From cc6748a6220a156c30381875f5d2e0d1b2ac56a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2026 21:55:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] update: Added OpenLDAP and OpenVPN to the router.

---
 ADR.md                                        |  73 ++++++
 README.md                                     | 127 +++++++++-
 debian-package/debian/changelog               |  25 ++
 debian-package/debian/control                 |  12 +-
 debian-package/debian/install                 |   3 +
 debian-package/debian/postrm                  |  11 +-
 debian-package/debian/prerm                   |  20 +-
 .../debian/vpn-router.vpn-router-web.service  |   1 +
 .../src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user  |  12 +
 debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup   |  69 +++++-
 .../src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py       |  82 ++++++-
 .../src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py  | 182 ++++++++++++++
 debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web     | 184 ++++++++++++--
 debian-package/src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user   | 225 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example    |   6 +
 .../vpn-router/templates/openvpn-ldap.conf.j2 |  12 +
 .../templates/openvpn-server.conf.j2          |  30 +++
 17 files changed, 1011 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user
 create mode 100644 debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py
 create mode 100755 debian-package/src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user
 create mode 100644 debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-ldap.conf.j2
 create mode 100644 debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-server.conf.j2

diff --git a/ADR.md b/ADR.md
index fabc356..320c065 100644
--- a/ADR.md
+++ b/ADR.md
@@ -75,3 +75,76 @@ configuration file and in `/run/vpn-router/web.json`, both readable by root only
 the answer cross the network unencrypted, so the page is for a trusted internal network; HTTPS
 would need a certificate that the package does not have. The masking is by option name, so a new
 secret option needs a name that matches.
+
+## ADR-4: Users are kept in a local OpenLDAP directory
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: OpenVPN needs user accounts with passwords, and the users are meant to cover every P2S
+system of the router. The options weighed were an external OIDC provider (Entra ID, Keycloak)
+with openvpn-auth-oauth2, an OIDC server embedded on the router, a file of password hashes, and
+OpenLDAP on the router. OIDC for OpenVPN needs a browser on the client and a program from outside
+the Ubuntu archive, and it cannot authenticate IKEv2 EAP-TLS or WireGuard. slapd, its Python
+module `python3-ldap` and the OpenVPN plugin `openvpn-auth-ldap` are all in the archive; the
+plugin checks a password by binding as the user, so the hash scheme is slapd's alone. A directory
+can also be read later by an OIDC provider through its LDAP connector.
+
+Decision: The users are entries in slapd. The package keeps its own database,
+`dc=vpn-router,dc=local` in `/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router` (the path the slapd AppArmor profile
+allows), next to the database the slapd package creates from the host's domain, so the package
+does not depend on the debconf answers of slapd. Its root DN is root's peer-credential DN on the
+local socket, so `vpn-router-setup` manages it with SASL EXTERNAL and no administrator password
+exists. Users are changed by `cn=user-manager,ou=services`, whose ACLs allow writing `ou=users`
+and setting passwords (`=wx`) but not reading them. Passwords are hashed with ARGON2, and the
+ppolicy overlay locks a disabled user (`pwdAccountLockedTime`, effective with `pwdLockout`).
+slapd listens on the local socket only. Provisioning checks every step before changing it, so it
+runs at every start of `vpn-router-setup`.
+
+Consequences: The package depends on `slapd`, `python3-ldap`, `openvpn` and
+`openvpn-auth-ldap`, and `vpn-router-setup` and `vpn-router-user` import `python3-ldap`, the first
+library outside the standard library besides `jinja2`. The service account's password is a
+root-only file. The directory is user data: it is kept when the features are switched off and
+on purge, and it is backed up with `slapcat`, not by copying files.
+
+## ADR-5: OpenVPN clients need a certificate and the password of the user it names
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The router CA already issues client certificates for IKEv2. OpenVPN can check a
+certificate, a password, or both. With both, a certificate alone and a password alone are not
+enough, but `openvpn-auth-ldap` checks only the password of the user name given at login, which
+need not be the user of the certificate.
+
+Decision: OpenVPN checks the certificate against the CA and the CRL, the password with
+`openvpn-auth-ldap`, and runs `openvpn-same-user` as `auth-user-pass-verify` with `via-env`,
+which accepts the login only when the user name equals the certificate's common name. OpenVPN
+calls both and needs both to pass. A user's certificate has the user name as its common name, is
+issued when the user is added and revoked when the user is removed. The CRL is created with the
+CA, so that `crl-verify` has a file from the start, and is valid for ten years, because the router
+renews it only when it revokes a certificate. The server uses the router's own certificate, whose
+common name is `wan.local_fqdn`; the client profile checks that name (`verify-x509-name`), since
+the CA's certificates carry both the server and the client purpose.
+
+Consequences: Disabling a user locks the password, which stops OpenVPN but not IKEv2, which
+checks certificates only; removing a user revokes the certificate for both. A user's
+certificate expires after the CA's default of a year and is renewed by removing and adding the
+user again.
+
+## ADR-6: The web service manages users by running vpn-router-user
+
+Status: Accepted
+
+Context: The web service has only the standard library (ADR-2), and managing users needs
+`python3-ldap` and `simple-ca`. Its unit is sandboxed with `ProtectSystem=strict`.
+
+Decision: `/users` runs `vpn-router-user` and returns its JSON answer, mapping its exit status
+to the HTTP status. Passwords go to the program on standard input, so they never appear in a
+command line. The unit allows writing the paths the program needs: `/run/vpn-router` for its
+lock, `/etc/vpn-router/pki` for the certificates and the CA's state, and `/etc/swanctl/x509crl`
+for the published CRL. A lock serializes the program's runs, because `simple-ca` keeps its state
+in one file.
+
+Consequences: The web service still imports nothing outside the standard library, and the same
+program serves the command line and the API. Each request starts a process, which is fine for
+user administration. The API is protected by the token of `/config`, so whoever has the secret
+can manage users.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f430b53..b9b3ecc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ A Debian package that configures a Linux host or virtual machine as a VPN router
 
 - site-to-site IKEv2 IPSec with pre-shared key authentication (strongSwan swanctl)
 - road-warrior (P2S) access using IKEv2 EAP-TLS, with a bundled certificate authority
+- OpenVPN (P2S) access with a certificate and a password per user, the users kept in a local
+  LDAP directory and managed with `vpn-router-user` or the web service
 - optional WireGuard endpoint
 - routing and NAT for a protected subnet, TCP MSS clamping, and UFW firewall rules
 - firewall rules for the ports Docker publishes, when Docker is installed
@@ -113,6 +115,10 @@ must have the type shown below; an unknown section or setting is an error.
 | `wireguard` | `enabled` | boolean | `false` | WireGuard endpoint |
 | `wireguard` | `address` | string | | Address and prefix for `wg0`, for example `192.168.200.1/24` |
 | `wireguard` | `listen_port` | integer | `51820` | UDP port |
+| `openvpn` | `enabled` | boolean | `false` | OpenVPN access for users |
+| `openvpn` | `address_pool` | string | | IPv4 CIDR assigned to OpenVPN clients |
+| `openvpn` | `port` | integer | `1194` | Port of the OpenVPN server on the external interface |
+| `openvpn` | `protocol` | string | `udp` | `udp` or `tcp` |
 | `docker` | `mode` | string | `auto` | `auto` secures Docker when its service is installed, `on` requires it, `off` removes the rules |
 | `docker` | `exposed_ports` | list | | TCP ports and port ranges (`8000:8100`) reachable from the external interface; at most 15, a range counting as two |
 | `web` | `enabled` | boolean | `true` | The status web service on the internal address |
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ A minimal site-to-site configuration in `auto` mode:
 The router's IKE identity (`wan.local_fqdn` in `fqdn` mode) and the remote one (`remote.id`) are
 an FQDN or an IPv4 or IPv6 address. They are written to the strongSwan configuration as given;
 strongSwan reads an address as an IP identity and a name as an FQDN, so a leading `@` is not needed
-and is refused. Road-warrior access needs a name in `wan.local_fqdn`.
+and is refused. Road-warrior and OpenVPN access need a name in `wan.local_fqdn`.
 
 WireGuard peers are added by hand in `/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf`. The package owns the
 `[Interface]` section of that file and rewrites it when the settings above change, but it
@@ -234,8 +240,10 @@ systemctl restart vpn-router-setup
 The service also runs at boot. With platform `none` it does nothing and says so.
 Otherwise it regenerates the configuration files, resolves the interfaces and their
 addresses as `mode` directs, applies routes, generates WireGuard keys and injects
-firewall rules. It then starts `strongswan` and `wg-quick@wg0` if the corresponding
-feature is configured, reloading or restarting them only when their inputs changed, and
+firewall rules. It provisions the user directory in `slapd` while OpenVPN or road-warrior
+access is configured. It then starts `strongswan`, `wg-quick@wg0` and
+`openvpn-server@vpn-router` if the corresponding feature is configured, reloading or
+restarting them only when their inputs changed, and
 restarts `systemd-resolved` only when the road-warrior DNS drop-in changed. Turning a
 feature off in the configuration stops its service and removes its files. Every step is
 idempotent, so restarting with no changes does nothing.
@@ -264,8 +272,10 @@ ca_cert.pem  ca_key.pem  ca_bundle.pem  <label>_cert.pem  <label>_key.pem  crl.p
 `<label>` is the first component of the router FQDN, so `router.example.com` gives
 `router_cert.pem`.
 
-If road-warrior access is enabled and this directory is empty, a certificate authority and
-a server certificate are created there automatically. To use your own instead, place the
+If road-warrior or OpenVPN access is enabled and this directory is empty, a certificate
+authority, a server certificate and a CRL valid for ten years are created there
+automatically; a CA without a CRL gets one. User certificates are issued by
+`vpn-router-user` into `users/`. To use your own instead, place the
 files in that layout before enabling the feature; nothing is generated or overwritten when
 material is already present.
 
@@ -285,6 +295,73 @@ Issue a client certificate with the bundled tool:
 `simple-ca` comes from a separate project, <https://gitea.koszewscy.waw.pl/slawek/simple-ca>,
 and also supports `make-crl` and `revoke-cert`.
 
+## OpenVPN and users
+
+With `openvpn.enabled`, an `address_pool` and `wan.local_fqdn` set, `vpn-router-setup` runs
+`openvpn-server@vpn-router` with `/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf`. The server uses the
+router's CA, certificate and CRL (the copies under `/etc/swanctl`), pushes routes to
+`local.cidrs` and the router as DNS server, and opens `openvpn.port` on the external interface.
+
+A client needs both a certificate of the router CA and the password of the user the
+certificate names:
+
+- the certificate is checked against the CA and the CRL (`crl-verify`, read at every
+  connection);
+- the password is checked by `openvpn-auth-ldap`, which binds to the user directory as the
+  user;
+- `/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user` refuses a login whose user name is not the common
+  name of the certificate.
+
+### The user directory
+
+While OpenVPN or road-warrior access is configured, `vpn-router-setup` keeps a directory of
+users in the local slapd:
+
+- its own database, `dc=vpn-router,dc=local` in `/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router`, next to the one the
+  slapd package creates; root manages it through the local socket, with no administrator
+  password;
+- `ou=users` holds one `inetOrgPerson` per user, named by `uid`;
+- `cn=user-manager,ou=services` is the account that changes users; it may write `ou=users` and
+  set passwords, never read them, and its password is in
+  `/etc/vpn-router/ldap/user-manager.secret` (root only);
+- passwords are stored as ARGON2 hashes, and a disabled user is locked with the password policy
+  (`pwdAccountLockedTime`);
+- slapd listens on its local socket only (`SLAPD_SERVICES` in `/etc/default/slapd`).
+
+The directory is kept when OpenVPN and road-warrior access are switched off, and on purge.
+
+### Managing users
+
+`vpn-router-user` manages the users. A user is the directory entry and a client certificate
+with the user name as its common name, in `/etc/vpn-router/pki/users`. Passwords are read from
+the first line of standard input. The answer is JSON.
+
+```sh
+echo 's3cr3t-pass' | vpn-router-user add alice
+vpn-router-user list
+vpn-router-user profile alice
+echo 'n3w-pass' | vpn-router-user passwd alice
+vpn-router-user disable alice
+vpn-router-user enable alice
+vpn-router-user remove alice
+```
+
+| Command | Effect |
+| --- | --- |
+| `list` | The users, whether each is enabled and has a certificate |
+| `add <name>` | Adds the user and issues the certificate |
+| `passwd <name>` | Sets the password |
+| `disable <name>`, `enable <name>` | Locks the user out of OpenVPN, and lets the user in again |
+| `remove <name>` | Revokes the certificate, renews the CRL and removes the user |
+| `profile <name>` | The OpenVPN client profile, with the CA, the certificate and the key inline |
+
+A user name is 1 to 32 lowercase letters, digits and hyphens, starting with a letter; a
+password has 8 to 128 characters. The exit status is 0 on success, 2 for an invalid request,
+3 when the user does not exist, 4 when the user exists and 1 for any other failure.
+
+The certificate is also accepted by road-warrior (IKEv2 EAP-TLS) access, which checks
+certificates only, so `disable` does not affect it; `remove` revokes the certificate for both.
+
 ## Platform modules
 
 Platform-specific values do not belong in the core, so they are Python modules in
@@ -334,12 +411,15 @@ authentication, and shows no configuration: no key, identity, address or subnet.
 
 | Page | Content |
 | --- | --- |
-| `/` | The status for people: plain text for `curl` and `wget`, a page styled with Tailwind CSS for a browser (the style sheet is loaded from a CDN, so the browser needs internet access; the text is readable without it) |
+| `/` | The status for people: plain text for `curl` and `wget`, a page styled with Tailwind CSS for a browser, in the browser's light or dark scheme, that reloads itself every minute (the style sheet is loaded from a CDN, so the browser needs internet access; the text is readable without it) |
 | `/status` | The same status as JSON |
 | `/config` | The configuration with its secrets masked, and what the router resolved and runs, as JSON; needs a token |
+| `/users` | The users of OpenVPN and road-warrior access; needs a token |
 
 The status holds the state of `vpn-router-setup`, of `strongswan` when site-to-site or road-warrior
-access is configured, and of `wg-quick@wg0` when WireGuard is; the package version; whether
+access is configured, of `wg-quick@wg0` when WireGuard is, of `openvpn-server@vpn-router` when
+OpenVPN is, and of `slapd` when either OpenVPN or road-warrior access is; the number of connected
+OpenVPN clients, from the server's status file, which OpenVPN rewrites every minute; the package version; whether
 Docker is installed, and when it is, the state of `docker.service` and of `vpn-router-docker`
 (the Docker rules), which do not change `status`; whether the
 site-to-site tunnel is established; the number of connected road-warrior (IPsec P2S) clients; and
@@ -388,6 +468,31 @@ print(f'{head}.{body}.{sign}')
 curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" http://10.0.0.4:8080/config
 ```
 
+### The /users API
+
+`/users` manages users with the same token as `/config`, by running `vpn-router-user`. Request
+and answer bodies are JSON; a request body is at most 4096 bytes.
+
+| Request | Body | Answer |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `GET /users` | | `{"users": [{"name", "enabled", "certificate"}, ...]}` |
+| `POST /users` | `{"name": ..., "password": ...}` | 201 and the user |
+| `PUT /users/<name>/password` | `{"password": ...}` | the user |
+| `POST /users/<name>/disable` | | the user |
+| `POST /users/<name>/enable` | | the user |
+| `DELETE /users/<name>` | | `{"name", "removed": true}` |
+| `GET /users/<name>/profile` | | `{"name", "profile"}`, the OpenVPN client profile |
+
+A failure is `{"error": ...}` with 400 for an invalid request, 404 for a user that does not
+exist, 409 for a user that exists and 500 otherwise. While neither OpenVPN nor road-warrior
+access is configured, `/users` answers 404. Passwords and private keys cross the internal
+network in plain HTTP, like the token.
+
+```bash
+curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+     -d '{"name": "alice", "password": "s3cr3t-pass"}' http://10.0.0.4:8080/users
+```
+
 `vpn-router-setup` opens `web.port` on the internal interface in the firewall, writes the address,
 the port, the secret and the facts for `/config` to `/run/vpn-router/web.json` (readable by root
 only) and restarts the service, so a changed `web` section
@@ -397,15 +502,15 @@ applies with `systemctl restart vpn-router-setup`. The service ends without an e
 ## Removal
 
 `apt-get remove` stops `vpn-router-docker`, which removes the Docker rules. It terminates the
-tunnels and takes `wg-quick@wg0` down, but leaves the
+tunnels and takes `wg-quick@wg0` and `openvpn-server@vpn-router` down, but leaves the
 configuration in place. `strongswan` is left enabled, since it is a shared service that
 may be in use by something else.
 
 `apt-get purge` additionally removes the generated files and the firewall rules, restoring
 `/etc/ufw/before.rules` to its original content, and hands `vpn-router.json` back to `ucf`
-before deleting it so a later reinstall starts clean. Key material is never deleted:
-`/etc/vpn-router/pki`, the WireGuard key pair and everything under `/etc/swanctl` are left
-alone.
+before deleting it so a later reinstall starts clean. Key material and users are never
+deleted: `/etc/vpn-router/pki`, `/etc/vpn-router/ldap`, the user directory in slapd, the
+WireGuard key pair and everything under `/etc/swanctl` are left alone.
 
 ## Building
 
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/changelog b/debian-package/debian/changelog
index e1eecf8..f208d70 100644
--- a/debian-package/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian-package/debian/changelog
@@ -1,3 +1,28 @@
+vpn-router (0.5.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * OpenVPN P2S access, set in the openvpn section (enabled, address_pool,
+    port, protocol). Clients need a certificate of the router CA and the
+    password of the user named in it; the password is checked against a
+    local LDAP directory by openvpn-auth-ldap.
+  * The users live in the package's own slapd database, dc=vpn-router,
+    dc=local, which vpn-router-setup provisions while OpenVPN or road-warrior
+    access is configured. slapd listens on its local socket only. Passwords
+    are stored as ARGON2 hashes, and a disabled user is locked with the
+    password policy.
+  * vpn-router-user lists, adds, disables, enables and removes users, sets
+    passwords and gives OpenVPN client profiles. Adding a user also issues
+    the user's client certificate; removing one revokes it.
+  * The web service manages users under /users, with the same token as
+    /config, and /status shows the OpenVPN clients.
+  * The CA gets a certificate revocation list when it is created, and an
+    existing CA without one gets one.
+  * Purging the package removes the firewall rules of the web service, which
+    it left behind before.
+  * The status page follows the browser's light or dark colour scheme,
+    uses a proportional font and reloads itself every minute.
+
+ -- Slawomir Koszewski <slawek@koszewscy.waw.pl>  Fri, 23 Oct 2026 23:00:00 +0200
+
 vpn-router (0.4.3-1) unstable; urgency=medium
 
   * swanctl output with more closing than opening lines is read as not
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/control b/debian-package/debian/control
index 902243f..754da71 100644
--- a/debian-package/debian/control
+++ b/debian-package/debian/control
@@ -20,13 +20,19 @@ Depends: ${misc:Depends},
          openssl,
          python3,
          python3-jinja2,
+         python3-ldap,
+         slapd,
+         openvpn,
+         openvpn-auth-ldap,
          iproute2,
          systemd-resolved
-Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, road-warrior and WireGuard support
+Description: Linux VPN router with IPSec, road-warrior, OpenVPN and WireGuard support
  Configures a Linux host or virtual machine as a VPN router: site-to-site
  IKEv2 IPSec (strongSwan swanctl), optional road-warrior access using EAP-TLS,
- optional WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and firewall rules a
- router needs. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud provider.
+ optional OpenVPN with a certificate and a password per user, kept in a local
+ LDAP directory, optional WireGuard, and the routing, NAT, MSS clamping and
+ firewall rules a router needs. Nothing in the package is specific to a cloud
+ provider.
  .
  Settings live in /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json, which is created on first
  install and owned by the administrator afterwards. Editing it and restarting
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/install b/debian-package/debian/install
index 2d48637..3713ae7 100644
--- a/debian-package/debian/install
+++ b/debian-package/debian/install
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 src/etc/sysctl.d/99-vpn-router.conf                   etc/sysctl.d/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user              usr/lib/vpn-router/
+src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user                          usr/sbin/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/simple-ca                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/configure                      usr/lib/vpn-router/
 src/usr/lib/vpn-router/docker-rules                   usr/lib/vpn-router/
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/postrm b/debian-package/debian/postrm
index fcbe1fb..a2904ae 100755
--- a/debian-package/debian/postrm
+++ b/debian-package/debian/postrm
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ strip_ufw_blocks() {
 
     tmp="$(mktemp)"
     awk '
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES START$/ {
             skip = 1; pending = 0; next
         }
-        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|P2S DNS|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
+        /^# (IPSEC|WIREGUARD|OPENVPN|P2S DNS|WEB|ROUTER FORWARD|ROUTER NAT|ROUTER MSS) RULES END$/ {
             skip = 0; next
         }
         skip { next }
@@ -47,10 +47,13 @@ case "$1" in
               /etc/swanctl/conf.d/road-warrior.conf \
               /etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/p2s-forwarder.conf \
               /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf \
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf \
+              /etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ldap.conf \
               /etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json
 
-        # Key material is not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki, the WireGuard
-        # key pair and everything under /etc/swanctl are left in place.
+        # Key material and users are not package state: /etc/vpn-router/pki,
+        # /etc/vpn-router/ldap, the user directory in slapd, the WireGuard key
+        # pair and everything under /etc/swanctl are left in place.
         rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /etc/vpn-router 2>/dev/null || true
         ;;
 esac
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/prerm b/debian-package/debian/prerm
index 2c14fb5..7ef9b48 100755
--- a/debian-package/debian/prerm
+++ b/debian-package/debian/prerm
@@ -11,15 +11,17 @@ case "$1" in
             swanctl --terminate --ike road-warrior >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
         fi
 
-        # This package enabled wg-quick@wg0, so it takes it down again. Use the
-        # debhelper wrappers rather than systemctl, so the script behaves on a
-        # machine without systemd.
-        if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-invoke stop wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
-        if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            deb-systemd-helper disable wg-quick@wg0.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-        fi
+        # This package enabled wg-quick@wg0 and openvpn-server@vpn-router, so
+        # it takes them down again. Use the debhelper wrappers rather than
+        # systemctl, so the script behaves on a machine without systemd.
+        for unit in wg-quick@wg0.service openvpn-server@vpn-router.service; do
+            if command -v deb-systemd-invoke >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-invoke stop "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+            if command -v deb-systemd-helper >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                deb-systemd-helper disable "$unit" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+            fi
+        done
         ;;
 esac
 
diff --git a/debian-package/debian/vpn-router.vpn-router-web.service b/debian-package/debian/vpn-router.vpn-router-web.service
index dd516cb..d52f84e 100644
--- a/debian-package/debian/vpn-router.vpn-router-web.service
+++ b/debian-package/debian/vpn-router.vpn-router-web.service
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=15
 NoNewPrivileges=yes
 ProtectSystem=strict
+ReadWritePaths=/run/vpn-router /etc/vpn-router/pki /etc/swanctl/x509crl
 ProtectHome=yes
 PrivateTmp=yes
 
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1d20f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Accept an OpenVPN login only when the user name is the common name of the client certificate.
+
+Run by the OpenVPN server as auth-user-pass-verify with via-env, next to the LDAP plugin that
+checks the password, so a user's certificate cannot be used with another user's password.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+username = os.environ.get('username', '')
+sys.exit(0 if username and username == os.environ.get('common_name') else 1)
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup
index 356de0a..b432ebc 100755
--- a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/setup
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ import sys
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
 
+import ldap
+
 import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_ldap
 from vpnrouter import fail
 
 BEFORE_RULES = pathlib.Path('/etc/ufw/before.rules')
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ SECRET_OPTION = re.compile(r'(^psk$)|secret|password|token|_key$')
 BLOCKS = (
     ('# IPSEC RULES START',         '# IPSEC RULES END'),
     ('# WIREGUARD RULES START',     '# WIREGUARD RULES END'),
+    ('# OPENVPN RULES START',       '# OPENVPN RULES END'),
     ('# P2S DNS RULES START',       '# P2S DNS RULES END'),
     ('# WEB RULES START',           '# WEB RULES END'),
     ('# ROUTER FORWARD RULES START', '# ROUTER FORWARD RULES END'),
@@ -121,7 +125,8 @@ def is_configured(ctx):
     a host that was working before.
     """
     return any((vpnrouter.s2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.routing_ready(ctx),
-                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)))
+                vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx),
+                vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)))
 
 
 def filter_block(ctx):
@@ -146,14 +151,30 @@ def filter_block(ctx):
             '# WIREGUARD RULES END',
         ]
 
-    if vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx) and ctx['local_addr_list']:
-        pool = ctx['p2s_address_pool']
-        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
-        for address in ctx['local_addr_list']:
+    if vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        device = ctx['openvpn_device']
+        lines += [
+            '',
+            '# OPENVPN RULES START',
+            f'-A ufw-before-input -i {ctx["wan_iface"]} -p {ctx["openvpn_protocol"]} --dport {ctx["openvpn_port"]} -j ACCEPT',
+        ]
+        for subnet in ctx['local_cidr_list']:
             lines += [
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
-                f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -i {device} -d {subnet} -j ACCEPT',
+                f'-A ufw-before-forward -o {device} -s {subnet} -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT',
             ]
+        lines += ['# OPENVPN RULES END']
+
+    pools = [pool for ready, pool in ((vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx), ctx['p2s_address_pool']),
+                                      (vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx), ctx['openvpn_pool'])) if ready]
+    if pools and ctx['local_addr_list']:
+        lines += ['', '# P2S DNS RULES START']
+        for pool in pools:
+            for address in ctx['local_addr_list']:
+                lines += [
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                    f'-A ufw-before-input -s {pool} -d {address} -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT',
+                ]
         lines += ['# P2S DNS RULES END']
 
     if ctx['web_enabled'] and ctx['int_iface']:
@@ -302,6 +323,36 @@ def manage_wireguard(ctx, changed):
         run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
 
 
+def manage_directory(ctx):
+    """Provision the user directory in slapd while a P2S system that has users is configured.
+
+    The directory is left in place when they are switched off, so the users are kept.
+    """
+    if not (vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx) or vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)):
+        return
+    if vpnrouter_ldap.ensure_services() or not unit_is_active('slapd'):
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'slapd'])
+    try:
+        vpnrouter_ldap.provision()
+    except ldap.LDAPError as exc:
+        fail(f'the user directory cannot be provisioned: {exc}')
+
+
+def manage_openvpn(ctx, changed):
+    """Run the OpenVPN server when it is configured, and stop it when it is not."""
+    unit = 'openvpn-server@vpn-router'
+
+    if not vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        if unit_is_active(unit):
+            run(['systemctl', 'disable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+        return
+
+    if not unit_is_active(unit):
+        run(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', unit], check=False)
+    elif 'openvpn' in changed or 'swanctl' in changed:
+        run(['systemctl', 'restart', unit], check=False)
+
+
 def run_platform_setup(cfg, ctx):
     """Let the platform module apply its own state, if it defines any."""
     module = vpnrouter.platform_module(cfg)
@@ -353,6 +404,8 @@ def refresh_web(cfg, ctx):
         'site_to_site': bool(vpnrouter.s2s_ready(ctx)),
         'p2s': bool(vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx)),
         'wireguard': bool(vpnrouter.wg_ready(ctx)),
+        'openvpn': bool(vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)),
+        'users': bool(vpnrouter.p2s_ready(ctx) or vpnrouter.openvpn_ready(ctx)),
         'configuration': masked,
         'network': {
             'external_interface': ctx['wan_iface'],
@@ -400,8 +453,10 @@ def main():
     elif rules_changed:
         run(['ufw', 'reload'], check=False)
 
+    manage_directory(ctx)
     manage_strongswan(ctx, changed)
     manage_wireguard(ctx, changed)
+    manage_openvpn(ctx, changed)
 
     if 'resolved' in changed:
         run(['systemctl', 'restart', 'systemd-resolved'], check=False)
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py
index bea2da0..63c440f 100644
--- a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ LIB_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).resolve().parent
 if str(LIB_DIR) not in sys.path:
     sys.path.insert(0, str(LIB_DIR))
 
+import vpnrouter_ldap
 import vpnrouter_platforms
 
 CONFIG_FILE  = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json')
@@ -31,6 +32,9 @@ REMOTE_SITE    = SWANCTL_CONF_D / 'remote-site.conf'
 ROAD_WARRIOR   = SWANCTL_CONF_D / 'road-warrior.conf'
 P2S_FORWARDER  = pathlib.Path('/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/p2s-forwarder.conf')
 WG_CONF        = pathlib.Path('/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf')
+OPENVPN_CONF   = pathlib.Path('/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router.conf')
+OPENVPN_LDAP   = pathlib.Path('/etc/openvpn/server/vpn-router-ldap.conf')
+USER_CERT_DIR  = PKI_DIR / 'users'
 
 CA_CERT_DEST   = pathlib.Path('/etc/swanctl/x509ca/ca.pem')
 SERVER_CERT    = pathlib.Path('/etc/swanctl/x509/server.pem')
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ SCHEMA = {
     'remote':     {'addrs': [], 'id': '', 'cidrs': [], 'psk': '', 'psk_file': ''},
     'p2s':        {'enabled': False, 'address_pool': '', 'ca_name': 'VPN Router CA'},
     'wireguard':  {'enabled': False, 'address': '', 'listen_port': 51820},
+    'openvpn':    {'enabled': False, 'address_pool': '', 'port': 1194, 'protocol': 'udp'},
     'docker':     {'mode': 'auto', 'exposed_ports': []},
     'web':        {'enabled': True, 'port': 8080, 'jwt_secret': ''},
 }
@@ -56,6 +61,14 @@ WEB_SECRET_MIN = 32
 
 DOCKER_MODES = ('auto', 'on', 'off')
 
+OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS = ('udp', 'tcp')
+
+#: The tun device of the OpenVPN server.
+OPENVPN_DEVICE = 'ovpn0'
+
+#: Days a certificate revocation list is valid; the router only reads its own lists.
+CRL_DAYS = 3650
+
 #: A port or a port range as iptables multiport takes it: 443 or 8000:8100.
 DOCKER_PORT = re.compile(r'^\d{1,5}(:\d{1,5})?$')
 
@@ -209,6 +222,13 @@ def validate(cfg):
     _check_networks(_get_list(cfg, 'remote', 'cidrs'), 'remote.cidrs')
     pool = _get(cfg, 'p2s', 'address_pool')
     _check_networks([pool] if pool else [], 'p2s.address_pool')
+    openvpn_pool = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'address_pool')
+    if openvpn_pool:
+        try:
+            if ipaddress.ip_network(openvpn_pool).version != 4:
+                raise ValueError
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ConfigError(f'openvpn.address_pool: {openvpn_pool!r} is not an IPv4 network')
     _check_address(_get(cfg, 'local', 'int_addr'), 'local.int_addr')
     _check_address(_get(cfg, 'local', 'int_gateway_ip'), 'local.int_gateway_ip')
 
@@ -232,6 +252,15 @@ def validate(cfg):
     if not 1 <= port <= 65535:
         raise ConfigError(f'wireguard.listen_port: {port} is not a valid port')
 
+    openvpn_port = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'port')
+    if not 1 <= openvpn_port <= 65535:
+        raise ConfigError(f'openvpn.port: {openvpn_port} is not a valid port')
+
+    protocol = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'protocol')
+    if protocol not in OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'openvpn.protocol: {protocol!r} is not one of {", ".join(OPENVPN_PROTOCOLS)}')
+
     web_port = _get(cfg, 'web', 'port')
     if isinstance(web_port, bool) or not isinstance(web_port, int) or not 1 <= web_port <= 65535:
         raise ConfigError(f'web.port: {web_port!r} is not a valid port')
@@ -438,6 +467,8 @@ def build_context(cfg, local_id_override=None):
     id_mode      = _get(cfg, 'wan', 'local_id_mode') or 'fqdn'
     local_cidrs  = _get_list(cfg, 'local', 'cidrs')
     remote_cidrs = _get_list(cfg, 'remote', 'cidrs')
+    openvpn_pool = _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'address_pool')
+    openvpn_network = ipaddress.ip_network(openvpn_pool) if openvpn_pool else None
 
     if local_id_override:
         local_id = local_id_override
@@ -477,6 +508,23 @@ def build_context(cfg, local_id_override=None):
         'wg_enabled':      _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'enabled'),
         'wg_address':      _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'address'),
         'wg_listen_port':  _get(cfg, 'wireguard', 'listen_port'),
+        'openvpn_enabled': _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'enabled'),
+        'openvpn_pool':    openvpn_pool,
+        'openvpn_network': str(openvpn_network.network_address) if openvpn_network else '',
+        'openvpn_netmask': str(openvpn_network.netmask) if openvpn_network else '',
+        'openvpn_routes':  [(str(network.network_address), str(network.netmask))
+                            for network in (ipaddress.ip_network(cidr, strict=False) for cidr in local_cidrs)],
+        'openvpn_port':    _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'port'),
+        'openvpn_protocol': _get(cfg, 'openvpn', 'protocol'),
+        'openvpn_device':  OPENVPN_DEVICE,
+        'openvpn_ldap_conf': str(OPENVPN_LDAP),
+        'p2s_dns_list':    _split_list(_join(local_addrs, _split_list(extras['EXTRA_P2S_DNS']))),
+        'ca_cert':         str(CA_CERT_DEST),
+        'server_cert':     str(SERVER_CERT),
+        'server_key':      str(SERVER_KEY),
+        'crl':             str(CRL_DEST),
+        'ldap_uri':        vpnrouter_ldap.URI,
+        'ldap_users':      vpnrouter_ldap.USERS,
         'web_enabled':     _get(cfg, 'web', 'enabled'),
         'web_port':        _get(cfg, 'web', 'port'),
     }
@@ -504,6 +552,10 @@ def wg_ready(ctx):
     return bool(ctx['wg_enabled'] and ctx['wg_address'])
 
 
+def openvpn_ready(ctx):
+    return bool(ctx['openvpn_enabled'] and ctx['openvpn_pool'] and ctx['local_fqdn'])
+
+
 def _jinja_env():
     return jinja2.Environment(
         loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(str(TEMPLATE_DIR)),
@@ -593,11 +645,13 @@ def _simple_ca(*args):
 
 
 def provision_pki(ctx):
-    """Create the CA and server certificate when the PKI directory is empty."""
+    """Create the CA, server certificate and CRL when the PKI directory is empty; a CA without a CRL gets one."""
     PKI_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     os.chmod(PKI_DIR, 0o700)
 
     if any(PKI_DIR.iterdir()):
+        if (PKI_DIR / 'ca_key.pem').is_file() and not (PKI_DIR / 'crl.pem').is_file():
+            _simple_ca('make-crl', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), '--days', str(CRL_DAYS))
         return
     if not ctx['p2s_ca_name']:
         warn('p2s.ca_name is empty, not creating a local CA')
@@ -608,6 +662,7 @@ def provision_pki(ctx):
     _simple_ca('make-ca', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), ctx['p2s_ca_name'])
     _simple_ca('make-cert', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR),
                ctx['local_fqdn'], ctx['local_fqdn'])
+    _simple_ca('make-crl', '--ca-dir', str(PKI_DIR), '--days', str(CRL_DAYS))
 
 
 def distribute_pki(ctx):
@@ -635,7 +690,7 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
     """Render configuration files and provision PKI.
 
     Returns (ctx, changed) where changed is a set naming what needs reloading:
-    'swanctl', 'resolved', 'wireguard'.
+    'swanctl', 'resolved', 'wireguard', 'openvpn'.
     """
     if cfg is None:
         cfg = load_config()
@@ -653,7 +708,7 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
 
     changed = set()
 
-    if p2s_ready(ctx):
+    if p2s_ready(ctx) or openvpn_ready(ctx):
         provision_pki(ctx)
     if distribute_pki(ctx):
         changed.add('swanctl')
@@ -669,13 +724,14 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
     if p2s_ready(ctx):
         if render(env, ctx, 'road-warrior.conf.j2', ROAD_WARRIOR, 0o600):
             changed.add('swanctl')
+    elif remove(ROAD_WARRIOR):
+        changed.add('swanctl')
+
+    if p2s_ready(ctx) or openvpn_ready(ctx):
         if render(env, ctx, 'p2s-forwarder.conf.j2', P2S_FORWARDER, 0o644):
             changed.add('resolved')
-    else:
-        if remove(ROAD_WARRIOR):
-            changed.add('swanctl')
-        if remove(P2S_FORWARDER):
-            changed.add('resolved')
+    elif remove(P2S_FORWARDER):
+        changed.add('resolved')
 
     if wg_ready(ctx):
         if render_wg_conf(env, ctx):
@@ -683,4 +739,14 @@ def configure(cfg=None, local_id_override=None):
     elif remove(WG_CONF):
         changed.add('wireguard')
 
+    if openvpn_ready(ctx):
+        if render(env, ctx, 'openvpn-server.conf.j2', OPENVPN_CONF, 0o600):
+            changed.add('openvpn')
+        if render(env, ctx, 'openvpn-ldap.conf.j2', OPENVPN_LDAP, 0o600):
+            changed.add('openvpn')
+    else:
+        for path in (OPENVPN_CONF, OPENVPN_LDAP):
+            if remove(path):
+                changed.add('openvpn')
+
     return ctx, changed
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ede478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/vpnrouter_ldap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"""The router's user directory in the local slapd.
+
+The package keeps its own database, dc=vpn-router,dc=local in /var/lib/ldap/vpn-router,
+next to the one slapd's installation creates. Root manages it through the local socket
+with SASL EXTERNAL: the database's root DN is root's peer-credential DN, so there is no
+administrator password. Users are changed by the user-manager service account, which the
+ACLs allow to write ou=users and to set, never read, passwords.
+"""
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pwd
+import re
+import secrets
+
+import ldap
+import ldap.modlist
+import ldap.sasl
+
+URI = 'ldapi:///'
+BASE = 'dc=vpn-router,dc=local'
+USERS = f'ou=users,{BASE}'
+SERVICES = f'ou=services,{BASE}'
+POLICIES = f'ou=policies,{BASE}'
+DEFAULT_POLICY = f'cn=default,{POLICIES}'
+MANAGER = f'cn=user-manager,{SERVICES}'
+ROOT = 'gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth'
+
+DB_DIRECTORY = pathlib.Path('/var/lib/ldap/vpn-router')
+SECRET_DIR = pathlib.Path('/etc/vpn-router/ldap')
+MANAGER_SECRET = SECRET_DIR / 'user-manager.secret'
+SLAPD_DEFAULTS = pathlib.Path('/etc/default/slapd')
+SLAPD_SERVICES = 'SLAPD_SERVICES="ldapi:///"'
+
+MODULES = ('argon2', 'ppolicy')
+PASSWORD_HASH = '{ARGON2}'
+
+#: The ACLs of the database, in order.
+ACCESS = (
+    f'to attrs=userPassword by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" =wx by self =wx by anonymous auth by * none',
+    f'to dn.subtree="{USERS}" by dn.exact="{MANAGER}" manage by * read',
+    'to * by * read',
+)
+
+#: The index of an ordered cn=config value: {0}, {1}, ...
+ORDER = re.compile(rb'^\{\d+\}')
+
+
+def unordered(values):
+    """Values of an ordered cn=config attribute without their {n} prefixes."""
+    return [ORDER.sub(b'', value).decode() for value in values]
+
+
+def root():
+    """A connection to slapd as root, through the local socket."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.sasl_interactive_bind_s('', ldap.sasl.external())
+    return connection
+
+
+def manager():
+    """A connection to slapd as the user-manager service account."""
+    connection = ldap.initialize(URI)
+    connection.simple_bind_s(MANAGER, MANAGER_SECRET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+    return connection
+
+
+def ensure_services():
+    """Make slapd listen on the local socket only. Returns True when the setting changed."""
+    text = SLAPD_DEFAULTS.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    lines = text.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    updated = ''.join(SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n' if line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') else line for line in lines)
+    if not any(line.startswith('SLAPD_SERVICES=') for line in lines):
+        updated = text.rstrip('\n') + '\n' + SLAPD_SERVICES + '\n'
+    if updated == text:
+        return False
+    SLAPD_DEFAULTS.write_text(updated, encoding='utf-8')
+    return True
+
+
+def _ensure_modules(connection):
+    dn, attributes = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcModuleList)', ['olcModuleLoad'])[0]
+    loaded = unordered(attributes.get('olcModuleLoad', []))
+    missing = [name for name in MODULES if name not in loaded and f'{name}.la' not in loaded]
+    if missing:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'olcModuleLoad', [name.encode() for name in missing])])
+
+
+def _ensure_password_hash(connection):
+    dn = 'olcDatabase={-1}frontend,cn=config'
+    current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['olcPasswordHash'])[0][1].get('olcPasswordHash', [])
+    if current != [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()]:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcPasswordHash', [PASSWORD_HASH.encode()])])
+
+
+def _ensure_database(connection):
+    """The DN of the package's database in cn=config, created when missing; its ACLs are kept as ACCESS."""
+    found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess'])
+    if not found:
+        DB_DIRECTORY.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        openldap = pwd.getpwnam('openldap')
+        os.chown(DB_DIRECTORY, openldap.pw_uid, openldap.pw_gid)
+        connection.add_s('olcDatabase=mdb,cn=config', ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'olcDatabaseConfig', b'olcMdbConfig'],
+            'olcDatabase': [b'mdb'],
+            'olcSuffix': [BASE.encode()],
+            'olcDbDirectory': [str(DB_DIRECTORY).encode()],
+            'olcRootDN': [ROOT.encode()],
+            'olcDbIndex': [b'objectClass eq', b'uid eq'],
+            'olcAccess': [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)],
+        }))
+        found = connection.search_s('cn=config', ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, f'(olcSuffix={BASE})', ['olcAccess'])
+    dn, attributes = found[0]
+    if unordered(attributes.get('olcAccess', [])) != list(ACCESS):
+        connection.modify_s(dn, [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'olcAccess', [f'{{{index}}}{rule}'.encode() for index, rule in enumerate(ACCESS)])])
+    return dn
+
+
+def _ensure_overlay(connection, database):
+    if not connection.search_s(database, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=olcPPolicyConfig)', ['1.1']):
+        connection.add_s(f'olcOverlay=ppolicy,{database}', ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'olcOverlayConfig', b'olcPPolicyConfig'],
+            'olcOverlay': [b'ppolicy'],
+            'olcPPolicyDefault': [DEFAULT_POLICY.encode()],
+        }))
+
+
+def _ensure_entry(connection, dn, attributes):
+    """Add the entry when it is missing, else set the given attributes that differ."""
+    try:
+        current = connection.search_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=list(attributes))[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(dn, ldap.modlist.addModlist(attributes))
+        return
+    changes = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, name, values) for name, values in attributes.items()
+               if name != 'objectClass' and sorted(current.get(name, [])) != sorted(values)]
+    if changes:
+        connection.modify_s(dn, changes)
+
+
+def _ensure_manager(connection):
+    SECRET_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    os.chmod(SECRET_DIR, 0o700)
+    created = False
+    try:
+        connection.search_s(MANAGER, ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['1.1'])
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        connection.add_s(MANAGER, ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'simpleSecurityObject'],
+            'cn': [b'user-manager'],
+            'userPassword': [b'{CRYPT}!'],
+        }))
+        created = True
+    if created or not MANAGER_SECRET.is_file():
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+        connection.passwd_s(MANAGER, None, password)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.touch(mode=0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.chmod(0o600)
+        MANAGER_SECRET.write_text(password, encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+def provision():
+    """Create or bring up to date the modules, database, ACLs, password policy, entries and service account."""
+    connection = root()
+    try:
+        _ensure_modules(connection)
+        _ensure_password_hash(connection)
+        database = _ensure_database(connection)
+        _ensure_overlay(connection, database)
+        _ensure_entry(connection, BASE, {'objectClass': [b'dcObject', b'organization'], 'dc': [b'vpn-router'], 'o': [b'vpn-router']})
+        for unit in (USERS, SERVICES, POLICIES):
+            _ensure_entry(connection, unit, {'objectClass': [b'organizationalUnit'], 'ou': [unit.split(',')[0][3:].encode()]})
+        _ensure_entry(connection, DEFAULT_POLICY, {
+            'objectClass': [b'organizationalRole', b'pwdPolicy'],
+            'cn': [b'default'],
+            'pwdAttribute': [b'userPassword'],
+            'pwdLockout': [b'TRUE'],
+            'pwdMaxFailure': [b'0'],
+        })
+        _ensure_manager(connection)
+    finally:
+        connection.unbind_s()
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web
index f5f36d5..55ea337 100644
--- a/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/lib/vpn-router/web
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python3
 """Serve the status of the router on its internal address.
 
-Run by vpn-router-web.service. It needs nothing but the Python standard library.
+Run by vpn-router-web.service. It needs nothing but the Python standard library; users are
+managed by running vpn-router-user.
 
 Pages:
   /        the status for people: plain text for curl and wget, a styled page
            (Tailwind CSS from a CDN) for a browser
   /status  the status as JSON
   /config  the configuration without its secrets, and what the router resolved and
-           runs, as JSON; needs an HS256 JWT in an Authorization: Bearer header
-           that is signed with web.jwt_secret and expires within ten minutes; not
-           served (404) while web.jwt_secret is not set
+           runs, as JSON
+  /users   the users of the P2S systems: list, add, set the password, disable, enable,
+           remove, and the OpenVPN client profile (see users())
+
+/config and /users need an HS256 JWT in an Authorization: Bearer header that is signed
+with web.jwt_secret and expires within ten minutes; they are not served (404) while
+web.jwt_secret is not set.
 
 / and /status show only the status: whether the services run, the package version, whether
-Docker is installed, and the state of site-to-site, road-warrior (IPsec P2S) and
+Docker is installed, and the state of site-to-site, road-warrior (IPsec P2S), OpenVPN and
 WireGuard. No configuration data, key or address is shown.
 
 The address to bind to, the port, the secret and the configuration shown by /config
@@ -49,6 +54,21 @@ MAX_LIFETIME = 600
 
 TAILWIND = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@tailwindcss/browser@4'
 
+#: Seconds after which the status page in a browser reloads itself.
+REFRESH_SECONDS = 60
+
+USER_TOOL = '/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user'
+OPENVPN_STATUS = '/run/openvpn-server/status-vpn-router.log'
+
+#: Seconds a user command may take; adding a user creates an RSA key.
+USER_TIMEOUT = 120
+
+#: The largest request body accepted, in bytes.
+BODY_LIMIT = 4096
+
+#: The HTTP status for each exit status of vpn-router-user; any other is 500.
+USER_STATUS = {0: 200, 2: 400, 3: 404, 4: 409}
+
 _cache = {'at': 0.0, 'data': None}
 _lock = threading.Lock()
 
@@ -153,6 +173,15 @@ def wireguard_peers():
     return peers
 
 
+def openvpn_clients():
+    """The number of connected OpenVPN clients, from the server's status file, or None when it cannot be read."""
+    try:
+        with open(OPENVPN_STATUS, encoding='utf-8') as handle:
+            return sum(1 for line in handle if line.startswith('CLIENT_LIST,'))
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+
 def collect(state):
     """The status document. state says which features the router has."""
     units = {'vpn-router-setup': unit_state('vpn-router-setup.service')}
@@ -160,6 +189,10 @@ def collect(state):
         units['strongswan'] = unit_state('strongswan.service')
     if state.get('wireguard'):
         units['wg-quick@wg0'] = unit_state('wg-quick@wg0.service')
+    if state.get('openvpn'):
+        units['openvpn-server@vpn-router'] = unit_state('openvpn-server@vpn-router.service')
+    if state.get('users'):
+        units['slapd'] = unit_state('slapd.service')
 
     status = {
         'status': 'ok' if all(value == 'active' for value in units.values()) else 'degraded',
@@ -175,6 +208,8 @@ def collect(state):
         status['p2s'] = {'clients': established('road-warrior')}
     if state.get('wireguard'):
         status['wireguard'] = {'peers': wireguard_peers()}
+    if state.get('openvpn'):
+        status['openvpn'] = {'clients': openvpn_clients()}
     return status
 
 
@@ -278,6 +313,9 @@ def text_of(status):
     if 'p2s' in status:
         clients = status['p2s']['clients']
         lines.append(f'Road-warrior (IPsec P2S): {"unknown" if clients is None else f"{clients} connected"}')
+    if 'openvpn' in status:
+        clients = status['openvpn']['clients']
+        lines.append(f'OpenVPN: {"unknown" if clients is None else f"{clients} connected"}')
     if 'wireguard' in status:
         peers = status['wireguard']['peers']
         if peers is None:
@@ -293,25 +331,39 @@ def text_of(status):
 
 def html_of(status):
     """The status for a browser, as a page styled with Tailwind CSS."""
-    colour = 'bg-emerald-600' if status['status'] == 'ok' else 'bg-amber-600'
-    body = ''.join(f'<li>{escape(line)}</li>' for line in text_of(status).splitlines()[4:] if line)
+    colour = 'bg-emerald-600 dark:bg-emerald-700' if status['status'] == 'ok' else 'bg-amber-600 dark:bg-amber-700'
+    # Each "name: value" line of the text is a row; indented lines, such as WireGuard peers, are indented here too.
+    rows = []
+    for line in text_of(status).splitlines()[4:]:
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        name, _, value = line.partition(': ')
+        indent = ' pl-8' if line.startswith(' ') else ''
+        rows.append(f'<tr class="border-t border-slate-200 first:border-t-0 dark:border-slate-700">'
+                    f'<th class="py-2 pr-4{indent} text-left font-medium text-slate-600 dark:text-slate-300">{escape(name.strip())}</th>'
+                    f'<td class="py-2">{escape(value)}</td></tr>')
+    body = ''.join(rows)
     return f"""<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark">
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="{REFRESH_SECONDS}">
     <title>VPN Router</title>
     <script src="{TAILWIND}"></script>
   </head>
-  <body class="min-h-screen bg-slate-100 text-slate-900">
+  <body class="min-h-screen bg-slate-100 text-slate-900 dark:bg-slate-900 dark:text-slate-100">
     <div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl px-4 py-10">
-      <div class="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-slate-200 bg-white shadow-lg">
+      <div class="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-slate-200 bg-white shadow-lg dark:border-slate-700 dark:bg-slate-800">
         <div class="{colour} px-6 py-4 text-white">
           <h1 class="text-xl font-semibold">VPN Router</h1>
           <p class="mt-1 text-sm">Status: {escape(status['status'])}, version {escape(status['version'] or 'unknown')}</p>
         </div>
-        <ul class="space-y-2 px-6 py-6 font-mono text-sm">{body}</ul>
-        <p class="px-6 pb-6 text-xs text-slate-500">{escape(status['time'])} - <a class="underline" href="/status">JSON</a></p>
+        <div class="px-6 py-4">
+          <table class="w-full text-sm"><tbody>{body}</tbody></table>
+        </div>
+        <p class="px-6 pb-6 text-xs text-slate-500 dark:text-slate-400">{escape(status['time'])} - <a class="underline" href="/status">JSON</a></p>
       </div>
     </div>
   </body>
@@ -319,6 +371,62 @@ def html_of(status):
 """
 
 
+def user_tool(*args, password=None):
+    """Run vpn-router-user; the HTTP status for its exit status and its JSON answer."""
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run([USER_TOOL, *args], input='' if password is None else password + '\n',
+                                capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=USER_TIMEOUT)
+        document = json.loads(result.stdout)
+    except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired, ValueError) as exc:
+        return 500, {'error': f'vpn-router-user failed: {exc}'}
+    if not isinstance(document, dict):
+        return 500, {'error': 'vpn-router-user gave no object'}
+    return USER_STATUS.get(result.returncode, 500), document
+
+
+def users(state, method, path, body):
+    """Answer a /users request: the HTTP status and the JSON document.
+
+      GET    /users                   the users
+      POST   /users                   add a user: {"name": ..., "password": ...}
+      PUT    /users/<name>/password   set the password: {"password": ...}
+      POST   /users/<name>/disable    lock the user out of OpenVPN
+      POST   /users/<name>/enable     let the user in again
+      DELETE /users/<name>            remove the user and revoke the certificate
+      GET    /users/<name>/profile    the OpenVPN client profile
+    """
+    if not state.get('users'):
+        return 404, {'error': 'no P2S system with users is configured'}
+    if body == 'invalid' or (body is not None and not isinstance(body, dict)):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the body must be a JSON object'}
+    body = body or {}
+    password = body.get('password')
+    if password is not None and (not isinstance(password, str) or '\n' in password or '\r' in password):
+        return 400, {'error': 'the password must be a string of one line'}
+
+    parts = path.strip('/').split('/')
+    route = (method, len(parts), parts[2] if len(parts) == 3 else None)
+    if route == ('GET', 1, None):
+        return user_tool('list')
+    if route == ('POST', 1, None):
+        name = body.get('name')
+        if not isinstance(name, str) or password is None:
+            return 400, {'error': 'name and password are required strings'}
+        code, document = user_tool('add', name, password=password)
+        return (201 if code == 200 else code), document
+    if route == ('PUT', 3, 'password'):
+        if password is None:
+            return 400, {'error': 'password is a required string'}
+        return user_tool('passwd', parts[1], password=password)
+    if route in (('POST', 3, 'disable'), ('POST', 3, 'enable')):
+        return user_tool(parts[2], parts[1])
+    if route == ('DELETE', 2, None):
+        return user_tool('remove', parts[1])
+    if route == ('GET', 3, 'profile'):
+        return user_tool('profile', parts[1])
+    return 404, {'error': f'no route {method} {path}'}
+
+
 class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
@@ -329,19 +437,31 @@ class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                 _cache['at'] = time.monotonic()
             return _cache['data']
 
+    def authorized(self):
+        """Whether the request carries a token signed with the secret; False also while no secret is set."""
+        secret = self.server.state.get('jwt_secret')
+        header = self.headers.get('Authorization', '')
+        return bool(secret) and header.startswith('Bearer ') and verify(header[7:].strip(), secret) is not None
+
     def answer(self, send_body):
         path = self.path.split('?', 1)[0]
         extra = []
-        if path == '/config':
-            secret = self.server.state.get('jwt_secret')
-            header = self.headers.get('Authorization', '')
-            if not secret:
-                body, kind, code = b'Not found\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 404
-            elif not header.startswith('Bearer ') or verify(header[7:].strip(), secret) is None:
-                body, kind, code = b'Unauthorized\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 401
-                extra.append(('WWW-Authenticate', 'Bearer'))
-            else:
-                body, kind, code = json.dumps(details(self.server.state), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
+        # A body that is not read must not be taken for the next request.
+        if self.command not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            self.close_connection = True
+        protected =path == '/config' or path == '/users' or path.startswith('/users/')
+        if protected and not self.server.state.get('jwt_secret'):
+            body, kind, code = b'Not found\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 404
+        elif protected and not self.authorized():
+            body, kind, code = b'Unauthorized\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 401
+            extra.append(('WWW-Authenticate', 'Bearer'))
+        elif path == '/config' and self.command in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            body, kind, code = json.dumps(details(self.server.state), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
+        elif protected and path != '/config':
+            code, document = users(self.server.state, self.command, path, self.request_body())
+            body, kind = json.dumps(document, indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json'
+        elif self.command not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            body, kind, code = b'Method not allowed\n', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', 405
         elif path == '/status':
             body, kind, code = json.dumps(self.status(), indent=2).encode() + b'\n', 'application/json', 200
         elif path == '/':
@@ -363,12 +483,34 @@ class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         if send_body:
             self.wfile.write(body)
 
+    def request_body(self):
+        """The request body as JSON, None when there is none, or the string 'invalid'."""
+        length = self.headers.get('Content-Length')
+        if not length:
+            return None
+        try:
+            size = int(length)
+            if not 0 <= size <= BODY_LIMIT:
+                return 'invalid'
+            return json.loads(self.rfile.read(size) or b'null')
+        except ValueError:
+            return 'invalid'
+
     def do_GET(self):
         self.answer(True)
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
         self.answer(False)
 
+    def do_POST(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
+    def do_PUT(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
+    def do_DELETE(self):
+        self.answer(True)
+
     def log_message(self, format, *args):
         sys.stderr.write('%s - - [%s] %s\n' % (self.client_address[0], self.log_date_time_string(), format % args))
 
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user b/debian-package/src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bf275c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/sbin/vpn-router-user
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+"""Manage the users of the router's P2S systems.
+
+A user is an entry in the router's directory, whose password OpenVPN checks, and a client
+certificate of the router CA with the user name as its common name, which OpenVPN and
+IKEv2 accept. Passwords are read from the first line of standard input, never from the
+command line. The answer is JSON on standard output; on failure it is {"error": ...} and
+the exit status says why: 2 the request is invalid, 3 the user does not exist, 4 the user
+exists, 1 anything else.
+
+  vpn-router-user list
+  vpn-router-user add <name>          (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user passwd <name>       (password on stdin)
+  vpn-router-user disable <name>
+  vpn-router-user enable <name>
+  vpn-router-user remove <name>
+  vpn-router-user profile <name>
+"""
+
+import fcntl
+import json
+import pathlib
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/vpn-router')
+
+import ldap
+import ldap.modlist
+
+import vpnrouter
+import vpnrouter_ldap
+
+#: A user name is one lowercase DNS label, as it is also the common name of the certificate.
+NAME = re.compile(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,30}[a-z0-9]$|^[a-z]$')
+PASSWORD_MIN = 8
+PASSWORD_MAX = 128
+#: The value of pwdAccountLockedTime that locks an account until it is unlocked.
+LOCKED = b'000001010000Z'
+LOCK_FILE = pathlib.Path('/run/vpn-router/users.lock')
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """A request that cannot be done; status is the exit status."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, status=1):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+
+
+def dn_of(name):
+    return f'uid={name},{vpnrouter_ldap.USERS}'
+
+
+def certificate(name):
+    return vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR / f'{name}_cert.pem', vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR / f'{name}_key.pem'
+
+
+def entry(connection, name):
+    """The attributes of the user's entry; Failure with status 3 when there is none."""
+    try:
+        return connection.search_s(dn_of(name), ldap.SCOPE_BASE, attrlist=['uid', 'pwdAccountLockedTime'])[0][1]
+    except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT:
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} does not exist', 3)
+
+
+def password():
+    """The password from the first line of standard input."""
+    value = sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\n')
+    if not PASSWORD_MIN <= len(value) <= PASSWORD_MAX:
+        raise Failure(f'the password must have {PASSWORD_MIN} to {PASSWORD_MAX} characters', 2)
+    return value
+
+
+def simple_ca(*args):
+    result = subprocess.run([sys.executable, str(vpnrouter.SIMPLE_CA), *args], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise Failure(f'simple-ca {args[0]} failed: {result.stderr.strip() or result.stdout.strip()}')
+
+
+def publish_crl():
+    """Give strongSwan the CRL after a revocation; OpenVPN reads it at every connection."""
+    if vpnrouter.install_file(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR / 'crl.pem', vpnrouter.CRL_DEST, 0o644):
+        subprocess.run(['swanctl', '--load-creds'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+
+def summary(attributes):
+    name = attributes['uid'][0].decode()
+    return {
+        'name': name,
+        'enabled': 'pwdAccountLockedTime' not in attributes,
+        'certificate': certificate(name)[0].is_file(),
+    }
+
+
+def list_users(connection):
+    found = connection.search_s(vpnrouter_ldap.USERS, ldap.SCOPE_ONELEVEL, '(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)',
+                                ['uid', 'pwdAccountLockedTime'])
+    return {'users': sorted((summary(attributes) for _, attributes in found), key=lambda user: user['name'])}
+
+
+def add(connection, name):
+    secret = password()
+    if not (vpnrouter.PKI_DIR / 'ca_key.pem').is_file():
+        raise Failure('the router CA does not exist; enable OpenVPN or IKEv2 road-warrior access first')
+    try:
+        connection.add_s(dn_of(name), ldap.modlist.addModlist({
+            'objectClass': [b'inetOrgPerson'], 'uid': [name.encode()], 'cn': [name.encode()], 'sn': [name.encode()],
+        }))
+    except ldap.ALREADY_EXISTS:
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} exists', 4)
+    connection.passwd_s(dn_of(name), None, secret)
+    vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    for path in certificate(name):
+        path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    simple_ca('make-cert', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), '--cert-dir', str(vpnrouter.USER_CERT_DIR), name)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def passwd(connection, name):
+    secret = password()
+    entry(connection, name)
+    connection.passwd_s(dn_of(name), None, secret)
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def disable(connection, name):
+    if 'pwdAccountLockedTime' not in entry(connection, name):
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'pwdAccountLockedTime', [LOCKED])])
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def enable(connection, name):
+    if 'pwdAccountLockedTime' in entry(connection, name):
+        connection.modify_s(dn_of(name), [(ldap.MOD_DELETE, 'pwdAccountLockedTime', None)])
+    return summary(entry(connection, name))
+
+
+def remove(connection, name):
+    entry(connection, name)
+    cert, key = certificate(name)
+    if cert.is_file():
+        simple_ca('revoke-cert', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), str(cert))
+        simple_ca('make-crl', '--ca-dir', str(vpnrouter.PKI_DIR), '--days', str(vpnrouter.CRL_DAYS))
+        publish_crl()
+    cert.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    key.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    connection.delete_s(dn_of(name))
+    return {'name': name, 'removed': True}
+
+
+def profile(connection, name):
+    """The OpenVPN client profile of the user, with the CA, the certificate and the key inline."""
+    entry(connection, name)
+    cfg = vpnrouter.load_config()
+    if not cfg['openvpn']['enabled']:
+        raise Failure('OpenVPN is not enabled', 2)
+    cert, key = certificate(name)
+    if not cert.is_file() or not key.is_file():
+        raise Failure(f'user {name} has no certificate')
+    fqdn = cfg['wan']['local_fqdn'].strip()
+    text = '\n'.join([
+        'client',
+        'dev tun',
+        f'proto {cfg["openvpn"]["protocol"]}',
+        f'remote {fqdn} {cfg["openvpn"]["port"]}',
+        'nobind',
+        'persist-key',
+        'persist-tun',
+        'remote-cert-tls server',
+        f'verify-x509-name {fqdn} name',
+        'auth-user-pass',
+        'auth-nocache',
+        'verb 3',
+        '<ca>', extract_pem(vpnrouter.CA_CERT_DEST.read_text(encoding='utf-8')), '</ca>',
+        '<cert>', extract_pem(cert.read_text(encoding='utf-8')), '</cert>',
+        '<key>', key.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip(), '</key>',
+        '',
+    ])
+    return {'name': name, 'profile': text}
+
+
+def extract_pem(text):
+    """The PEM blocks of the certificates in a file that also holds their text form."""
+    begin, end = '-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----', '-----END CERTIFICATE-----'
+    blocks = []
+    start = text.find(begin)
+    while start != -1:
+        stop = text.index(end, start) + len(end)
+        blocks.append(text[start:stop])
+        start = text.find(begin, stop)
+    return '\n'.join(blocks)
+
+
+COMMANDS = {'list': list_users, 'add': add, 'passwd': passwd, 'disable': disable, 'enable': enable,
+            'remove': remove, 'profile': profile}
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    try:
+        if not argv or argv[0] not in COMMANDS or len(argv) != (1 if argv[0] == 'list' else 2):
+            raise Failure('usage: vpn-router-user list | add|passwd|disable|enable|remove|profile <name>', 2)
+        if len(argv) == 2 and not NAME.match(argv[1]):
+            raise Failure('a user name is 1 to 32 lowercase letters, digits and hyphens, starting with a letter', 2)
+        LOCK_FILE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        with open(LOCK_FILE, 'w') as lock:
+            fcntl.flock(lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+            connection = vpnrouter_ldap.manager()
+            try:
+                answer = COMMANDS[argv[0]](connection, *argv[1:])
+            finally:
+                connection.unbind_s()
+    except Failure as failure:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': str(failure)}))
+        return failure.status
+    except (ldap.LDAPError, OSError) as exc:
+        print(json.dumps({'error': f'the user directory failed: {exc}'}))
+        return 1
+    print(json.dumps(answer))
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example b/debian-package/src/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example
index d304c52..28f3ec9 100644
--- a/debian-package/src/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/share/doc/vpn-router/vpn-router.json.example
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@
     "address": "192.168.200.1/24",
     "listen_port": 51820
   },
+  "openvpn": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "address_pool": "172.16.1.0/24",
+    "port": 1194,
+    "protocol": "udp"
+  },
   "docker": {
     "mode": "auto",
     "exposed_ports": ["443"]
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-ldap.conf.j2 b/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-ldap.conf.j2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a520293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-ldap.conf.j2
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<LDAP>
+	URL		{{ ldap_uri }}
+	Timeout		5
+	TLSEnable	no
+	FollowReferrals	no
+</LDAP>
+
+<Authorization>
+	BaseDN		"{{ ldap_users }}"
+	SearchFilter	"(&(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)(uid=%u))"
+	RequireGroup	false
+</Authorization>
diff --git a/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-server.conf.j2 b/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-server.conf.j2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1c25ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian-package/src/usr/share/vpn-router/templates/openvpn-server.conf.j2
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+port {{ openvpn_port }}
+proto {{ openvpn_protocol }}
+dev {{ openvpn_device }}
+dev-type tun
+topology subnet
+server {{ openvpn_network }} {{ openvpn_netmask }}
+
+ca {{ ca_cert }}
+cert {{ server_cert }}
+key {{ server_key }}
+crl-verify {{ crl }}
+dh none
+remote-cert-tls client
+
+plugin /usr/lib/openvpn/openvpn-auth-ldap.so {{ openvpn_ldap_conf }}
+script-security 2
+auth-user-pass-verify /usr/lib/vpn-router/openvpn-same-user via-env
+
+{% for network, netmask in openvpn_routes -%}
+push "route {{ network }} {{ netmask }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+{% for address in p2s_dns_list -%}
+push "dhcp-option DNS {{ address }}"
+{% endfor -%}
+
+keepalive 10 120
+{% if openvpn_protocol == 'udp' -%}
+explicit-exit-notify 1
+{% endif -%}
+verb 3