else. -h or --help shows the commands and their options.
+
+  vpn-router-user [--json] list
+  vpn-router-user [--json] add <name> --first-name F --last-name L --email E   (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] add <name> [--email E]   (a Manager-only account; password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] add <name> --service [--display-name N] [--description D] [--email E]
+                  [--redirect-uri U ...] [--post-logout-redirect-uri U ...] [--allowed-group G ...]
+                                                  (a service account; password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] update <name> [--first-name F] [--last-name L] [--email E]
+  vpn-router-user [--json] update <name> [--display-name N] [--description D] [--email E]
+                  [--redirect-uri U ...] [--post-logout-redirect-uri U ...] [--allowed-group G ...]
+                                                  (a service account)
+
+A service account with a redirect URI is a client of the OpenID Provider; each of the three options may be repeated,
+and replaces all values of its kind; one '' removes them.
+  vpn-router-user [--json] passwd <name>       (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] disable <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] enable <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] unlock <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] remove <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] profile <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-new <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-enrol <name> <code>   (secret on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] otp-remove <name>
+  vpn-router-user [--json] console <name> (--posix | --account LOCAL | --off)
+  vpn-router-user [--json] passkeys-remove <name>
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_auth
+import vpnrouter_passkeys
+import vpnrouter_users
+from vpnrouter_users import Failure
+
+#: The help line of each command.
+HELP = {
+    'list': 'list the users',
+    'add': 'add a VPN user with the three person options and issue the certificate, or without the names a '
+           'Manager-only account, or with --service a service account, each with an optional e-mail address; the '
+           'password is read from standard input',
+    'update': "change the first name, the last name or the e-mail address; a Manager-only account has only the "
+              "e-mail address, which '' removes",
+    'passwd': 'set the password, read from standard input',
+    'disable': 'lock the user out of OpenVPN',
+    'enable': 'let the user in again',
+    'unlock': 'end a lockout after failed logins',
+    'remove': 'revoke the certificate and remove the user',
+    'profile': 'print the OpenVPN client profile',
+    'otp-new': 'make a TOTP secret and its otpauth URI; nothing is stored',
+    'otp-enrol': 'store the TOTP secret read from standard input, when the code is a code of it',
+    'otp-remove': 'remove the TOTP token',
+    'console': "switch the console login of a member of admins with a TOTP token on, as the user's own POSIX account "
+               'in the directory or as a local account, or off',
+    'passkeys-remove': "remove all the user's passkeys",
+}
+
+#: The help of the person options.
+PERSON_HELP = {'first_name': 'the first name', 'last_name': 'the last name', 'email': 'the e-mail address',
+               'display_name': "a service account's display name; '' removes it",
+               'description': "a service account's description; '' removes it"}
+
+#: The OpenID Provider client settings of a service account, their options and help.
+CLIENT_OPTIONS = (
+    ('redirect_uris', 'redirect-uri', 'a redirect URI of the OpenID Provider client'),
+    ('post_logout_redirect_uris', 'post-logout-redirect-uri', 'a post-logout redirect URI of the OpenID Provider client'),
+    ('allowed_groups', 'allowed-group', 'a group whose members may sign in to the OpenID Provider client'),
+)
+
+
+class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """An argument parser whose errors are Failures with status 2, so that --json answers them as JSON."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        raise Failure(f'{message}; see {self.prog} --help', 2)
+
+
+def parse(argv):
+    parser = Parser(prog='vpn-router-user', description='Manage the users of the router.')
+    parser.add_argument('--json', action='store_true', help='answer in JSON')
+    commands = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True, metavar='command', parser_class=Parser)
+    for command, text in HELP.items():
+        sub = commands.add_parser(command, help=text, description=text[0].upper() + text[1:] + '.')
+        if command != 'list':
+            sub.add_argument('name', help='the user name')
+        if command in ('add', 'update'):
+            for key, _ in vpnrouter_users.PERSON + vpnrouter_users.LABELS:
+                sub.add_argument(f'--{key.replace("_", "-")}', dest=key, metavar='TEXT', help=PERSON_HELP[key])
+            for key, option, text in CLIENT_OPTIONS:
+                sub.add_argument(f'--{option}', dest=key, action='append', metavar='VALUE',
+                                 help=f"{text}, of a service account; repeat it for more, '' for none")
+        if command == 'add':
+            sub.add_argument('--service', action='store_true', help='add a service account, which cannot sign in to the web service')
+        if command == 'otp-enrol':
+            sub.add_argument('code', help='a code of the secret from the authenticator')
+        if command == 'console':
+            choice = sub.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+            choice.add_argument('--posix', action='store_true', help="run the console as the user's own POSIX account")
+            choice.add_argument('--account', metavar='LOCAL', help='run the console as this local account')
+            choice.add_argument('--off', action='store_true', help='switch console login off')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def password():
+    """The password or the TOTP secret from the first line of standard input."""
+    return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\n')
+
+
+def run(connection, options, secret):
+    """The answer of the command the options name; secret is the password of add and passwd, the TOTP secret of otp-enrol."""
+    command = options.command
+    if command == 'list':
+        return vpnrouter_users.list_users(connection)
+    values = {key: getattr(options, key, None) for key, _ in vpnrouter_users.PERSON + vpnrouter_users.LABELS}
+    for key, _, _ in CLIENT_OPTIONS:
+        given = getattr(options, key, None)
+        if given is not None:
+            values[key] = [value for value in given if value]
+    if command == 'add':
+        return vpnrouter_users.add(connection, options.name, secret, values, service=options.service)
+    if command == 'update':
+        return vpnrouter_users.update(connection, options.name, values)
+    if command == 'passwd':
+        return vpnrouter_users.passwd(connection, options.name, secret)
+    if command == 'otp-enrol':
+        return vpnrouter_users.otp_enrol(connection, options.name, secret, options.code)
+    if command == 'console':
+        return vpnrouter_users.console(connection, options.name, not options.off, options.account)
+    if command == 'passkeys-remove':
+        return vpnrouter_passkeys.remove(connection, options.name)
+    return getattr(vpnrouter_users, command.replace('-', '_'))(connection, options.name)
+
+
+def console_text(user):
+    """The console login of a user as a cell: -, off, posix (uid N) or local and the account, refused without a TOTP
+    token."""
+    console = user['console']
+    if console is None or not console['enabled']:
+        return '-' if console is None else 'off'
+    text = f'local {console["account"]}' if console['local'] else f'posix (uid {console["uid"]})'
+    return text if user['otp'] else f'{text}, refused: no OTP'
+
+
+def client_text(user):
+    """The OpenID Provider client settings of a service account as a cell: -, or the numbers of its URIs and its allowed
+    groups."""
+    if not user.get('redirect_uris'):
+        return '-'
+    groups = ','.join(user['allowed_groups']) or 'all users'
+    return f'{len(user["redirect_uris"])} redirect, {len(user["post_logout_redirect_uris"])} logout, {groups}'
+
+
+def text_of(answer):
+    """The answer as text for people."""
+    if 'profile' in answer:
+        return answer['profile'].rstrip('\n')
+    if 'secret' in answer:
+        return f'secret  {answer["secret"]}\nuri     {answer["uri"]}'
+    if answer.get('removed'):
+        return f'user {answer["name"]} removed'
+    users = answer['users'] if 'users' in answer else [answer]
+    if not users:
+        return 'no users'
+    head = ('USER', 'KIND', 'STATE', 'CERTIFICATE', 'OTP', 'PASSKEYS', 'CONSOLE', 'FIRST NAME', 'LAST NAME', 'E-MAIL',
+            'OIDC CLIENT')
+    rows = [(user['name'], 'internal' if user['internal'] else 'service' if user['service'] else 'manager' if user['manager_only'] else 'vpn',
+             'disabled' if not user['enabled'] else 'locked' if user['locked'] else 'enabled',
+             'issued' if user['certificate'] else 'missing',
+             'enrolled' if user['otp'] else '-', str(len(user['passkeys'])) if user['passkeys'] else '-', console_text(user),
+             user['first_name'] or '-', user['last_name'] or '-', user['email'] or '-', client_text(user))
+            for user in users]
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in (head, *rows)) for column in range(len(head))]
+    return '\n'.join('  '.join(cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths)).rstrip() for row in (head, *rows))
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    # A request that cannot be parsed is answered in JSON when --json is among the arguments.
+    as_json = '--json' in argv
+    try:
+        options = parse(argv)
+        as_json = options.json
+        if options.command != 'list':
+            vpnrouter_users.check_name(options.name)
+        secret = password() if options.command in ('add', 'passwd', 'otp-enrol') else None
+        with vpnrouter_users.session() as connection:
+            answer = run(connection, options, secret)
+        if options.command in vpnrouter_auth.REVOKING:
+            vpnrouter_auth.revoke(vpnrouter.load_config(), options.name)
+    except Failure as failure:
+        message, status = str(failure), failure.status
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        message, status = f'the user directory failed: {exc}', 1
+    except vpnrouter_auth.DatabaseError as exc:
+        message, status = str(exc), 1
+    else:
+        print(json.dumps(answer) if as_json else text_of(answer))
+        return 0
+    if as_json:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': message}))
+    else:
+        print(f'vpn-router-user: {message}', file=sys.stderr)
+    return status
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-config-edit                                  -*- shell-script -*-
+
+# Python of the package that answers from its schema (vpnrouter.SCHEMA, vpnrouter.CONNECTION) and, read as root, the
+# site-to-site connections of the configuration: settings prints SECTION.OPTION of every setting and
+# site_to_site.NAME.OPTION of every connection, connections site_to_site.NAME, and values the values of a boolean
+# setting, $1.
+_vpn_config_edit_python()
+{
+    python3 -c '
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, "/usr/lib/vpn-router")
+import vpnrouter
+try:
+    connections = vpnrouter.read_settings().get("site_to_site", {})
+except (OSError, vpnrouter.ConfigError):
+    connections = {}
+if sys.argv[1] == "settings":
+    print("\n".join(f"{section}.{option}" for section, options in vpnrouter.SCHEMA.items() for option in options))
+    print("\n".join(f"site_to_site.{name}.{option}" for name in connections for option in vpnrouter.CONNECTION))
+elif sys.argv[1] == "connections":
+    print("\n".join(f"site_to_site.{name}" for name in connections))
+else:
+    section, _, option = sys.argv[2].rpartition(".")
+    defaults = vpnrouter.CONNECTION if section.startswith("site_to_site.") else vpnrouter.SCHEMA.get(section, {})
+    if isinstance(defaults.get(option), bool):
+        print("true\nfalse")
+' "$@" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_config_edit()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    # The command is the first word that is not an option; the arguments are the words after it.
+    local i command='' args=()
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+            [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]] && command=${words[i]}
+        elif [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]]; then
+            args+=("${words[i]}")
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--help$([[ $command == @(set|remove) ]] && echo ' --restart')" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    case $command,${#args[@]} in
+        ,*) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'show set remove' -- "$cur")) ;;
+        set,0) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_config_edit_python settings)" -- "$cur")) ;;
+        set,1) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_config_edit_python values "${args[0]}")" -- "$cur")) ;;
+        remove,0) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_config_edit_python connections)" -- "$cur")) ;;
+    esac
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_config_edit vpn-config-edit
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-backup                                -*- shell-script -*-
+
+_vpn_router_backup()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    # The command is the first word that is not an option; the arguments are the words after it.
+    local i command='' args=0 pbs=false
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+            [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]] && command=${words[i]}
+        elif [[ ${words[i]} == --pbs ]]; then
+            pbs=true
+        elif [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]]; then
+            ((args++))
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+        if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--help' -- "$cur"))
+        else
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'run list restore' -- "$cur"))
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--help$([[ $command == restore ]] && echo ' --pbs --yes')" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # restore takes a local archive, or with --pbs a snapshot name, which vpn-router-backup list shows.
+    if [[ $command == restore ]] && ((args == 0)) && ! $pbs; then
+        _filedir
+    fi
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_backup vpn-router-backup
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-ca                                    -*- shell-script -*-
+
+# Python of the package that prints the revocation reasons (reasons) or, from the configuration read as root, the
+# issuing CAs (cas) or the certificate templates (templates), which other users do not get.
+_vpn_router_ca_python()
+{
+    python3 -c '
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, "/usr/lib/vpn-router")
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_pki
+if sys.argv[1] == "reasons":
+    print("\n".join(vpnrouter_pki.REASONS))
+else:
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    print("\n".join(vpnrouter.issuing_cas(cfg) if sys.argv[1] == "cas" else vpnrouter.pki_templates(cfg)))
+' "$@" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_ca()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    # The command and, for ca and root, the action are the first words that are not options; the arguments are the
+    # words after them but option values.
+    local i command='' action='' args=0
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        case ${words[i]} in
+            --ca | --template | --csr | --subject | --san | --pfx | --reason | --out) ((i++)) ;;
+            -*) ;;
+            *)
+                if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+                    command=${words[i]}
+                elif [[ $command == @(ca|root) && -z $action ]]; then
+                    action=${words[i]}
+                else
+                    ((args++))
+                fi
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case $prev in
+        --ca)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_ca_python cas)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --template)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_ca_python templates)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --reason)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_ca_python reasons)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --csr | --pfx | --out)
+            _filedir
+            return
+            ;;
+        --subject | --san)
+            return
+            ;;
+    esac
+    $split && return
+
+    if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+        if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--json --help' -- "$cur"))
+        else
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'status list issue revoke maintain ca root' -- "$cur"))
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        local options='--help'
+        case $command$action in
+            list) options+=' --ca' ;;
+            issue) options+=' --ca --template --csr --subject --san --pfx' ;;
+            revoke) options+=' --reason' ;;
+            rootexport-key) options+=' --out' ;;
+            rootremove-key) options+=' --yes' ;;
+        esac
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    case $command,$action,$args in
+        ca,,*) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'csr import' -- "$cur")) ;;
+        root,,*) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'export-key remove-key import-key import-crl' -- "$cur")) ;;
+        ca,*,0) COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_ca_python cas)" -- "$cur")) ;;
+        ca,import,1 | root,import-key,0 | root,import-crl,0) _filedir ;;
+    esac
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_ca vpn-router-ca
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-caddy                                 -*- shell-script -*-
+
+_vpn_router_caddy()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword
+    _init_completion || return
+
+    # After the command only --help is left.
+    local word
+    for word in "${words[@]:1:cword-1}"; do
+        if [[ $word != -* ]]; then
+            [[ $cur == -* ]] && COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--help' -- "$cur"))
+            return
+        fi
+    done
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--json --help' -- "$cur"))
+    else
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'status apply use-upstream' -- "$cur"))
+    fi
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_caddy vpn-router-caddy
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-group                                 -*- shell-script -*-
+
+# The names of the users and of the groups of the router's directory, read as root; nothing for other users.
+_vpn_router_group_users()
+{
+    vpn-router-user --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(user["name"] for user in json.load(sys.stdin)["users"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_group_names()
+{
+    vpn-router-group --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(group["name"] for group in json.load(sys.stdin)["groups"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_group()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    # The command is the first word that is not an option; the arguments are the words after it but option values.
+    local i command='' args=0
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+            [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]] && command=${words[i]}
+            continue
+        fi
+        case ${words[i]} in
+            --member | --description | --name) ((i++)) ;;
+            -*) ;;
+            *) ((args++)) ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+        if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--json --help' -- "$cur"))
+        else
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'list add update remove member-add member-remove' -- "$cur"))
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    case $prev in
+        --member)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_group_users)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --description | --name)
+            return
+            ;;
+    esac
+    $split && return
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        local options='--help'
+        case $command in
+            add) options+=' --member --description' ;;
+            update) options+=' --name --description' ;;
+        esac
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # The group, which add takes new, then the user of member-add and member-remove.
+    if ((args == 0)) && [[ $command != @(list|add) ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_group_names)" -- "$cur"))
+    elif ((args == 1)) && [[ $command == member-@(add|remove) ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_group_users)" -- "$cur"))
+    fi
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_group vpn-router-group
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-site                                  -*- shell-script -*-
+
+# The names of the sites, of the groups and of the general-purpose issuing CAs, read as root; nothing for other users.
+_vpn_router_site_names()
+{
+    vpn-router-site --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(site["name"] for site in json.load(sys.stdin)["sites"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_site_groups()
+{
+    vpn-router-group --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(group["name"] for group in json.load(sys.stdin)["groups"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_site_cas()
+{
+    python3 -c 'import sys; sys.path.insert(0, "/usr/lib/vpn-router"); import vpnrouter
+print("\n".join(vpnrouter.load_config()["pki"]["issuing_cas"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_site()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    # The command is the first word that is not an option; the arguments are the words after it but option values.
+    local i command='' args=0
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+            [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]] && command=${words[i]}
+            continue
+        fi
+        case ${words[i]} in
+            --host | --port | --listen | --tls | --ca | --certificate | --key | --index | --editors) ((i++)) ;;
+            -*) ;;
+            *) ((args++)) ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+        if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--json --help' -- "$cur"))
+        else
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'list show add update remove' -- "$cur"))
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    case $prev in
+        --listen)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'internal external both' -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --tls)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W 'none acme ca file' -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --ca)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_site_cas)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --editors)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_site_groups)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --certificate | --key)
+            _filedir
+            return
+            ;;
+        --host | --port | --index)
+            return
+            ;;
+    esac
+    $split && return
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        local options='--help'
+        case $command in
+            add | update) options+=' --host --no-hosts --port --listen --tls --ca --certificate --key --index --spa
+                --no-spa --enabled --no-enabled --editors' ;;
+            remove) options+=' --content' ;;
+        esac
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # The site, which add takes new.
+    if ((args == 0)) && [[ $command != @(list|add) ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_site_names)" -- "$cur"))
+    fi
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_site vpn-router-site
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-token                                 -*- shell-script -*-
+
+_vpn_router_token()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    case $prev in
+        --minutes | --hours | --days)
+            return
+            ;;
+    esac
+    $split && return
+
+    # The lifetime is one of --minutes, --hours and --days.
+    local options='--json --help' word
+    for word in "${words[@]:1:cword-1}"; do
+        [[ $word == --@(minutes|hours|days)* ]] && break
+    done
+    [[ $word == --@(minutes|hours|days)* ]] || options+=' --minutes --hours --days'
+    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur"))
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_token vpn-router-token
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# bash completion for vpn-router-user                                  -*- shell-script -*-
+
+# The names of the users and of the groups of the router's directory, read as root; nothing for other users.
+_vpn_router_user_names()
+{
+    vpn-router-user --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(user["name"] for user in json.load(sys.stdin)["users"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_user_groups()
+{
+    vpn-router-group --json list 2>/dev/null |
+        python3 -c 'import json, sys; print("\n".join(group["name"] for group in json.load(sys.stdin)["groups"]))' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+_vpn_router_user()
+{
+    local cur prev words cword split
+    _init_completion -s || return
+
+    local commands='list add update passwd disable enable unlock remove profile otp-new otp-enrol otp-remove console
+        passkeys-remove'
+
+    # The command is the first word that is not an option; the arguments are the words after it but option values.
+    local i command='' args=0
+    for ((i = 1; i < cword; i++)); do
+        if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+            [[ ${words[i]} != -* ]] && command=${words[i]}
+            continue
+        fi
+        case ${words[i]} in
+            --first-name | --last-name | --email | --display-name | --description | --redirect-uri | \
+                --post-logout-redirect-uri | --allowed-group | --account) ((i++)) ;;
+            -*) ;;
+            *) ((args++)) ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z $command ]]; then
+        if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--json --help' -- "$cur"))
+        else
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$commands" -- "$cur"))
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    case $prev in
+        --allowed-group)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_user_groups)" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --account)
+            # The local accounts console --account takes: a uid from 1000 to 19999, not nobody.
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(getent passwd | awk -F: '$3 >= 1000 && $3 < 20000 && $1 != "nobody" { print $1 }')" -- "$cur"))
+            return
+            ;;
+        --first-name | --last-name | --email | --display-name | --description | --redirect-uri | --post-logout-redirect-uri)
+            return
+            ;;
+    esac
+    $split && return
+
+    if [[ $cur == -* ]]; then
+        local options='--help'
+        case $command in
+            add) options+=' --first-name --last-name --email --service --display-name --description --redirect-uri
+                --post-logout-redirect-uri --allowed-group' ;;
+            update) options+=' --first-name --last-name --email --display-name --description --redirect-uri
+                --post-logout-redirect-uri --allowed-group' ;;
+            console) options+=' --posix --account --off' ;;
+        esac
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur"))
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # The user name, which add takes new; otp-enrol then takes a code.
+    if ((args == 0)) && [[ $command != @(list|add) ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$(_vpn_router_user_names)" -- "$cur"))
+    fi
+} &&
+    complete -F _vpn_router_user vpn-router-user
+
+# ex: filetype=sh
@@ -8,33 +8,151 @@
    "internal": "eth1"
  },
  "wan": {
-    "local_fqdn": "router.example.com",
-    "local_id_mode": "fqdn"
+    "local_fqdn": "router.example.com"
  },
  "local": {
    "cidrs": ["10.0.0.0/24"],
    "int_addr": "10.1.1.4",
    "int_gateway_ip": "10.1.1.1"
  },
-  "remote": {
-    "addrs": ["peer.example.net"],
-    "id": "peer.example.net",
-    "cidrs": ["192.168.0.0/24"],
-    "psk": "change-me",
-    "psk_file": ""
+  "site_to_site": {
+    "remote-site": {
+      "addrs": ["peer.example.net"],
+      "id": "peer.example.net",
+      "cidrs": ["192.168.0.0/24"],
+      "local_cidrs": ["10.0.0.0/24"],
+      "local_id_mode": "fqdn",
+      "auth": "psk",
+      "psk": "change-me",
+      "psk_file": "",
+      "remote_ca": ""
+    },
+    "branch": {
+      "addrs": ["branch.example.org"],
+      "id": "branch.example.org",
+      "cidrs": ["192.168.10.0/24"],
+      "local_cidrs": ["10.0.0.0/24"],
+      "local_id_mode": "fqdn",
+      "auth": "certificate"
+    }
  },
  "p2s": {
    "enabled": false,
    "address_pool": "172.16.0.0/24",
-    "ca_name": "VPN Router CA"
+    "dns_listen": "internal"
  },
  "wireguard": {
    "enabled": false,
    "address": "192.168.200.1/24",
    "listen_port": 51820
  },
+  "openvpn": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "address_pool": "172.16.1.0/24",
+    "port": 1194,
+    "protocol": "udp"
+  },
  "docker": {
    "mode": "auto",
    "exposed_ports": ["443"]
+  },
+  "web": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "listen": "both",
+    "port": 7081,
+    "database": "",
+    "trusted_proxies": [],
+    "status_content": "basic",
+    "shell": false,
+    "shell_idle_minutes": 15,
+    "shell_auth_timeout": 15,
+    "log_files": ["/var/log/syslog", "/var/log/auth.log"]
+  },
+  "ssh": {
+    "ldap_login": false
+  },
+  "https": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "email": "",
+    "web_port": 7444,
+    "manager_port": 7443,
+    "caddy_source": "ubuntu"
+  },
+  "oidc": {
+    "enabled": false
+  },
+  "sites": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "upload_max_mb": 512,
+    "webdav": false,
+    "webdav_port": 7445
+  },
+  "dns": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "nameserver": "",
+    "addresses": [],
+    "listen": "external",
+    "ttl": 300
+  },
+  "pki": {
+    "root_name": "VPN Router Root CA",
+    "root_days": 7300,
+    "ca_days": 3650,
+    "key": "rsa-4096",
+    "crl_days": 7,
+    "root_crl_days": 180,
+    "publish": ["http"],
+    "p2s_name": "VPN Router P2S CA",
+    "s2s_name": "VPN Router Site-to-Site CA",
+    "issuing_cas": {
+      "servers": {
+        "name": "VPN Router Server CA",
+        "templates": ["server"],
+        "acme": false
+      }
+    },
+    "templates": {
+      "server": {
+        "days": 397
+      }
+    },
+    "extended_key_usages": {
+      "smartcard_logon": "1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2"
+    },
+    "root_key_warning": true
+  },
+  "metrics": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "listen": "internal",
+    "port": 9464,
+    "https_port": 9465,
+    "service_account": "metrics",
+    "otlp_endpoint": "",
+    "otlp_username": "",
+    "otlp_password": "",
+    "keep_details": "24 hours",
+    "keep_hourly": "1 month",
+    "keep_daily": "3 months",
+    "keep_monthly": "1 year",
+    "keep_yearly": "10 years"
+  },
+  "backup": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "schedule": "daily",
+    "target": "local",
+    "path": "/var/backups/vpn-router",
+    "keep_hourly": 24,
+    "keep_daily": 7,
+    "keep_weekly": 4,
+    "keep_monthly": 12,
+    "keep_yearly": 0,
+    "metrics": false,
+    "rclone_remote": "",
+    "rclone_mode": "sync",
+    "pbs_repository": "",
+    "pbs_password": "",
+    "pbs_fingerprint": "",
+    "pbs_namespace": "",
+    "pbs_keyfile": ""
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+-- The domains the router's name server (PowerDNS, gpgsql backend) is the primary of (vpnrouter_dns), in the
+-- vpn-router-dns database, whose domains, records and domainmetadata tables are PowerDNS's own schema.
+-- The whole file runs as one transaction, serialized by an advisory lock, so that two processes can load it at once.
+
+SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('vpn-router dns schema'));
+
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS dns_manual_records;
+
+-- A domain the router serves as its primary name server; sites says whether the host names of the enabled sites in
+-- it get records, ttl is the TTL of its records, null for dns.ttl.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dns_domains (
+    name text PRIMARY KEY,
+    sites boolean NOT NULL,
+    ttl integer
+);
+
+-- A secondary name server of a domain: its NS name and the address it transfers the domain from.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dns_secondaries (
+    domain text NOT NULL REFERENCES dns_domains (name) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    nameserver text NOT NULL,
+    address inet NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (domain, nameserver)
+);
+
+-- A record an administrator added to a domain, besides those of the domain itself and of the sites.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dns_records (
+    domain text NOT NULL REFERENCES dns_domains (name) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    type text NOT NULL,
+    content text NOT NULL,
+    ttl integer NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (domain, name, type, content)
+);
+
+-- The digest of the records last written to a zone and the serial of its SOA.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dns_state (
+    zone text PRIMARY KEY,
+    digest text NOT NULL,
+    serial bigint NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dns_domains_list()
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, sites boolean, ttl integer)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name, sites, ttl FROM dns_domains ORDER BY name;
+$$;
+
+-- Add the domain, or set its sites and TTL.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_domain_put(p_name text, p_sites boolean, p_ttl integer)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    INSERT INTO dns_domains VALUES (p_name, p_sites, p_ttl)
+    ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET sites = p_sites, ttl = p_ttl;
+$$;
+
+-- Remove the domain with its secondaries and records.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_domain_remove(p_name text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM dns_domains WHERE name = p_name;
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dns_secondaries_list()
+RETURNS TABLE (domain text, nameserver text, address text)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT domain, nameserver, host(address) FROM dns_secondaries ORDER BY domain, nameserver;
+$$;
+
+-- Add the secondary of the domain, or set its address.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_secondary_put(p_domain text, p_nameserver text, p_address inet)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    INSERT INTO dns_secondaries VALUES (p_domain, p_nameserver, p_address)
+    ON CONFLICT (domain, nameserver) DO UPDATE SET address = p_address;
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_secondary_remove(p_domain text, p_nameserver text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM dns_secondaries WHERE domain = p_domain AND nameserver = p_nameserver;
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dns_records_list()
+RETURNS TABLE (domain text, name text, type text, content text, ttl integer)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT domain, name, type, content, ttl FROM dns_records ORDER BY domain, name, type, content;
+$$;
+
+-- Add the record to the domain, or set its TTL.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_record_put(p_domain text, p_name text, p_type text, p_content text, p_ttl integer)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    INSERT INTO dns_records VALUES (p_domain, p_name, p_type, p_content, p_ttl)
+    ON CONFLICT (domain, name, type, content) DO UPDATE SET ttl = p_ttl;
+$$;
+
+-- Remove the records of the name and type in the domain, all of them without content.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_record_remove(p_domain text, p_name text, p_type text, p_content text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM dns_records
+    WHERE domain = p_domain AND name = p_name AND type = p_type AND (p_content IS NULL OR content = p_content);
+$$;
+
+-- Serve the zone as its primary and give it the records, its SOA first, whose content has {serial} for the serial,
+-- and the addresses of its secondaries, which are notified of its changes and may transfer it. The serial grows, to
+-- at least the current Unix time, only when the records differ from those last written.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_apply(p_zone text, p_soa text, p_ttl integer, p_names text[], p_types text[],
+                                      p_contents text[], p_ttls integer[], p_secondaries text[])
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+DECLARE
+    v_domain integer;
+    v_serial bigint;
+    v_digest text := md5(concat_ws('|', p_soa, p_ttl, array_to_string(p_names, ','), array_to_string(p_types, ','),
+                                   array_to_string(p_contents, ','), array_to_string(p_ttls, ',')));
+BEGIN
+    SELECT id INTO v_domain FROM domains WHERE name = p_zone;
+    IF v_domain IS NULL THEN
+        INSERT INTO domains (name, type) VALUES (p_zone, 'MASTER') RETURNING id INTO v_domain;
+    ELSE
+        UPDATE domains SET type = 'MASTER' WHERE id = v_domain AND type <> 'MASTER';
+    END IF;
+    DELETE FROM domainmetadata WHERE domain_id = v_domain AND kind IN ('ALSO-NOTIFY', 'ALLOW-AXFR-FROM');
+    INSERT INTO domainmetadata (domain_id, kind, content)
+    SELECT v_domain, kind, address FROM unnest(p_secondaries) AS address,
+                                        unnest(ARRAY['ALSO-NOTIFY', 'ALLOW-AXFR-FROM']) AS kind;
+    IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM dns_state WHERE zone = p_zone AND digest = v_digest) THEN
+        RETURN;
+    END IF;
+    SELECT greatest(coalesce(max(serial) + 1, 1), extract(epoch FROM now())::bigint) INTO v_serial
+    FROM dns_state WHERE zone = p_zone;
+    DELETE FROM records WHERE domain_id = v_domain;
+    INSERT INTO records (domain_id, name, type, content, ttl, prio, disabled, auth)
+    VALUES (v_domain, p_zone, 'SOA', replace(p_soa, '{serial}', v_serial::text), p_ttl, 0, false, true);
+    INSERT INTO records (domain_id, name, type, content, ttl, prio, disabled, auth)
+    SELECT v_domain, r.name, r.type, r.content, r.ttl, 0, false, true
+    FROM unnest(p_names, p_types, p_contents, p_ttls) AS r(name, type, content, ttl);
+    INSERT INTO dns_state VALUES (p_zone, v_digest, v_serial)
+    ON CONFLICT (zone) DO UPDATE SET digest = v_digest, serial = v_serial;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Serve only the zones of the list, none for an empty one.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dns_retain(p_zones text[])
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM domains WHERE name <> ALL (p_zones);
+    DELETE FROM dns_state WHERE zone <> ALL (p_zones);
+$$;
+
+-- The records of the zone as they are served.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dns_served(p_zone text)
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, type text, content text, ttl integer)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT r.name, r.type, r.content, r.ttl FROM records r JOIN domains d ON d.id = r.domain_id
+    WHERE d.name = p_zone ORDER BY r.type <> 'SOA', r.name, r.type, r.content;
+$$;
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+-- The state of the router's OpenID Provider (vpnrouter_oidc) in the database of web.database.
+-- Codes, tokens and sessions are kept as the SHA-256 of their values; expired rows are purged when new ones are saved.
+-- The whole file runs as one transaction, serialized by an advisory lock, so that two processes can load it at once.
+
+SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('vpn-router oidc schema'));
+
+-- An authorization code, valid until it is exchanged for tokens or expires.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS oidc_codes (
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    client_id text NOT NULL,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    redirect_uri text NOT NULL,
+    scopes text[] NOT NULL,
+    nonce text,
+    code_challenge text NOT NULL,
+    code_challenge_method text NOT NULL,
+    auth_time timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    amr text[] NOT NULL,
+    expires timestamptz NOT NULL
+);
+
+-- An access token or a refresh token (kind) a client was issued for a user.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS oidc_tokens (
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    kind text NOT NULL CHECK (kind IN ('access', 'refresh')),
+    client_id text NOT NULL,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    scopes text[] NOT NULL,
+    auth_time timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    amr text[] NOT NULL,
+    expires timestamptz NOT NULL
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS oidc_tokens_name ON oidc_tokens (name);
+
+-- A user's sign-in at the OpenID Provider, which the session cookie names.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS oidc_sessions (
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    auth_time timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    amr text[] NOT NULL,
+    expires timestamptz NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_code_save(p_hash text, p_client_id text, p_name text, p_redirect_uri text,
+                                           p_scopes text[], p_nonce text, p_code_challenge text,
+                                           p_code_challenge_method text, p_auth_time timestamptz, p_amr text[],
+                                           p_seconds integer)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_codes WHERE expires < now();
+    INSERT INTO oidc_codes VALUES (p_hash, p_client_id, p_name, p_redirect_uri, p_scopes, p_nonce, p_code_challenge,
+                                   p_code_challenge_method, p_auth_time, p_amr, now() + make_interval(secs => p_seconds));
+$$;
+
+-- The unexpired code.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION oidc_code_get(p_hash text)
+RETURNS TABLE (client_id text, name text, redirect_uri text, scopes text[], nonce text, code_challenge text,
+               code_challenge_method text, auth_time timestamptz, amr text[])
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT client_id, name, redirect_uri, scopes, nonce, code_challenge, code_challenge_method, auth_time, amr
+    FROM oidc_codes WHERE hash = p_hash AND expires > now();
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_code_delete(p_hash text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_codes WHERE hash = p_hash;
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_token_save(p_hash text, p_kind text, p_client_id text, p_name text, p_scopes text[],
+                                            p_auth_time timestamptz, p_amr text[], p_seconds integer)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_tokens WHERE expires < now();
+    INSERT INTO oidc_tokens VALUES (p_hash, p_kind, p_client_id, p_name, p_scopes, p_auth_time, p_amr,
+                                    now() + make_interval(secs => p_seconds));
+$$;
+
+-- The unexpired token of the kind.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION oidc_token_get(p_hash text, p_kind text)
+RETURNS TABLE (client_id text, name text, scopes text[], auth_time timestamptz, amr text[])
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT client_id, name, scopes, auth_time, amr FROM oidc_tokens
+    WHERE hash = p_hash AND kind = p_kind AND expires > now();
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_token_delete(p_hash text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_tokens WHERE hash = p_hash;
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_session_save(p_hash text, p_name text, p_amr text[], p_seconds integer)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_sessions WHERE expires < now();
+    INSERT INTO oidc_sessions VALUES (p_hash, p_name, now(), p_amr, now() + make_interval(secs => p_seconds));
+$$;
+
+-- The unexpired session.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION oidc_session_get(p_hash text)
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, auth_time timestamptz, amr text[])
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name, auth_time, amr FROM oidc_sessions WHERE hash = p_hash AND expires > now();
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_session_delete(p_hash text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_sessions WHERE hash = p_hash;
+$$;
+
+-- Remove every code, token and session of the user.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE oidc_revoke(p_name text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM oidc_codes WHERE name = p_name;
+    DELETE FROM oidc_tokens WHERE name = p_name;
+    DELETE FROM oidc_sessions WHERE name = p_name;
+$$;
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+-- The web sites Caddy serves (vpnrouter_sites), in the vpn-router-sites database.
+-- The whole file runs as one transaction, serialized by an advisory lock, so that two processes can load it at once.
+
+SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('vpn-router sites schema'));
+
+-- A static web site: its host names, port, interfaces and TLS, and the group whose members change its files.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sites (
+    name text PRIMARY KEY,
+    enabled boolean NOT NULL,
+    hosts text[] NOT NULL,
+    port integer NOT NULL,
+    listen text NOT NULL CHECK (listen IN ('internal', 'external', 'both')),
+    tls text NOT NULL CHECK (tls IN ('none', 'acme', 'ca', 'file')),
+    ca text NOT NULL,
+    certificate text NOT NULL,
+    private_key text NOT NULL,
+    index_file text NOT NULL,
+    spa boolean NOT NULL,
+    editors text NOT NULL,
+    modified timestamptz NOT NULL
+);
+
+-- Every site, by name; the private key is left out.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sites_list()
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, enabled boolean, hosts text[], port integer, listen text, tls text, ca text,
+               certificate text, index_file text, spa boolean, editors text, modified timestamptz)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name, enabled, hosts, port, listen, tls, ca, certificate, index_file, spa, editors, modified
+    FROM sites ORDER BY name;
+$$;
+
+-- The site with its private key.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION site_get(p_name text)
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, enabled boolean, hosts text[], port integer, listen text, tls text, ca text,
+               certificate text, private_key text, index_file text, spa boolean, editors text, modified timestamptz)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name, enabled, hosts, port, listen, tls, ca, certificate, private_key, index_file, spa, editors, modified
+    FROM sites WHERE name = p_name;
+$$;
+
+-- The enabled sites with their private keys, by name, for Caddy's configuration and certificate files.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sites_served()
+RETURNS TABLE (name text, enabled boolean, hosts text[], port integer, listen text, tls text, ca text,
+               certificate text, private_key text, index_file text, spa boolean, editors text, modified timestamptz)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name, enabled, hosts, port, listen, tls, ca, certificate, private_key, index_file, spa, editors, modified
+    FROM sites WHERE enabled ORDER BY name;
+$$;
+
+-- Add the site, or replace all its settings.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE site_put(p_name text, p_enabled boolean, p_hosts text[], p_port integer, p_listen text,
+                                     p_tls text, p_ca text, p_certificate text, p_private_key text, p_index_file text,
+                                     p_spa boolean, p_editors text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    INSERT INTO sites VALUES (p_name, p_enabled, p_hosts, p_port, p_listen, p_tls, p_ca, p_certificate, p_private_key,
+                              p_index_file, p_spa, p_editors, now())
+    ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET enabled = p_enabled, hosts = p_hosts, port = p_port, listen = p_listen,
+        tls = p_tls, ca = p_ca, certificate = p_certificate, private_key = p_private_key, index_file = p_index_file,
+        spa = p_spa, editors = p_editors, modified = now();
+$$;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE site_remove(p_name text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = p_name;
+$$;
+
+-- The names of the sites whose files the members of the groups may change.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sites_editable(p_groups text[])
+RETURNS TABLE (name text)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name FROM sites WHERE editors <> '' AND editors = ANY (p_groups) ORDER BY name;
+$$;
+
+-- The names of the sites whose editors are the group.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sites_of_group(p_group text)
+RETURNS TABLE (name text)
+LANGUAGE sql STABLE AS $$
+    SELECT name FROM sites WHERE editors = p_group ORDER BY name;
+$$;
+
+-- Give the sites of a renamed group its new name.
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sites_rename_group(p_old text, p_new text)
+LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+    UPDATE sites SET editors = p_new, modified = now() WHERE editors = p_old;
+$$;
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# Written by vpn-router-setup from /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json and the web sites; edits are overwritten.
+{
+	auto_https disable_redirects
+{%- if https_email %}
+	email {{ https_email }}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- if pki_cas %}
+	skip_install_trust
+	pki {
+{%- for ca in pki_cas %}
+		ca {{ ca.id }} {
+			name "{{ ca.name }}"
+			root {
+				cert {{ ca.cert }}
+				key {{ ca.key }}
+			}
+			intermediate {
+				cert {{ ca.cert }}
+				key {{ ca.key }}
+			}
+		}
+{%- endfor %}
+	}
+{%- endif %}
+}
+{% if https and (web_enabled or 'https' in pki_publish or acme_cas) %}
+{{ local_fqdn }}:{{ https_web_port }} {
+{%- if 'https' in pki_publish %}
+	handle_path /pki/* {
+		root * {{ pki_publish_dir }}
+		file_server
+	}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- for ca in acme_cas %}
+	handle /acme/{{ ca }}/* {
+		acme_server {
+			ca {{ ca }}
+		}
+	}
+{%- endfor %}
+	handle {
+{%- if web_enabled %}
+		reverse_proxy {{ loopback }}:{{ web_port }}
+{%- else %}
+		respond 404
+{%- endif %}
+	}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- if https and 'http-80' in pki_publish %}
+http://{{ local_fqdn }} {
+	handle_path /pki/* {
+		root * {{ pki_publish_dir }}
+		file_server
+	}
+	handle {
+		respond 404
+	}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- if https and 'https-default' in pki_publish %}
+{{ local_fqdn }}:443 {
+	handle_path /pki/* {
+		root * {{ pki_publish_dir }}
+		file_server
+	}
+	handle {
+		respond 404
+	}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- if https and manager_port %}
+{{ local_fqdn }}:{{ https_manager_port }} {
+	reverse_proxy {{ loopback }}:{{ manager_port }}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- if https and metrics_enabled %}
+{{ local_fqdn }}:{{ metrics_https_port }} {
+	reverse_proxy {{ loopback }}:{{ metrics_port }}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- if webdav %}
+{{ local_fqdn }}:{{ webdav_port }} {
+	reverse_proxy {{ loopback }}:{{ webdav_loopback_port }}
+}
+{% endif %}
+{%- for site in sites %}
+# Site {{ site.name }}
+{{ site.addresses | join(', ') }} {
+	root * {{ site.root }}
+{%- if site.tls == 'ca' %}
+	tls {
+		issuer internal {
+			ca {{ site.ca }}
+		}
+	}
+{%- elif site.tls == 'file' %}
+	tls {{ site.cert }} {{ site.key }}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- if site.spa %}
+	try_files {path} /{{ site.index }}
+{%- endif %}
+	file_server {
+		index {{ site.index }}
+	}
+}
+{% endfor %}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Written by vpn-router-setup from /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json; edits are overwritten.
+# The resolver of the remote access clients, on the addresses of p2s.dns_listen, forwarding to systemd-resolved's stub.
+{% for address in p2s_resolver_addrs -%}
+listen-address={{ address }}
+{% endfor -%}
+bind-interfaces
+no-resolv
+server=127.0.0.53
+domain-needed
+no-hosts
+cache-size=1000
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<meta name="robots" content="noindex">
+<title>{{ title }}</title>
+<style>
+body { font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; background: #f4f5f7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0; }
+main { max-width: 22rem; margin: 4rem auto; background: #fff; padding: 2rem; border-radius: 0.5rem; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); }
+h1 { font-size: 1.25rem; margin: 0 0 0.25rem; }
+p { margin: 0 0 1rem; color: #4b5563; }
+label { display: block; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 0.75rem 0 0.25rem; }
+input { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; padding: 0.5rem; border: 1px solid #d1d5db; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-size: 1rem; }
+button { width: 100%; margin-top: 1.25rem; padding: 0.6rem; border: 0; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-size: 1rem; cursor: pointer; background: #1d4ed8; color: #fff; }
+button.secondary { background: #fff; color: #1d4ed8; border: 1px solid #1d4ed8; margin-top: 0.75rem; }
+.error { background: #fee2e2; color: #991b1b; padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
+.issuer { font-size: 0.75rem; color: #6b7280; margin: 1.5rem 0 0; }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<main>
+<h1>{{ title }}</h1>
+{%- if message %}
+<p>{{ message }}</p>
+{%- endif %}
+{%- if error %}
+<div class="error" role="alert">{{ error }}</div>
+{%- endif %}
+{%- if form %}
+<form method="post" action="/oidc/login">
+<input type="hidden" name="request" value="{{ request }}">
+<label for="name">Name</label>
+<input id="name" name="name" value="{{ name }}" autocomplete="username webauthn" autocapitalize="none" spellcheck="false" required autofocus>
+<label for="password">Password</label>
+<input id="password" name="password" type="password" autocomplete="current-password" required>
+<label for="code">Code from the authenticator, when you have one</label>
+<input id="code" name="code" inputmode="numeric" pattern="[0-9]{6}" maxlength="6" autocomplete="one-time-code">
+<button type="submit">Sign in</button>
+</form>
+<form id="passkey-form" method="post" action="/oidc/login" hidden>
+<input type="hidden" name="request" value="{{ request }}">
+<input type="hidden" name="passkey_id">
+<input type="hidden" name="credential">
+</form>
+<button id="passkey" class="secondary" type="button" hidden>Sign in with a passkey</button>
+<script>
+// A passkey sign-in begins at /oidc/passkey and posts the browser's answer to /oidc/login with the authorization request.
+(function () {
+  var button = document.getElementById('passkey');
+  if (!window.PublicKeyCredential || !PublicKeyCredential.parseRequestOptionsFromJSON) {
+    return;
+  }
+  button.hidden = false;
+  button.addEventListener('click', async function () {
+    button.disabled = true;
+    try {
+      var begun = await (await fetch('/oidc/passkey', { method: 'POST' })).json();
+      var credential = await navigator.credentials.get({ publicKey: PublicKeyCredential.parseRequestOptionsFromJSON(begun.options.publicKey) });
+      var form = document.getElementById('passkey-form');
+      form.elements.passkey_id.value = begun.id;
+      form.elements.credential.value = JSON.stringify(credential.toJSON());
+      form.submit();
+    } catch (error) {
+      button.disabled = false;
+    }
+  });
+})();
+</script>
+{%- endif %}
+<p class="issuer">{{ issuer }}</p>
+</main>
+</body>
+</html>
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<LDAP>
+	URL		{{ ldap_uri }}
+	Timeout		5
+	TLSEnable	no
+	FollowReferrals	no
+</LDAP>
+
+<Authorization>
+	BaseDN		"{{ ldap_users }}"
+	SearchFilter	"(&(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)(uid=%u))"
+	RequireGroup	false
+</Authorization>
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+port {{ openvpn_port }}
+proto {{ openvpn_protocol }}
+dev {{ openvpn_device }}
+dev-type tun
+topology subnet
+server {{ openvpn_network }} {{ openvpn_netmask }}
+
+ca {{ openvpn_ca }}
+cert {{ server_cert }}
+key {{ server_key }}
+crl-verify {{ openvpn_crl }}
+dh none
+remote-cert-tls client
+
+plugin /usr/lib/openvpn/openvpn-auth-ldap.so {{ openvpn_ldap_conf }}
+script-security 2
+tls-verify /usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-issuer
+auth-user-pass-verify /usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user via-env
+
+{% for network, netmask in openvpn_routes -%}
+push "route {{ network }} {{ netmask }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+{% for address in p2s_dns_list -%}
+push "dhcp-option DNS {{ address }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+
+status {{ openvpn_status }} {{ openvpn_status_seconds }}
+
+keepalive 10 120
+{% if openvpn_protocol == 'udp' -%}
+explicit-exit-notify 1
+{% endif -%}
+verb 3
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[Resolve]
-{% for address in local_addr_list -%}
-DNSStubListenerExtra={{ address }}
-{% endfor -%}
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-connections {
-  remote-site {
-    version = 2
-    proposals = aes256-sha256-modp2048,aes256-sha1-modp1024
-    reauth_time = 28800
-    unique = replace
-
-    local_addrs  = {{ local_addrs }}
-    remote_addrs = {{ remote_addrs }}
-
-    local {
-      id = {{ local_id }}
-      auth = psk
-    }
-
-    remote {
-      id = {{ remote_id }}
-      auth = psk
-    }
-
-    children {
-      site2site {
-        mode = tunnel
-        local_ts = {{ local_ts }}
-        remote_ts = {{ remote_cidrs }}
-        esp_proposals = aes256-sha256,aes256-sha1
-        life_time = 3600
-        dpd_action = restart
-        start_action = start
-        close_action = none
-      }
-    }
-
-    rekey_time = 10800
-    dpd_delay = 10
-    dpd_timeout = 120
-  }
-}
-
-secrets {
-  ike-psk {
-    id-1 = {{ local_id }}
-    id-2 = {{ remote_id }}
-    secret = "{{ psk }}"
-  }
-}
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ connections {

    local {
      auth = pubkey
-      certs = server.pem
+      certs = vpn-server.pem
      id = @{{ local_fqdn }}
    }

    remote {
      auth = eap-tls
-      cacerts = ca.pem
+      cacerts = p2s.pem
      eap_id = %any
    }

@@ -39,5 +39,9 @@ pools {
  rw-pool {
    addrs = {{ p2s_address_pool }}
    dns   = {{ p2s_dns }}
+{%- if p2s_dns_domains %}
+    # INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN (RFC 8598): the domains the clients resolve with the DNS servers above.
+    25    = {{ p2s_dns_domains | join(', ') }}
+{%- endif %}
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+connections {
+{%- for connection in connections if connection.ready %}
+  {{ connection.name }} {
+    version = 2
+    proposals = aes256-sha256-modp2048,aes256-sha1-modp1024
+    reauth_time = 28800
+    unique = replace
+
+    local_addrs  = {{ local_addrs }}
+    remote_addrs = {{ connection.remote_addrs }}
+
+    local {
+      id = {{ connection.local_id }}
+{%- if connection.auth == 'certificate' %}
+      auth = pubkey
+      certs = site-to-site.pem
+{%- else %}
+      auth = psk
+{%- endif %}
+    }
+
+    remote {
+      id = {{ connection.remote_id }}
+{%- if connection.auth == 'certificate' %}
+      auth = pubkey
+      cacerts = {{ connection.remote_cacert }}
+{%- else %}
+      auth = psk
+{%- endif %}
+    }
+
+    children {
+      {{ connection.name }} {
+        mode = tunnel
+        local_ts = {{ connection.local_ts }}
+        remote_ts = {{ connection.remote_cidrs }}
+        esp_proposals = aes256-sha256,aes256-sha1
+        life_time = 3600
+        dpd_action = restart
+        start_action = start
+        close_action = none
+      }
+    }
+
+    rekey_time = 10800
+    dpd_delay = 10
+    dpd_timeout = 120
+  }
+{%- endfor %}
+}
+
+secrets {
+{%- for connection in connections if connection.ready and connection.auth == 'psk' %}
+  ike-psk-{{ connection.name }} {
+    id-1 = {{ connection.local_id }}
+    id-2 = {{ connection.remote_id }}
+    secret = "{{ connection.psk }}"
+  }
+{%- endfor %}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{{ wg_peers_begin }}
+{% for user, key, ips in wg_peers -%}
+[Peer]
+# {{ user }}
+PublicKey = {{ key }}
+AllowedIPs = {{ ips | join(', ') }}
+
+{% endfor -%}
+{{ wg_peers_end }}
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ data "http" "repo_gpg_key" {
 }

 locals {
-  supply_pki = var.ca_cert_file != ""
+  supply_pki = var.root_cert_file != ""

  cloud_init_vars = {
    hostname        = var.name
@@ -15,15 +15,19 @@ locals {
    # Contents of /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.
    config = {
      general = { platform = "azure", mode = "auto" }
-      wan     = { local_fqdn = var.local_fqdn, local_id_mode = var.local_id_mode }
-      local   = { cidrs = [for c in split(",", var.local_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""] }
-      remote = {
-        addrs = [for a in split(",", var.remote_addrs) : trimspace(a) if trimspace(a) != ""]
-        id    = var.remote_id
-        cidrs = local.remote_cidr_list
-        psk   = var.psk
+      wan     = { local_fqdn = var.local_fqdn }
+      local   = { cidrs = local.local_cidr_list }
+      site_to_site = {
+        "remote-site" = {
+          addrs         = [for a in split(",", var.remote_addrs) : trimspace(a) if trimspace(a) != ""]
+          id            = var.remote_id
+          cidrs         = local.remote_cidr_list
+          local_cidrs   = local.local_cidr_list
+          local_id_mode = var.local_id_mode
+          psk           = var.psk
+        }
      }
-      p2s       = { enabled = var.p2s_enabled, address_pool = var.p2s_address_pool, ca_name = "VPN Router CA" }
+      p2s       = { enabled = var.p2s_enabled, address_pool = var.p2s_address_pool }
      wireguard = { enabled = var.wireguard_enabled, address = var.wireguard_address, listen_port = var.wireguard_listen_port }
    }
  }
@@ -98,10 +102,8 @@ resource "azurerm_linux_virtual_machine" "router" {
  custom_data = base64encode(
    local.supply_pki
    ? templatefile("${path.module}/../cloud-init-with-pki.yaml.tpl", merge(local.cloud_init_vars, {
-      label       = split(".", var.local_fqdn)[0]
-      ca_cert     = file(var.ca_cert_file)
-      server_cert = file(var.server_cert_file)
-      server_key  = file(var.server_key_file)
+      root_cert = file(var.root_cert_file)
+      root_key  = var.root_key_file != "" ? file(var.root_key_file) : ""
    }))
    : templatefile("${path.module}/../cloud-init.yaml.tpl", local.cloud_init_vars)
  )
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 locals {
  remote_cidr_list = [for c in split(",", var.remote_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""]
+  local_cidr_list  = [for c in split(",", var.local_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""]
 }

 resource "azurerm_route_table" "router" {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ variable "vm_size" {
 }

 variable "local_fqdn" {
-  description = "FQDN of the router, used as the road-warrior/IKE identity and, when dns_zone_id is set, as the name of the A record created for it."
+  description = "FQDN of the router, used as the IKE identity and, when dns_zone_id is set, as the name of the A record created for it."
  type        = string
 }

@@ -89,31 +89,25 @@ variable "psk" {
 }

 variable "p2s_enabled" {
-  description = "Enable road-warrior (P2S) access."
+  description = "Enable IKEv2 access."
  type        = bool
  default     = false
 }

 variable "p2s_address_pool" {
-  description = "CIDR block assigned to road-warrior clients."
+  description = "CIDR block assigned to IKEv2 clients."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
 }

-variable "ca_cert_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing CA certificate PEM to supply instead of letting the package generate one. Leave empty to auto-generate."
+variable "root_cert_file" {
+  description = "Path to an existing root CA certificate PEM to supply instead of letting the package create one. Leave empty to create one."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
 }

-variable "server_cert_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing server certificate PEM, paired with ca_cert_file."
-  type        = string
-  default     = ""
-}
-
-variable "server_key_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing server private key PEM, paired with ca_cert_file."
+variable "root_key_file" {
+  description = "Path to the private key PEM of root_cert_file. Leave empty to keep the root offline: the issuing CAs then wait for certificates signed elsewhere."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
  sensitive   = true
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #cloud-config
 #
 # Example: install and configure vpn-router during first boot, supplying an
-# existing CA and server certificate instead of letting the package generate
-# one. See cloud-init.yaml.tpl for the variant that generates its own CA.
+# existing root CA instead of letting the package create one. See
+# cloud-init.yaml.tpl for the variant that creates its own.
 #
 # Template variables are Terraform templatefile() placeholders. Adapt or drop
-# them for whatever renders this file. <label> is the first component of the
-# FQDN, for example "router" in router.example.com.
+# them for whatever renders this file. With root_key empty the root stays
+# offline: the router's issuing CAs wait for their certificates, signed with
+# the root elsewhere and imported with vpn-router-ca ca import.

 hostname: ${hostname}
 fqdn: ${fqdn}
@@ -28,21 +29,18 @@ write_files:
    content: |
      ${jsonencode(config)}

-  - path: /etc/vpn-router/pki/ca_cert.pem
+  - path: /etc/vpn-router/pki/root/cert.pem
    permissions: '0644'
    owner: root:root
    content: |
-      ${indent(6, trimspace(ca_cert))}
-  - path: /etc/vpn-router/pki/${label}_cert.pem
-    permissions: '0644'
-    owner: root:root
-    content: |
-      ${indent(6, trimspace(server_cert))}
-  - path: /etc/vpn-router/pki/${label}_key.pem
+      ${indent(6, trimspace(root_cert))}
+%{ if root_key != "" ~}
+  - path: /etc/vpn-router/pki/root/key.pem
    permissions: '0600'
    owner: root:root
    content: |
-      ${indent(6, trimspace(server_key))}
+      ${indent(6, trimspace(root_key))}
+%{ endif ~}

 package_update: true

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 # Template variables are Terraform templatefile() placeholders. Adapt or drop
 # them for whatever renders this file.
 #
-# This variant lets the package generate its own CA on first boot. See
-# cloud-init-with-pki.yaml.tpl for the variant that supplies existing PKI
-# material instead.
+# This variant lets the package create its own CAs on first boot. See
+# cloud-init-with-pki.yaml.tpl for the variant that supplies an existing root
+# CA instead.

 hostname: ${hostname}
 fqdn: ${fqdn}
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ data "http" "repo_gpg_key" {
 }

 locals {
-  supply_pki = var.ca_cert_file != ""
+  supply_pki = var.root_cert_file != ""

  cloud_init_vars = {
    hostname        = var.name
@@ -15,24 +15,26 @@ locals {
    # Contents of /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.
    config = {
      general = { platform = "gcp", mode = "auto" }
-      wan     = { local_fqdn = var.local_fqdn, local_id_mode = var.local_id_mode }
-      local   = { cidrs = [for c in split(",", var.local_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""] }
-      remote = {
-        addrs = [for a in split(",", var.remote_addrs) : trimspace(a) if trimspace(a) != ""]
-        id    = var.remote_id
-        cidrs = local.remote_cidr_list
-        psk   = var.psk
+      wan     = { local_fqdn = var.local_fqdn }
+      local   = { cidrs = local.local_cidr_list }
+      site_to_site = {
+        "remote-site" = {
+          addrs         = [for a in split(",", var.remote_addrs) : trimspace(a) if trimspace(a) != ""]
+          id            = var.remote_id
+          cidrs         = local.remote_cidr_list
+          local_cidrs   = local.local_cidr_list
+          local_id_mode = var.local_id_mode
+          psk           = var.psk
+        }
      }
-      p2s       = { enabled = var.p2s_enabled, address_pool = var.p2s_address_pool, ca_name = "VPN Router CA" }
+      p2s       = { enabled = var.p2s_enabled, address_pool = var.p2s_address_pool }
      wireguard = { enabled = var.wireguard_enabled, address = var.wireguard_address, listen_port = var.wireguard_listen_port }
    }
  }

  cloud_init_rendered = local.supply_pki ? templatefile("${path.module}/../cloud-init-with-pki.yaml.tpl", merge(local.cloud_init_vars, {
-    label       = split(".", var.local_fqdn)[0]
-    ca_cert     = file(var.ca_cert_file)
-    server_cert = file(var.server_cert_file)
-    server_key  = file(var.server_key_file)
+    root_cert = file(var.root_cert_file)
+    root_key  = var.root_key_file != "" ? file(var.root_key_file) : ""
  })) : templatefile("${path.module}/../cloud-init.yaml.tpl", local.cloud_init_vars)
 }

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 locals {
  remote_cidr_list = [for c in split(",", var.remote_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""]
+  local_cidr_list  = [for c in split(",", var.local_cidrs) : trimspace(c) if trimspace(c) != ""]
 }

 resource "google_compute_route" "to_remote" {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ variable "machine_type" {
 }

 variable "local_fqdn" {
-  description = "FQDN of the router, used as the road-warrior/IKE identity and, when dns_managed_zone is set, as the name of the A record created for it."
+  description = "FQDN of the router, used as the IKE identity and, when dns_managed_zone is set, as the name of the A record created for it."
  type        = string
 }

@@ -86,31 +86,25 @@ variable "psk" {
 }

 variable "p2s_enabled" {
-  description = "Enable road-warrior (P2S) access."
+  description = "Enable IKEv2 access."
  type        = bool
  default     = false
 }

 variable "p2s_address_pool" {
-  description = "CIDR block assigned to road-warrior clients."
+  description = "CIDR block assigned to IKEv2 clients."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
 }

-variable "ca_cert_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing CA certificate PEM to supply instead of letting the package generate one. Leave empty to auto-generate."
+variable "root_cert_file" {
+  description = "Path to an existing root CA certificate PEM to supply instead of letting the package create one. Leave empty to create one."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
 }

-variable "server_cert_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing server certificate PEM, paired with ca_cert_file."
-  type        = string
-  default     = ""
-}
-
-variable "server_key_file" {
-  description = "Path to an existing server private key PEM, paired with ca_cert_file."
+variable "root_key_file" {
+  description = "Path to the private key PEM of root_cert_file. Leave empty to keep the root offline: the issuing CAs then wait for certificates signed elsewhere."
  type        = string
  default     = ""
  sensitive   = true
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ REMOTE_CIDRS="${REMOTE_CIDRS:-[\"192.168.0.0/24\"]}"
 PSK="${PSK:-change-me}"
 P2S_ENABLED="${P2S_ENABLED:-false}"
 P2S_ADDRESS_POOL="${P2S_ADDRESS_POOL:-172.16.0.0/24}"
-P2S_CA_NAME="${P2S_CA_NAME:-VPN Router CA}"
+PKI_ROOT_NAME="${PKI_ROOT_NAME:-VPN Router Root CA}"
 WG_ENABLED="${WG_ENABLED:-false}"
 WG_ADDRESS="${WG_ADDRESS:-}"
 WG_LISTEN_PORT="${WG_LISTEN_PORT:-51820}"
@@ -47,24 +47,29 @@ cat > /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json <<EOF
    "internal": "${INTERNAL_INTERFACE}"
  },
  "wan": {
-    "local_fqdn": "${LOCAL_FQDN}",
-    "local_id_mode": "${LOCAL_ID_MODE}"
+    "local_fqdn": "${LOCAL_FQDN}"
  },
  "local": {
    "cidrs": ${LOCAL_CIDRS},
    "int_addr": "${INT_ADDR}",
    "int_gateway_ip": "${INT_GATEWAY_IP}"
  },
-  "remote": {
-    "addrs": ${REMOTE_ADDRS},
-    "id": "${REMOTE_ID}",
-    "cidrs": ${REMOTE_CIDRS},
-    "psk_file": "/etc/vpn-router/psk"
+  "site_to_site": {
+    "remote-site": {
+      "addrs": ${REMOTE_ADDRS},
+      "id": "${REMOTE_ID}",
+      "cidrs": ${REMOTE_CIDRS},
+      "local_cidrs": ${LOCAL_CIDRS},
+      "local_id_mode": "${LOCAL_ID_MODE}",
+      "psk_file": "/etc/vpn-router/psk"
+    }
  },
  "p2s": {
    "enabled": ${P2S_ENABLED},
-    "address_pool": "${P2S_ADDRESS_POOL}",
-    "ca_name": "${P2S_CA_NAME}"
+    "address_pool": "${P2S_ADDRESS_POOL}"
+  },
+  "pki": {
+    "root_name": "${PKI_ROOT_NAME}"
  },
  "wireguard": {
    "enabled": ${WG_ENABLED},
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Commit everything, tag the version of the newest changelog entry and push main with the tags.
+
+The tag is the version of the first entry of debian-package/debian/changelog, without the
+Debian revision 1: vpn-router (0.5.1-1) is tagged 0.5.1 and (0.5.1-2) 0.5.1-2. The tag
+starts the release workflow.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import pathlib
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+ROOT = pathlib.Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+CHANGELOG = ROOT / 'debian-package' / 'debian' / 'changelog'
+
+
+#: Print the git commands instead of running them; set by -n/--dry-run.
+DRY_RUN = False
+
+
+def git(*args):
+    """Run git in the repository, or print the command on a dry run; stop with git's exit status when it fails."""
+    command = ['git', *args]
+    if DRY_RUN:
+        print(shlex.join(command))
+        return
+    result = subprocess.run(command, cwd=ROOT)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        sys.exit(result.returncode)
+
+
+def summary():
+    """The summary line of the first changelog entry, or None when it has none.
+
+    The summary is the entry's first text line: indented by two spaces, not a "*" item,
+    with a blank line between it and the header and a blank line after it.
+    """
+    lines = CHANGELOG.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()
+    if len(lines) < 4 or lines[1].strip() or lines[3].strip():
+        return None
+    line = lines[2]
+    text = line.strip()
+    if not line.startswith('  ') or line.startswith('   ') or not text or text.startswith('*') or line.startswith(' -- '):
+        return None
+    return text
+
+
+def version():
+    """The tag of the first changelog entry: its version, without the Debian revision when that is 1."""
+    first = CHANGELOG.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()[0]
+    start, end = first.find('('), first.find(')')
+    if start == -1 or end < start:
+        sys.exit(f'{CHANGELOG}: the first line has no version: {first}')
+    full = first[start + 1:end]
+    upstream, _, revision = full.rpartition('-')
+    return upstream if upstream and revision == '1' else full
+
+
+def main():
+    global DRY_RUN
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.splitlines()[0])
+    parser.add_argument('-m', '--message', help='commit message; default: the summary line of the newest changelog entry, a line without "*" between blank lines right after its header')
+    parser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', action='store_true', help='print the git commands instead of running them')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-push', action='store_true', help='commit and tag, but do not push')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    DRY_RUN = args.dry_run
+
+    message = args.message or summary()
+    if not message:
+        sys.exit(f'no commit message: pass -m, or start the newest entry of {CHANGELOG} with a summary line '
+                 'without "*", indented by two spaces, with a blank line above and below it')
+    tag = version()
+    if subprocess.run(['git', 'rev-parse', '-q', '--verify', f'refs/tags/{tag}'], cwd=ROOT,
+                      capture_output=True).returncode == 0:
+        sys.exit(f'tag {tag} exists; add a new changelog entry first')
+
+    git('add', '-A')
+    git('commit', '-m', message)
+    git('tag', tag)
+    if not args.no_push:
+        git('push', 'origin', 'main', '--tags')
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
slawek	45cea95728	fix: vpn-router-setup runs on a new installation once libpq can be found. Release / release (push) Failing after 14m15s Details	2026-10-28 21:41:52 +01:00
slawek	dd2dfaaf2b	fix: the router's IPsec remote access is called IKEv2 instead of road-warrior. Release / release (push) Successful in 53s Details	2026-10-27 08:46:36 +01:00
slawek	1697e1aa38	fix: the name server is the primary of any number of domains, each with secondary name servers and a switch for the records of the sites. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 21:26:47 +01:00
slawek	57e8bbcffe	feature: road-warrior clients resolve the domains of the new setting p2s.dns_domains with the router's resolver. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 20:58:33 +01:00
slawek	9ca8fce14e	fix: a VPN user downloads the own OpenVPN client profile through /account, with the current password and code. Release / release (push) Successful in 22s Details	2026-10-26 20:43:33 +01:00
slawek	74c24d7bc6	feature: the web service gives Apple VPN profiles that set up IKEv2 road-warrior access on macOS, iOS and iPadOS. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 20:37:58 +01:00
slawek	770332728e	fix: WireGuard clients may use the router's DNS resolver, which runs while WireGuard does, and /remote-access names its addresses for their configuration. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 18:33:03 +01:00
slawek	e14bbe2ba1	fix: dnsmasq answers the remote access clients' DNS queries, so they no longer get the router's own host name with all its addresses from systemd-resolved. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 16:53:42 +01:00
slawek	dabe4e8365	fix: the remote access clients' resolver answers on the internal address by default, chosen by p2s.dns_listen, so the name server can take port 53 of the external addresses. Release / release (push) Successful in 36s Details	2026-10-26 16:11:08 +01:00
slawek	ea8ca97417	feature: Caddy serves static web sites from folders on the router, defined in their own database, with files uploaded through the web service or WebDAV, and an optional PowerDNS name server answers for a zone of the sites. Release / release (push) Successful in 21s Details	2026-10-26 15:27:28 +01:00
slawek	77bdbcb058	feature: the web service serves the last lines of the journal of the router's units and of the log files web.log_files lists, at /logs. Release / release (push) Successful in 29s Details	2026-10-26 12:37:51 +01:00
slawek	cb33b3bfa1	feature: vpn-config-edit set and remove take --restart, which applies the change with vpn-router-setup and waits for it. Release / release (push) Successful in 25s Details	2026-10-26 11:48:47 +01:00
slawek	81b7f4cac6	feature: bash completes the vpn-* commands, their options and the names they take. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-26 11:35:46 +01:00
slawek	8cac21845a	feature: the web service is an OpenID Provider, which signs the directory's users in to other systems, the clients being service accounts with redirect URIs. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 11:15:12 +01:00
slawek	d1d565b1d9	fix: a service account may be named by a GUID in lowercase, as the Router Manager proposes for a new one. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 09:11:13 +01:00
slawek	e675540ce2	fix: the package installs vpnrouter_passkeys, without which the web service and vpn-router-user do not start. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-26 08:40:24 +01:00
slawek	90db6d46a2	feature: users sign in to the Router Manager with passkeys, and console login needs a TOTP token, so a user without one is refused the shell, SSH and sudo. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 08:35:10 +01:00
slawek	91cc64d6a6	fix: a shell opens without the password and code again while the user's last use of a shell is within web.shell_auth_timeout minutes. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 07:56:23 +01:00
slawek	a1f314d8c1	fix: /config gives the state of caddy.service with the installed Caddy, for the Router Manager's Web page. Release / release (push) Failing after 17m18s Details	2026-10-26 07:18:39 +01:00
slawek	7d8892b8c4	fix: wireguard.address must be the router's own address in its network, not the network or broadcast address, from which the peers' addresses are told apart. Release / release (push) Failing after 16m1s Details	2026-10-26 02:59:56 +01:00
slawek	4491377d9b	fix: /remote-access gives the router's WireGuard public key, endpoint and allowed IPs, which a peer's configuration needs. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 02:50:39 +01:00
slawek	f1d9c3bc36	feature: a VPN user has WireGuard peers, each a device with its public key and IPs, kept in the directory and written into wg0.conf by setup. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-26 02:33:58 +01:00
slawek	015fba50ca	fix: the status gives the number of connected OpenVPN clients at most 5 seconds old instead of up to a minute. Release / release (push) Successful in 22s Details	2026-10-26 02:10:38 +01:00
slawek	9255d56276	feature: /remote-access of the web service shows and changes the settings of IKEv2 road-warrior, OpenVPN and WireGuard access and whether each runs, for the Router Manager's Remote access page. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-26 00:57:22 +01:00
slawek	07dbe91d0c	fix: the shell of a user's own POSIX account opens on the first setup that sets up console login, and the journal records each refused shell with the reason. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-26 00:43:55 +01:00
slawek	ec93bc6a2d	fix: the shell runs as the console account of each member of admins, a local account or the user's own POSIX account in the directory, which also signs in with SSH and sudo, instead of one web.shell_user. Release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details	2026-10-26 00:21:13 +01:00
slawek	2e1eb89f52	feature: web.shell lets /shell of the web service open a login shell of web.shell_user over a WebSocket for the Router Manager's Shell page, after the user signs in again. Release / release (push) Successful in 15s Details	2026-10-26 00:05:14 +01:00
slawek	1825e1efb1	fix: the status gives the number of site-to-site connections set up and established, not each connection by name. Release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details	2026-10-25 23:44:05 +01:00
slawek	d648d294ec	feature: pki.extended_key_usages adds custom extended key usages by their OIDs, which templates give by name, and a template's policies put certificate policy OIDs into its certificates. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-25 23:27:19 +01:00
slawek	a245ec26cd	fix: /status/full of the status web service gives an authenticated client the whole status, whatever web.status_content says. Release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details	2026-10-25 23:16:18 +01:00
slawek	7404ee88c4	fix: vpn-router-setup, vpn-router-ca and /ca read a CA's key and CRL from the directory each as itself, instead of failing on a CA with a CRL. Release / release (push) Successful in 26s Details	2026-10-25 23:07:24 +01:00
slawek	448ce05b3a	fix: the PKI is kept in ou=pki of the router's directory instead of files under /etc/vpn-router/pki, and the router's site-to-site certificate names only the identities its connections present, and /ca/bundle gives the certificate bundle of a CA. Release / release (push) Successful in 29s Details	2026-10-25 23:03:03 +01:00
slawek	e11c88f0de	fix: pki.root_key_warning silences the warning of vpn-router-ca status and /ca about the root key on the router. Release / release (push) Successful in 24s Details	2026-10-25 22:20:39 +01:00
slawek	c19b195ea0	fix: vpn-router-ca status and /ca warn about a CRL the router signs only once vpn-router-pki.timer has not renewed it in time. Release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details	2026-10-25 22:12:13 +01:00
slawek	8d3469d10a	feature: the router has a two-level CA with an optional offline root, issuing CAs for P2S, site-to-site and general use, templates, published certificates and CRLs and an ACME server, site-to-site connections authenticate with certificates, and setup installs Caddy from Ubuntu or Caddy's repository. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-25 22:05:39 +01:00
slawek	fe45272f7c	feature: the router makes scheduled backups to a local folder, copied to the cloud with rclone, or to a Proxmox Backup Server, and vpn-router-backup restores them. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-25 20:18:00 +01:00
slawek	7d1f639508	update: ADR-24 names Ubuntu's apt-daily timer, not a cron job, as what updates the package lists. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-25 19:08:24 +01:00
slawek	959ca0cd32	update: ADR-24 says that the Router Manager checks for updates on demand. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-25 19:02:19 +01:00
slawek	1cef4c044f	fix: /metrics/history gives the availability of each site-to-site connection as the percentage of time it was up in slots of the view. Release / release (push) Successful in 30s Details	2026-10-25 18:49:47 +01:00
slawek	25c151841b	feature: service accounts have a display name and a description, which the router sets for its internal ones. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-25 18:34:59 +01:00
slawek	68ebd541b2	fix: internal service accounts are the router's own, of which the metrics service's is the one at present, and the documentation says what a service account is. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-25 18:27:10 +01:00
slawek	f01be41191	fix: service accounts are managed at /service-accounts, not /users, and the internal one of the metrics service is only listed. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-25 18:18:03 +01:00
slawek	d1970b77b7	fix: vpn-router-setup owns only the creation of the metrics service's account, which is marked internal, and administrators add service accounts with vpn-router-user add --service and /users. Release / release (push) Successful in 32s Details	2026-10-25 18:00:25 +01:00
slawek	bf651da5a6	update: release.py tags a Debian revision other than 1 as x.y.z-n. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-25 17:32:48 +01:00
slawek	4a5b15a559	feature: site_to_site holds any number of named site-to-site connections, which /site-to-site lists, adds, changes and removes. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-25 17:14:23 +01:00
slawek	a79510a02f	feature: /config shows the router's PostgreSQL clusters and their settings, and /postgresql their databases with their sizes. Release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details	2026-10-25 15:26:54 +01:00
slawek	38151bf5be	feature: the router keeps its metrics in PostgreSQL, serves them for an OpenTelemetry Collector and pushes them over OTLP. Release / release (push) Successful in 14s Details	2026-10-25 14:57:47 +01:00
slawek	83c1c50d8d	feature: vpn-config-edit shows and changes the router's configuration. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-25 13:29:12 +01:00
slawek	650896131d	fix: web.status_content is basic by default. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-25 13:09:57 +01:00
slawek	dbc2046e24	feature: the status page shows the Client IP, and web.status_content sets how much it shows. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-25 13:08:08 +01:00
slawek	45d73abe7b	feature: Caddy serves the status page and the Router Manager over HTTPS with a certificate from Let's Encrypt. Release / release (push) Successful in 23s Details	2026-10-25 12:25:57 +01:00
slawek	993a7a9fa9	fix: the web service listens on the internal address, the external address or both. Release / release (push) Successful in 25s Details	2026-10-25 11:37:43 +01:00
slawek	581b53d447	fix: the web service manages users also when it started before setup. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-24 21:32:00 +02:00
slawek	8782edff0f	fix: the status page shows whether the Router Manager runs. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-24 12:50:49 +02:00
slawek	fe17e83b49	feature: every user manages their own account through /account. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 12:44:49 +02:00
slawek	17331eea37	feature: the status page shows the Router Manager's version. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-24 12:16:02 +02:00
slawek	af3127d1e8	feature: Manager-only accounts, and the Router Manager's first administrator. Release / release (push) Successful in 20s Details	2026-10-24 11:56:58 +02:00
slawek	b1e6d9cd0b	fix: the web service starts once libpq can be found. Release / release (push) Successful in 12s Details	2026-10-24 11:07:45 +02:00
slawek	732cc8cb54	fix: the web service waits for the PostgreSQL driver instead of failing at start. Release / release (push) Successful in 25s Details	2026-10-24 10:43:51 +02:00
slawek	c0cd323a0c	feature: bootstrap diagnostics on port 17081 during the first setup. Release / release (push) Successful in 13s Details	2026-10-24 10:07:22 +02:00
slawek	2e2bacee7d	feature: the web service creates its key and database itself and shows its starting phase. Release / release (push) Successful in 29s Details	2026-10-24 09:07:28 +02:00
slawek	4f1aa282f6	fix: a failing user directory or token database no longer leaves the tunnels down. Release / release (push) Failing after 15m34s Details	2026-10-24 08:55:25 +02:00
slawek	caf0e334f0	feature: users sign in to the web service, and only members of admins manage the router. Release / release (push) Failing after 16m57s Details	2026-10-24 04:19:01 +02:00
slawek	791fc7fddd	feature: users can be enrolled for TOTP one-time passwords. Release / release (push) Failing after 15m23s Details	2026-10-24 03:00:35 +02:00
slawek	f135d776f8	fix: package upgrades no longer ask the configuration questions. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-24 02:16:19 +02:00
slawek	cda33fc4c7	fix: an upgrade keeps the configuration and asks nothing. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-24 02:08:23 +02:00
slawek	08693f7e68	feature: users have a first name, a last name and an e-mail address. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 01:47:50 +02:00
slawek	b9003bacb9	update: the status web service listens on port 7081 by default. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-24 01:14:21 +02:00
slawek	0bf78b16b1	feature: users and their certificates no longer need a P2S system enabled. Release / release (push) Successful in 21s Details	2026-10-24 00:00:44 +02:00
slawek	0ff74cc8c9	feature: the firewall lets the Router Manager in on the internal interface. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 23:24:59 +02:00
slawek	a7b29e0655	fix: the status always shows the state of slapd. Release / release (push) Successful in 19s Details	2026-10-23 22:59:17 +02:00
slawek	c377801be0	fix: /config no longer shows secret options. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 22:48:31 +02:00
slawek	a4cffb67e4	fix: the web service works in every state of the router. Release / release (push) Successful in 11s Details	2026-10-23 22:35:53 +02:00
slawek	cc6748a622	update: Added OpenLDAP and OpenVPN to the router. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 21:55:03 +02:00
slawek	609921348b	fix: incorrect swanctl parsing. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 20:56:52 +02:00
slawek	90e7c79840	fix: replace webservice swanctl call human readble output with structured one. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 20:44:17 +02:00
slawek	a6b25b8bb4	fix: router setup hangs on race condition with Docker. Release / release (push) Successful in 18s Details	2026-10-23 20:03:17 +02:00
slawek	7163f167e0	feature: Added an internally only exposed status web service. Release / release (push) Successful in 17s Details	2026-10-23 19:46:26 +02:00